This essay argues that Mark Twain’s novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Pudd’nhead Wilson can be applied in Swedish upper secondary schools to address racial inequality in the purpose of achieving intercultural competence and understanding. Racism is a vast issue, evident in both schools and in our society, locally as well as globally, where ethnical minorities are abused or disfavored societal privileges. This leaves teachers with the vital task of counteracting racism in classrooms, in accordance with the educational goals of imparting democratic values. The essay is conducted through a Close Reading, which is beneficial in exposing a text’s complexity by examining its literary aspects. The primary focus from the Close Reading is put on narration and its subordinate categories. Word choice, repetition or metaphors are highlighted and analyzed from the selected passages as they are literary aspects that the students can react to and further discuss in relation to racism in their everyday lives. The findings show that Twain’s ways of narrating racism and stimulating empathy are integral features in promoting an increased understanding to meet the curriculum’s requirements.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. Våldet mot kvinnor kan ta sig uttryck på flera olika sätt, vilket innebär att sjuksköterskan kan möta våldsutsatta kvinnor inom alla områden av vården och dess verksamhet. Bemötandet kan vara avgörande i mötet med en våldsutsatt kvinna för att hon ska känna trygghet och öppna upp om sin historia. Sjuksköterskan har som ansvar att identifiera våldsutsatta kvinnor.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att möta kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer.  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats där tolv artiklar genom kvalitativ design har analyserats med stöd av Fribergs femstegsmodell.  Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar utmaningar i mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Resultatet delades upp i två teman, vilka var utmaningar i vårdmötet och ansvar i vårdrelation.  Slutsatser:  Sjuksköterskor upplever att mötet med kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer som komplext. Det visade sig att sjuksköterskor behöver utbildning, stöd och tydliga riktlinjer i ämnet för att kunna uppleva trygghet och kompetens i mötet. Vid ökad trygghet och erfarenhet ges möjlighet att identifiera kvinnor som är våldsutsatta, vilket leder till bättre vård. Vidare forskning i ämnet behövs för att kunna förbättra sjuksköterskors arbetssituation. / SUMMARY Background: Violence in close relationships is a global public health issue.  Violence against women can be expressed in several different ways which means that nurses can meet women exposed to violence in all different parts of the healthcare system. The caring can be crucial in the meeting with a woman who has been exposed to violence for her to feel safe and open. The nurse is responsible for identifying women who been exposed to violence.  Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ experiences of meeting women exposed to violence in close relationships.   Method: A literature review where twelve articles through qualitative design have been analyzed with the support of Friberg's five-step model.  Result: The results of the literature review showed challenges in the encounter with women exposed to violence. The results were divided into two themes which were challenges in the care meeting and responsibilities in the care relationship.  Conclusions: Nurses experience that meeting women exposed to violence in close  relationships are complex. It turned out that nurses need training, support and clear guidelines on the subject to be able to experience competence and a sense of comfort in the meeting. With increased comfort and experience, it is possible to identify women who are victims of violence, which leads to better care. Further research on the subject is needed to be able to improve the work situation for nurses.

Title: “I did not deserve that, nobody does” - A qualitative study about the effect of generational affiliation on abused women’s role exit.   Authors: Emelie Jonsson and Shirin Tousi. This study intends to gain understanding about the process of role exit for women who once lived in violent and abusive close relationships, and what the generation the women belong to may mean. The empirical data is based on women’s histories and experiences of living in and leaving violent relationships. The data has been collected through a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 women, of which half took place with women aged 20-30 and half with women aged 50-60. To understand the empirical data three different theoretical perspectives have been chosen. The theories that have been chosen are Yvonne Hirdmans’ (2004) theory about gender structures, Helen Rose Ebaughs’ (1988) theory about the process of role exit and lastly Clary Krekula and Barbro Johansson’s (2017) generational perspective. Some of the theoretical concepts that have been used in order to gain understanding of the women’s experiences are gender relations, hierarchy, dichotomy, gender contract, role exit and generation.   The results of this, show that generational affiliation has a notable impact on women’s exit from violent close relationships. The first question is, In what way does generational affiliation affect women's initial thoughts of wanting to leave a violent relationship? The results show that women's generational belonging affected their first initial thoughts about leaving the violent relationship greatly. Women who belong to the younger generation are more individualistic in their way of thinking and acting, whilst women who belong to the older generation are guided and moulded by their close surroundings.  The second question in this study is, What significance does generational affiliation have on women’s actual exit from violent relationships? This study’s results show that the generation one belongs to is of great importance for a woman's actual exit from violent relationships, but the effect is expressed differently within the two different generations. The women from the older generation do not act on their own needs and wants but on the needs of their children and family. The women who belong to the younger generation are more individualists and choose to leave the violent relationships as a result of violent incidents that have harmed them personally.   The third question discussed in this study is, In what way has one’s generation affected the women after their exit from the violent relationships? The results show that the women from the younger generation have been able to move on after exit from the violent relationships, whilst the women from the older generation have gotten stuck in a hangover identity from their ex-role of being exposed to violence.

In 2006, the Swedish government established the gender equality policy "women and men should have the same power to shape the society and their own lives", together with six sub-goals. This thesis has examined the governments sixth equality sub-goal "men's violence against women should cease". There is a national strategy to prevent and combat this violence, where collaboration is highlighted as an important factor. The thesis also elevates how men´s violence against women in close relationships is currently a global societal problem that extends beyond categories such as social class, ethnicity, age et cetera.  The aim of this thesis was to investigate how the local collaboration is structured and worksbetween the police, social services and the women's shelter in Västerås, regarding the implementation of the governments sixth equality sub-goal. A qualitative method was used in form of semi-structured interviews to answer the purpose and the questions of the thesis. Two employees from each authority and a non-profit organization were selected as informants, determined through three categories. The theoretical framework was based both on a collaborative theory and an implementation theory.  The result showed that collaboration is necessary as a method while working for women who are vulnerable to violence in order for them to receive adequate support and assistance. It´s also important for the employees, since no individual authority or organization can be responsible to solve men's violence against women. Currently, the collaboration between the three actors in Västerås work relatively well. However, this thesis shows that more resources need to be invested in the collaboration. Communication needs to be improved and clearer goals that formulates the legitimacy of everyone participating in the collaboration work need to be set. The conclusion partly shows that collaboration needs, not only to exist, but also be prioritized at all levels of the institutions working with this issue. Even politicians need to prioritize and invest resources that may enable a well-functioning collaboration which is vital for the work against men’s violence against women.

Våld i nära relationer är ett stort samhällsproblem som ständigt återkommer i debatter och att komma tillrätta med detta problem är ett av de politiska delmålen. I och med pandemin har vi även kunnat se en ökning i antalet anmärkningar och allt fler kvinnor riskerar att utsättas för våld på grund av de rådande restriktionerna. Studien syftar till att undersöka missbruksproblematiks påverkan på våld i nära relationer utifrån en kvalitativ ansats. Vidare undersöker den socialarbetares arbetsmetoder och tillvägagångssätt i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Med hjälp av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare, tidigare forskning och teorier har vi kommit fram till ett resultat som visar hur missbruksproblematiken kan vara en bidragande faktor till våld i nära relation. Studien belyser den vanligaste typen av våld hos missbrukande förövare. Avslutningsvis förklarar studien vad missbruk kan användas till, exempelvis som kvarhållande faktorer, självmedicinering samt något att beskylla. Med kvarhållandefaktor menas att kvinnan hamnar i ett medmissbruk med sin partner och får något gemensamt som försvårar ett uppbrott ytterligare. Det kan även användas som självmedicinering i syfte att dämpa ångest, smärta och skam som kan vara en följd av våldet. I förövarens fall kan han skylla på missbruket och mena att missbruket är orsaken till att han utövar våld. / Violence in close relationships is a social problem that is constantly reoccuring in debates and is one of the political goals, the goal in this case is to eliminate violence in close relationships. During the pandemic we have seen an increase in the number of police reports and an increased risk for women to be exposed to violence due to the current restrictions. The study aims to investigate what impact drug- and alcohol abuse has on violence in close relattionships through a qualitative approach. Furthermore in investigates the workmethods and proceedings in social work with women exposed to intimate partner violence. With the help of four semi-structured interviews with social workers, earlier research, and theories, a summary of how drug abuse can be a contributing factor to violence in close relationships has been made. Furthermore the study explains what abuse can be used for, for example as a detaining factor, self-medication and something to put the blame on. The abuse becomes a detaining factor when the women has this in common with her partner which makes the breakup process even harder. Abuse can be used as self-medication against anixiety, pain and shame that could have been caused by the violence. The abuser could also blame their actions on the abuse that they have, for example alcohol and/or drugs abuse and are beacause of that aggressive towards their partner.

Runstenar dokumenteras idag både för att skapa en visuell avbildning och medsyftet att användas vid forskning. Om avbildningen ska användas vid forskningfinns krav på en låg mätosäkerhet. Vid de studier som funnits har terresterlaserskanning (TLS) varit den valda dokumentationsmetoden. Fotobaseradskanning vilken är en billigare dokumentationsmetod har utvecklats mycketunder senare tid i och med utvecklingen av högupplösta kameror ochanvändarvänliga mjukvaror för bildbehandling.Denna studie syftar till att finna svar på om fotobaserad skanning är en lämpligmetod vid avbildandet av runor och ornament då en 3D-modell med lågmätosäkerhet ska skapas. För att avgöra detta jämförs tre fotogrammetriskapunktmoln och modeller mot punktmoln och modeller från en TLS av märketHexagon Romer Absolute Arm. Punktmolnen och modellerna från HexagonRomer Absolute Armen bildar i denna studie referensmodellen. Endigitalkamera och en smartphonekamera används i studien. Fotografier tasmed båda kamerorna på ett avstånd av 40 cm från runorna. Medsmartphonekameran tas även fotografier på 10–20 cm för att utvärderaavståndets betydelse för resultatet.Jämförelser mellan de sammanlagda RMS-värdena för fotogrammetriskamodellernas och referensmodellens ytor visar på den lägsta avvikelsen fördigitalkamerans modell. Detta då RMS-värdet för avvikelsen motreferensmodellen endast är 0,30 mm för digitalkameran. RMS-värdena föravvikelserna för smartphonekamerans modell är 0,63 mm då fotograferingenutfördes på 10–20 cm och 2,59 mm om avståndet var 40 cm. Alla modellerhar avvikelser på mm-nivå vilket jämfört med tidigare studier får anses somsmå skillnader. Resultatet visar även på avståndets betydelse för punkttäthetenoch den skapade modellens mätosäkerhet. De punktmoln som skapades avsmartphonekamerans fotografier uppvisar en ungefärlig dubblering avpunkttätheten i det täta punktmolnet då avståndet minskas från 40 cm till 10–20 cm mellan kamera och objekt. Till viss del kan kortare avstånd med andraord kompensera för en kamera med sämre upplösning. Detta gör att även ensmartphonekamera kan vara ett alternativ vid dokumentation av runskrift omingen bättre kamera finns att tillgå. Studien antyder att en högupplöstdigitalkamera kan vara ett fullgott alternativ till TLS vid dokumentation avrunskrift med låg mätosäkerhet. Detta skulle underlätta för forskare vidinsamlandet av material vid studier av runskrift.

Violence in close relationships is a social problem that occurs worldwide. Women who are exposed to violence in close relationships often experience shame and guilt. The need for support from various authorities and voluntary organizations is common. The woman exposed to violence is entitled to support from the social services, which is regulated in the social service law. This thesis aims to observe the abused woman's unique experience of the social services and the support she has received. Through a qualitative method, five semi-structured interviews have been conducted with women who have been exposed to violence in close relationships and have been in contact with the social services to receive support. The collected material has been divided into different themes which are; The Social Services ignorance, The trust to get the right help, To have the Social Services' trust, The abused woman's information seeker and Expected improvements of the Social Services. With the help of previous research and Empowerment, the various themes that are based on the content of the interviews are analysed and discussed. Finally, some concluding words are written about the results and proposals for further research. / Våld i nära relationer är ett socialt problem som förekommer världen över. Kvinnor som utsätts för våld i nära relationer upplever ofta skam och skuld. Behovet av stöd från diverse myndigheter och frivilligorganisationer är vanligt. Den våldsutsatta kvinnan är berättigad stöd av Socialtjänsten, vilket regleras i Socialtjänstlagen. Detta examensarbete ämnar till att få ta del av den våldsutsatta kvinnans unika erfarenhet av Socialtjänsten och det stöd hon har fått. Genom en kvalitativ metod har fem semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts med kvinnor som har utsatts för våld i nära relationer och varit i kontakt med Socialtjänsten för att få stöd. Resultatet har delats upp i olika teman vilka är; Socialtjänstens okunskap, Tilliten för att få rätt hjälp, Att ha Socialtjänstens förtroende, Den våldsutsatta kvinnans informationssökande och Förväntade förbättringar av Socialtjänsten. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning och Empowerment analyseras och diskuteras de olika temana som är baserade på innehållet av intervjuerna. Avslutningsvis skrivs några slutord om examensarbetets resultat och förslag till vidare forskning. Resultatet delas avslutningsvis upp i punkter vilka bland annat är; Att Socialtjänsten saknar kunskap om våld i nära relationer och att kvinnorna önskar ett ökat samarbete mellan kvinnojourer/ relationsvåldscentrum och Socialtjänsten

Bakgrund: I Sverige är barnmisshandel olagligt, ändå förekommer det och skapar förödande konsekvenser för barnen. Sjuksköterskor har en skyldighet att anmäla vid misstanke om barnmisshandel. Trots detta är anmälningsbenägenheten låg. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att bemöta och hantera situationer där ett barn misstänks bli utsatt för våld i nära relationer. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I studien framkommer det fyra huvudkategorier som besvarar syftet. Svårt att bemöta föräldrarna, Svårigheter i att anmäla, Osäkerhet i identifiering, bedömning och definition samt Behov av stöd. Huvudfynden som framförs är en upplevd känslomässig påfrestning vilket försvårar arbetet runt fallet och att vara professionell. Även en osäkerhet och okunskap kring hur patientfallen ska hanteras. Slutsats: Den gemensamma upplevelsen var osäkerhet som är ett återkommande begrepp i sjuksköterskans upplevelser. Osäkerheten fanns både i att definiera, identifiera, bedöma samt anmäla. Det framkommer ett behov av bättre stöd från kollegor och tydligare riktlinjer för att stärka sjuksköterskan i att hantera situationen. / Background: In Sweden, child abuse is illegal, yet it still occurs and creates devastating consequences for children. Despite nurse’s obligation to report suspected child abuse, there is a low tendency to report. Aim: To shed light on the nurses’experience of responding to and handling situations where a child is suspected of being exposed to violence in close relationships. Method: A qualitative literature review based on 10 scientific articles. Results: In the study, four main categories emerged. Difficult to meet the parents, Difficulties in reporting, Uncertainty in identification, assessment and definition and A need for support. The main findings that are presented are a perceived emotional strain which makes it more difficult to be professional in the situation. Also an uncertainty and ignorance about how patient cases should be handled. Conclusion: The common experience was uncertainty, which is a recurring concept in the nurses’ experiences. The uncertainty existed in defining, identifying, assessing and reporting. There is a need for a better support system including support from colleagues and clearer guidelines that focus on strengthening the nurse’s ability to handle situations of abuse

Auditor independence is a well-discussed topic. Previous research shows that it is difficult to know where to draw the line of independence and highlights several factors that affect the auditor's independence in a negative direction. However, there is a lack of studies on how auditors' independence is affected by being active in a smaller city. The purpose of this study was therefore to increase the understanding of how auditors' independence is affected by operating in smaller cities. To achieve the aim, a qualitative method has been used, in the form of semi-structured interviews with accountants operating in smaller cities. The results of the study show that there are certain problems with being an active accountant in a small town. It can be stated that the familiarity threat is more tangible, which is natural as relationships and contact networks become more intertwined. However, this does not mean that the auditors compromise their independence, but it requires higher demands on the individual auditor's morals and integrity in his professional role in order to withstand threats and pressure. Threats of self-interest and threats of self-review were also threats that increased in the smaller city. However, these threats could be counteracted through implemented procedures, which resulted in these threats not being considered to affect the auditors' independence. Something that was considered to strengthen independence was the awareness of the importance of maintaining a good reputation and trust in the smaller city.

This qualitative study is based on interviews about womens experiences of mental pain due to violence in close relationships. Men’s violence against women in close partner relationships is a major societal problem today not only in Sweden but also worldwide. The most common violence that occurs are the ones at home which makes it a hidden problem. Therefore the lack of knowledge about the subject makes it difficult to prevent it from happening. The purpose of this essay was to study women's experiences of violence in close relationships and how they feel that they have been affected by the psychological pain that has arisen as a result of violence in close relationships or harassment that they have experienced. The violence can be psychological, physical and sexual and the abuser successively takes control over the women and her life. A qualitative study was conducted with a thematic analysis and interview guide where women had been in contact with different women’s shelter. The results showed that we need to work further with violence and include preventioned work