Wataalamu mbalimbali wamefafanua dhana ya hadithi fupikwa namna mbalimbali. Kipera hiki cha fasihi andishi ni zao la athari za kimagharibi. Hadithi za fasihi simulizi zimerutubisha hadithi fupi zinazoendeleza majukumu ya tangu jadi ya kuelimisha, kuongoza, kuonya na kuburudisha. Hadithi fupi ya kisasa ina sifa za matumizi ya lugha ya nathari, masimulizi mafupi aghalabu ya tukio moja, mhusika mkuu mmoja au wahusika wachache, msuko sahili na hatimaye mshikamano na umoja wa mawazo na mtindo. Katika makala haya, tunachambua hadithi teule za Kiswahili kuhusu nafasi na ujitambuzi wa wanawake. Kachukua Hatua Nyingine ya Kyallo Wadi Wamitila inajadili hatua ambazo mwanamke anafaa azichukue ili ajikwamue na utumwa wa ndoa zinazompa mwanamume uwezo wote. Nayo Ngome ya Nafsi ya Clara Momanyi inaonyesha hatua anazochukua mtoto msichana kujikomboa dhidi ya mila na desturi zinazomnyima utambulisho wa kibinafsi na kijinsia. Wasia wa Baba ya Ahmad Kipacha inaonyesha jinsi utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini kuwa njia mwafaka za kujengea utambulisho wa mwanamke. Hatimaye Usia wa Mama ya Fatima Salamah inaonyesha mtoto msichana akijihami kupitia utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini dhidi ya ushawishi hasi wa mamake.

Frauenbewegungen in Deutschland stehen für kollektive Bestrebungen von vornehmlich Frauen für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter auf sozialer, kultureller, rechtlicher, wirtschaftlicher und politischer Ebene unter Berücksichtigung der Differenz der Geschlechter seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zentrale Themen waren und sind u. a. das Recht auf höhere Bildung, das Recht auf Arbeit, Lohngleichheit, Sexualität, Verhütung, Abtreibung, Homosexualität und das Wahlrecht.

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The politicized use of humor in accented cinema is a tool for negotiating particular formations of identity, such as sexuality, gender, ethnicity, and class. The body of work produced by contemporary women filmmakers working in Australia, specifically Tracey Moffatt, Monica Pellizzari, and Clara Law, illustrates how these directors have employed critical humor as a response to their multiple marginalization as women, Australian, and accented filmmakers. In their works, humor functions as a critical tool to deconstruct the contradictions in dominant discourses as they relate to (neo)colonial, racist, globalized, patriarchal, and displaced pasts and presents. Produced within Australian national cinema, but emerging from experiences of geographical displacements that defy territorial borders, their films illuminate how critical humor can inflect such accepted categories as the national constitution of a cinema, film genre, and questions of exile and diaspora. Critical humor thus consti tutes a cinematic signifying practice able, following Luigi Pirandello's description of umorismo, to decompose the filmic text, and as a tool for an ideological critique of cinema and its role in (re)producing discourses of the nation predicated on the dominant categories of whiteness and masculinity. The study offers a theoretical framework for decoding humor in a film text, focusing on the manipulation of cinematic language, and it provides a model for a criticism that wishes to heighten the counter-hegemonic potential of cinematic texts, by picking up on the humorous, contradictory openings of the text and widening them through a parallel dissociating process. / Finally, critical humor in the accented cinema of women filmmakers like Moffatt, Pellizzari, and Law is shown to constitute a form of translation and negotiation performed between the national, monologic constraints of film production and cinematic language, the heteroglossia of the global imaginaries that have traveled since the beginning with film technology, and the local and diasporic accents informing a filmmaker's unique style and perspective. / by Alessandra Senzani. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography and filmography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

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O carcinoma de célula renal (RCC) subtipo célula clara é o câncer mais letal e prevalente do sistema urinário. O diagnóstico deste tipo de câncer frequentemente é tardio em conseqüência da falta de sintomas perceptíveis aos pacientes. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é a identificação de novos marcadores moleculares para diagnóstico precoce, o que ajudaria a diminuir a mortalidade em função de complicações resultantes do avanço da doença. Outro objetivo é a identificação de um conjunto de marcadores moleculares de prognóstico, de modo à prever com acurácia a evolução clínica da doença e, por conseqüência, o tempo de sobrevida do paciente. As modificações transcricionais associadas à carcinogênese e à progressão do câncer de rim ainda não foram completamente elucidadas. Além dos oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor, RNAs não-codificadores (ncRNAs) recentemente foram apontados como importantes reguladores da expressão gênica em humanos, e podem ter um papel importante na transformação maligna do câncer de rim. Para analisar a expressão gênica de ncRNAs e de genes codificadores para proteína foram utilizados dois microarranjos desenvolvidos por nosso grupo, enriquecidos em sondas para ncRNAs. Uma das plataformas possui 4 mil sondas de cDNA, das quais 822 sondas são para ncRNAs mapeando em regiões intrônicas. Outra possui 44 mil elementos e combina sondas de oligonucleotídeos (60-mer) intrônicas e exônicas de um mesmo locus genômico. Análises estatísticas foram feitas com a ferramenta Significance Analysis of Microarrays (q &#8804; 0,05) combinadas ou com a técnica de \"patient leave-one-out\" (genes com presença em 8 100% dos subconjuntos), ou alternativamente com o teste discriminante de Golub (p &#8804; 0,01 ou p < 0,05). Com a plataforma de 4 mil sondas foram estudadas 30 amostras de tecido renal de 18 pacientes com RCC subtipo célula clara. Um conjunto de 36 ncRNAs foi identificado como diferencialmente expresso entre amostras tumorais e não-tumorais. Uma assinatura adicional de 265 genes codificadores de proteínas foi identificada, indicando possíveis novos marcadores moleculares. Uma análise estatística supervisionada com dados de 16 pacientes identificou uma assinatura de ncRNAs correlacionada com sobrevida de 5 anos, formada por 27 ncRNAs com significativa expressão alterada em pacientes livres da doença em comparação com pacientes que morreram em função da doença. Uma assinatura adicional de 64 genes codificadores de proteínas também foi identificada como significativamente correlacionada com o acompanhamento clínico dos pacientes. Com a plataforma de 44 mil sondas foram analisados 17 pacientes, com amostras pareadas de tecido renal tumoral e não-tumoral agrupadas em 8 pools, sendo 4 de amostras tumorais e 4 de não-tumorais. Um conjunto de 66 ncRNAs parcialmente intrônicos antisenso e outro de 52 ncRNAs totalmente intrônicos antisenso foram identificados como diferencialmente expressos. Identificamos um subconjunto de 28 ncRNAs totalmente intrônicos antisenso e senso cuja expressão do gene codificador de proteína do mesmo locus estava simultaneamente alterada. Estes dados apontam para possíveis redes de regulação da expressão gênica dos ncRNAs em câncer. A extensa lista de ncRNAs e de genes codificadores para proteína identificados neste estudo podem ser promissores marcadores moleculares de carcinoma renal subtipo célula clara. / Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of the adult kidney, and the clear cell subtype is the most prevalent and lethal cancer of the urinary system. Late diagnosis for this type of cancer is frequent, usually as a consequence of the lack of symptoms. One of the objectives of the present work is the identification of new molecular markers for the early diagnosis, which would help decrease mortality that develops as a function of disease progression. Another objective is the identification of a set of prognosis molecular markers, so as to accurately predict the clinical outcome of the disease, and consequently, patient survival. Transcriptional changes associated to carcinogenesis and to kidney cancer progression have not been entirely elucidated. Besides oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recently indicated as important regulators of gene expression in humans, and could have an important role in the malignant transformation in renal cancer. In order to measure ncRNA and protein-coding gene expression we have used two microarray platforms developed by our group, which are enriched in ncRNA probes. One of the platforms has 4 thousand cDNA probes, of which 822 are for ncRNAs that map to intronic regions. Another has 44 thousand elements and combines 60-mer oligonucleotide probes for intronic and exonic regions from the same genomic locus. Statistical analyses have been performed with the Significance Analysis of Microarrays tool (q &#8804; 0.05) combined with a patient leave-one-out approach (genes present in 100% of the sub-sets), or alternatively with Golubs discriminant test (p &#8804; 0.01 or p < 0.05). 11 With the 4-thousand probes platform we studied 30 samples from renal tissue of 18 RCC patients with clear cell subtype. A set of 36 ncRNAs has been identified as differentially expressed between tumor and non-tumor tissue. An additional signature of 265 protein-coding genes has been identified, indicating possible new molecular markers. A supervised statistical analysis with data from 16 patients has identified a ncRNA signature correlated to 5-year survival outcome, comprised of 27 ncRNAs with significantly altered expression in diseasefree patients compared to patients who died from cancer within the 5-year follow-up. An additional 64-gene signature of protein-coding genes has been identified as significantly correlated to clinical outcome. With the 44-thousand probes platform we have analyzed 17 patients, with paired tumor and non-tumor samples grouped into 8 pools, of which 4 were from tumor and 4 from nontumor samples. A set of 66 partially intronic antisense ncRNAs and another of 52 totally intronic antisense ncRNAs have been identified as differentially expressed between tumor and non-tumor tissue. A sub-set of 28 totally intronic antisense or sense ncRNAs were identified as having a simultaneous change in expression of the protein-coding gene from the same locus. Overall, the data point to a possible ncRNA regulatory network in cancer. The extensive lists of ncRNAs and of protein-coding genes identified in the present study can be seen as promising molecular markers of RCC from the clear-cell subtype.

This presentation is a project overview and discussion of Native American participation in preparing documents for the Greater Than Class C Environmental Impact Statement. Tribal representatives were involved in the assessments at the Hanford Site, Nevada Test Site, and Los Alamos National Lab.

This study investigates the challenges facing screenwriters in Australia who set out to represent the Japanese on screen. The study is presented in two parts; an exegesis and a creative practice component consisting of two full length feature film screenplays. The exegesis explores how certain screenwriting conventions have constrained recent screen images of the Japanese within the bounds of the cliched and stereotypical, and argues for a greater resistance to these conventions in the future. The two screenplays experiment with new ways of representing the Japanese in mainstream Australian film and aim to expand the repertoire of Asian images in the national film culture.

La presente tesis analiza las prácticas desarrollados por las abadesas fundadoras del monasterio de Santa Catalina en Lima para que dicho recinto goce de autonomía en el manejo de su economía. La base de esta libertad fue el control directo de los bienes y rentas conventuales. Pese a la disposición eclesiástica que no permitía a las abadesas participar en las transacciones económicas de sus conventos, desde la fundación del monasterio, en 1624, las abadesas de Santa Catalina encaminaron sus esfuerzos para contravenir dicha prohibición. Para ello contaron con el apoyo de una amplia red social, compuesta en su mayoría por comerciantes, situación que les permitió aprender los mecanismos de negociación y diversas prácticas económicas. El endeudamiento fue uno de ellos y lo aplicaron con su entorno familiar. Esto les facultó a controlar la economía familiar y subordinó los miembros familiares a sus intereses. De esta manera, el crédito y los bienes conventuales les sirvieron, no solo para premiar a sus allegados y construir relaciones sociales, sino también para castigar cuando se contravenía sus decisiones. Finalmente, el análisis de su relación con la caja real y el arzobispo de Lima demuestra cómo el condicionamiento de la venta de juros les permitió consolidar su autonomía económica. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCCSJ.pdf: 1343903 bytes, checksum: aa2a5fbffd13b95d16ec1f429e355eb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The industries of structural ceramics are among the most important production chains in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The industry and other interest groups to target the replacement of firewood by natural gas. Studies accordingly concluded that simple change does not guarantee products of superior quality, and that the increase in spending on fuel can economically cripple the use of gas for burning the majority of products manufactured by that action. However some proposals of innovations in terms of process and product are being studied in an attempt to justify the use of natural gas in industry, structural ceramics. One of the aspects investigated is the development of ceramic products differentiated, with new designs and greater value added. Inserted in that context, this paper aims to investigate the potential use of clay-firing clear fabrication of the "bricks of apparent joins drought", a new ceramic product with an innovative way. The development of the work was done in three stages. In the initial stage was held the characterization of raw materials, sought information on physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechanical samples. In the second stage five bodies were made using two of the nine ceramic clay characterized the first step. The masses were analyzed and compared with respect to the size distribution, plasticity and technological properties. In the last part of this work was carried out tests on massive bricks manufactured on an industrial scale. The results show that the nine clays can be used in the manufacture of new ceramic products, is the only constituent of mass ceramic or by mixing with other(s) clay(s / As ind?strias de cer?mica estrutural figuram entre as cadeias produtivas mais importantes do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O setor e outros grupos de interesse almejam a substitui??o da lenha pelo g?s natural. Estudos realizados nesse sentido conclu?ram que a simples mudan?a n?o garante produtos de qualidade superior, e que o aumento no gasto com combust?vel pode inviabilizar economicamente o uso do g?s para queima da maioria dos produtos fabricados por esse seguimento. Entretanto algumas propostas de inova??es em termos de processo e produto v?m sendo estudadas na tentativa de justificar o uso do g?s natural na ind?stria de cer?mica estrutural. Uma das vertentes pesquisadas ? o desenvolvimento de produtos cer?micos diferenciados, com novos designs e maior valor agregado. Inserido nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a potencialidade do uso de argilas de queima clara para fabrica??o dos tijolos de junta seca , um novo produto cer?mico com forma inovadora. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi efetuado em tr?s etapas. Na etapa inicial foi realizada a caracteriza??o das mat?rias-primas, buscando obter informa??es em rela??o ?s propriedades f?sicas, qu?micas, mineral?gicas e mec?nicas das amostras. Na segunda etapa foram formuladas cinco massas cer?micas utilizando duas das nove argilas caracterizadas na primeira etapa. As massas foram analisadas e comparadas em rela??o ? distribui??o granulometria, plasticidade e propriedades tecnol?gicas. Na ?ltima parte desse trabalho foi realizado testes em tijolos maci?os fabricados em escala industrial. Os resultados mostram que as nove argilas podem ser utilizadas na fabrica??o dos novos produtos cer?micos, seja como ?nica constituinte da massa cer?mica ou pela mistura com outra(s) argila(s)