O presente trabalho tem por finalidade verificar a extensão democrática do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público no atual modelo gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira, analisando em especial a essência desse instrumento sob dois vieses básicos: o do controle social e o da participação popular na Administração Pública. Para tanto, a fim de compreender seu estágio atual no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto instrumento de uma Administração Pública Gerencial, fundamental o estudo das formas anteriores de Administração - Patrimonial e Burocrática. Em um segundo momento, trata-se de analisar o impacto dessa Reforma no direito brasileiro, tanto das alterações da Emenda Constitucional n. 19/98, quanto através das mudanças semânticas de outros institutos jurídicos. Na segunda parte do trabalho o estudo dirige-se especialmente para a abordagem do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público, analisando sua norma original e sua posterior alteração, bem como o regime jurídico que atualmente se encontra (direito positivo e competência para legislar sobre a matéria). Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade de tal instrumento sob três conceitos chaves para uma Administração Pública democrática: processo administrativo, controle social e participação popular na Administração Pública. O método de abordagem utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do procedimento monográfico auxiliado pelo histórico; quanto à técnica de pesquisa, esta é apoiada na pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias. / This paper aims to verify the democratic extension of the Public Service User's Right of Complaint in the current Brazilian Public Administration management model, analyzing in particular the essence of this instrument under two basic biases: social control and popular participation in Public Administration. Therefore, in order to understand its current status in the Brazilian legal system, as an instrument of a Public Management, it is fundamental to study the previous forms of Administration - Patrimonial and Bureaucratic. In a second moment, it is a question of analyzing the impact of this Reformation in the Brazilian law, as much of the alterations of the Constitutional Amendment n. 19/98, as well as through the semantic changes of other legal institutes. In the second part of the study, the study focuses on the Public Service User's Right of Complaint approach, analyzing its original standard and its subsequent amendment, as well as the legal regime currently in place (positive law and competence to legislate on school subjects). Finally, the compatibility of this instrument is examined under three key concepts for a democratic Public Administration: administrative process, social control and popular participation in Public Administration. The method of approach used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on the monographic procedure aided by history; as for the research technique, it is supported by documentary research in primary sources and bibliographical research in secondary sources.

A vedação à modificação da demanda é um mecanismo adotado, na absoluta maioria dos ordenamentos processuais rígidos, com o objetivo de impedir a introdução de questões novas ao longo do feito e, com isso, propiciar maior celeridade processual. De outro lado, todavia, permite que muitas questões nele não discutidas possam ser objeto de demandas posteriores, que tendem a envolver as mesmas partes em discussões conexas ao primeiro litígio, gerando desnecessária multiplicação de demandas afins e, em conseqüência, um crescimento do número de processos no Poder Judiciário que poderia ser evitado ou minimizado. Neste estudo, examina-se a jurisprudência construída pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), ao longo de seus 20 anos de existência, em particular quanto ao tema da modificação do elemento objetivo da demanda, com a intenção de identificar as linhas mestras da interpretação ditada pela Corte Superior quanto a essa específica matéria. Procurou-se examinar, igualmente, as obras doutrinárias relacionadas ao mesmo tema, buscando traçar a evolução da interpretação dos juristas e verificar se ela acompanha, e em que medida, o caminho ditado pela jurisprudência do STJ. / The prohibition against modification of the original complaint is a mechanism adopted, in the vast majority of strict legal procedural orders, in order to prevent the introduction of new issues over the course of a lawsuit and thus enhance the speed of proceedings. On the other hand, however, it creates a situation where many issues that are not raised during the course of such proceedings are covered in subsequent claims or complaints, even though they tend to involve the same parties in court battles connected to the original suit. This generates needless multiplication of related cases and, as a result, an increase in the number of cases before the Judiciary that could be avoided or minimized. This study examines the jurisprudence built up at the level of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) over the course of its 20 years existence, especially regarding the topic of modifying the objective element of the complaint, in order to identify the main lines of interpretation laid down by that higher court as regards this specific issue. Likewise, this study has also sought to examine the doctrinal works related to this same subject, with a view to tracing the evolution of the interpretation of jurists and verifying if it is in keeping, and to what extent, with the path dictated by STJs jurisprudence.

A vedação à modificação da demanda é um mecanismo adotado, na absoluta maioria dos ordenamentos processuais rígidos, com o objetivo de impedir a introdução de questões novas ao longo do feito e, com isso, propiciar maior celeridade processual. De outro lado, todavia, permite que muitas questões nele não discutidas possam ser objeto de demandas posteriores, que tendem a envolver as mesmas partes em discussões conexas ao primeiro litígio, gerando desnecessária multiplicação de demandas afins e, em conseqüência, um crescimento do número de processos no Poder Judiciário que poderia ser evitado ou minimizado. Neste estudo, examina-se a jurisprudência construída pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), ao longo de seus 20 anos de existência, em particular quanto ao tema da modificação do elemento objetivo da demanda, com a intenção de identificar as linhas mestras da interpretação ditada pela Corte Superior quanto a essa específica matéria. Procurou-se examinar, igualmente, as obras doutrinárias relacionadas ao mesmo tema, buscando traçar a evolução da interpretação dos juristas e verificar se ela acompanha, e em que medida, o caminho ditado pela jurisprudência do STJ. / The prohibition against modification of the original complaint is a mechanism adopted, in the vast majority of strict legal procedural orders, in order to prevent the introduction of new issues over the course of a lawsuit and thus enhance the speed of proceedings. On the other hand, however, it creates a situation where many issues that are not raised during the course of such proceedings are covered in subsequent claims or complaints, even though they tend to involve the same parties in court battles connected to the original suit. This generates needless multiplication of related cases and, as a result, an increase in the number of cases before the Judiciary that could be avoided or minimized. This study examines the jurisprudence built up at the level of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) over the course of its 20 years existence, especially regarding the topic of modifying the objective element of the complaint, in order to identify the main lines of interpretation laid down by that higher court as regards this specific issue. Likewise, this study has also sought to examine the doctrinal works related to this same subject, with a view to tracing the evolution of the interpretation of jurists and verifying if it is in keeping, and to what extent, with the path dictated by STJs jurisprudence.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade verificar a extensão democrática do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público no atual modelo gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira, analisando em especial a essência desse instrumento sob dois vieses básicos: o do controle social e o da participação popular na Administração Pública. Para tanto, a fim de compreender seu estágio atual no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto instrumento de uma Administração Pública Gerencial, fundamental o estudo das formas anteriores de Administração - Patrimonial e Burocrática. Em um segundo momento, trata-se de analisar o impacto dessa Reforma no direito brasileiro, tanto das alterações da Emenda Constitucional n. 19/98, quanto através das mudanças semânticas de outros institutos jurídicos. Na segunda parte do trabalho o estudo dirige-se especialmente para a abordagem do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público, analisando sua norma original e sua posterior alteração, bem como o regime jurídico que atualmente se encontra (direito positivo e competência para legislar sobre a matéria). Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade de tal instrumento sob três conceitos chaves para uma Administração Pública democrática: processo administrativo, controle social e participação popular na Administração Pública. O método de abordagem utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do procedimento monográfico auxiliado pelo histórico; quanto à técnica de pesquisa, esta é apoiada na pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias. / This paper aims to verify the democratic extension of the Public Service User's Right of Complaint in the current Brazilian Public Administration management model, analyzing in particular the essence of this instrument under two basic biases: social control and popular participation in Public Administration. Therefore, in order to understand its current status in the Brazilian legal system, as an instrument of a Public Management, it is fundamental to study the previous forms of Administration - Patrimonial and Bureaucratic. In a second moment, it is a question of analyzing the impact of this Reformation in the Brazilian law, as much of the alterations of the Constitutional Amendment n. 19/98, as well as through the semantic changes of other legal institutes. In the second part of the study, the study focuses on the Public Service User's Right of Complaint approach, analyzing its original standard and its subsequent amendment, as well as the legal regime currently in place (positive law and competence to legislate on school subjects). Finally, the compatibility of this instrument is examined under three key concepts for a democratic Public Administration: administrative process, social control and popular participation in Public Administration. The method of approach used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on the monographic procedure aided by history; as for the research technique, it is supported by documentary research in primary sources and bibliographical research in secondary sources.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da aplicação do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho. Tal princípio caracteriza-se pelo caráter restritivo da atuação judicial, vinculando a prolação de sentença aos limites da lide. A problemática centra-se no entendimento do conceito de lide, ora entendido simplesmente como pedido, ora como a matéria fática e jurídica levada aos autos, permitindo-se ao magistrado conhecer de pedidos não formulados expressamente, desde que os fatos a eles pertinentes tenham sido discutidos nos autos. A partir da Teoria Instrumentalista do Processo, que admite este modo de resolução de conflitos como um meio para a efetividade do Direito Material, buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de flexibilização do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho, tendo em vista que o estudo deste princípio revelou que a doutrina e a jurisprudência civil e trabalhista já permitem sua relativização ou mitigação em determinados casos, em especial quando se trata da aplicação de norma de ordem pública, uma das características do Direito Material do Trabalho. Ademais, considerando as questões linguísticas implicadas na formulação da pretensão da parte e da sentença, foi feita pesquisa jurisprudencial no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, de modo a identificar as relações hermenêuticas estabelecidas entre o pedido e a decisão final neste tribunal. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 149 decisões em que se discute a existência ou não de julgamento além dos limites da lide, destacando-se os casos em que o tribunal considerou desnecessária a formulação de pedido expresso para a concessão de direito trabalhista / The purpose of this dissertation is to study the use of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process. This principle is defined by the restrictive aspect of the acts of the judge, binding the sentence to the matters under dispute. The core discussion lies on the identification of such matters, which can be seen as simply the pleadings expressed by the parties or as all the matters in connection with the facts merely mentioned by them. The latter position would allow the judicial authority to pronounce a sentence addressing additional matters that were not expressly pleaded by the parties. Based on the idea that the due process of law is an instrument to achieve effectiveness of legal commands, on the already accepted exception of this principle when it comes to public order rules, and also on the assumption that labor law is of public order, this dissertation analyzed the possibility of disregarding the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process in order to enhance the legal award. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a wide research on the website of the superior labor court (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) was carried out in order to verify the hermeneutical relations between the pleadings and the dispositions of the judicial decision. Bearing such an objective in mind, 149 decisions on the alleged violation of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita were selected and analyzed, focusing on those awards in which the court considered irrelevant the existence of an express pleading in order to grant or deny a specific labor right.

A pragmatic method for designing compliant mechanisms is developed in this thesis, by selecting among existing mechanisms one that may be modified as required. This method complements existing techniques by answering questions of the existence and multiplicity of solutions for the given specifications of a practical problem. The premise for the method is a 2D map that juxta- poses the problem-specifications and the characteristics of compliant mechanisms in a database. The selection of the most suitable mechanisms is similar to Ashby's method of material selection. In our method, stuffiness, inertia, and the inherent kinematic characteristics of compliant mechanisms are analogous to material properties in Ashby's method. These characteristics capture the lumped behavior of compliant mechanisms in static and dynamic situations using spring-lever (SL) and spring-mass-lever (SML) models. The work includes the development of computation- ally efficient methods to compute the SL and SML model characteristics of single-input and single-output compliant mechanisms. Also developed in this work is a method to determine a feasible map by solving the governing equations of equilibrium and several inequalities pertaining to problem- specifications. The map helps not only in assessing the feasibility of the specifications but also in re-designing the mechanisms in predetermined ways to nd multiple solutions, all of which account for practical considerations. The method pays due attention to the overall size, strength considerations, manufacturability, and choice of material. It also enables minimal alterations of the problem-specifications when the user prefers a particular mechanism in the database. All these features are implemented in a web-based Java program with a graphical user interface that can be accessed at http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/ m2d2/CM design. Six case- studies that include micro machined inertial sensors, miniature valve mechanisms, ultra-sensitive force sensors, etc., are documented in detail to demonstrate the usefulness of the method in practice.

Cette thèse se fonde sur une étude qualitative et comparative menée dans deux TPE de moins de 10 salariés et deux GE de plus de 5 000 salariés. L’objectif est de comprendre et d’expliquer, d’une part, comment se construit le stress professionnel selon la taille de l’entreprise et, d’autre part, les moteurs ou les freins à la prévention et gestion du stress. Je me suis donc intéressée aux représentations socio-professionnelles du stress, aux relations sociales au sein de l’entreprise, à l’expression ou non de la plainte, aux formes de gestion de toute forme de souffrance qui peut être liée au travail, à la régulation des conflits. Les attentes collectives ou individuelles ainsi que le vécu des acteurs confrontés à des réalités similaires mais qui réagissent différemment ont aussi permis de tirer des enseignements sur le rapport au mal-être. Cette recherche a montré que, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser, ce ne sont pas tant les problématiques à gérer qui différent en fonction de la taille de l’entreprise mais les façons de les construire, de les vivre et de les réguler. / This thesis is based on a qualitative and comparative study carried out in two Very smallbusinesses (less than ten (10) employees) and two Big businesses (more than five thousand(5.000) employees). The objective is to understand and explain, on the one hand, howprofessional stress is built up according to the size of the company and, on the other hand, thedrivers or constraints to the prevention and management of stress in businesses. I have therefore been interested in socio-professional representations of stress, social relations withinthe company and the expression or not of grievance. I also study forms of pain management atwork and conflicts regulation. Analyzing collective and individual expectations as well as thelife stories of workers confronted with similar realities but reacting differently, made itpossible to learn lessons about workers relationship to discontent.This research has shown that, contrary to what one might think, it is not so much the problemsto be managed which differ according to the business size but the ways to build, regulate andlive with these issues.

本論文研究以｢間接抱怨的反應｣的語言行為為研究方向；一方面以跨文化語用學的探討為主，研究母語為中文的台灣人與母語為美語的美國人語言行為之差異，藉以探討該語言行為的文化普遍性、獨特性；另一方面是以外語語用學的探討為主，研究台灣大專生學習美語的外語行為是否接近母語為英語的美國人，以深究研究對象的語用轉移現象。研究的四組受試人分別為36位以英語為母語的美國大學生、36位以中文為母語且以中文為學習主要媒介的台灣的大學生、36位英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生、36位英語學習程度中等的台灣大學生。蒐集語言資料的工具是語言言談情境問卷(Discourse Completion Task，簡稱DCT)，依照蒐集到的語料進行量化、質化的資料分析。研究結果顯示：四組研究對象皆傾向以憐憫策略來回應間接抱怨。然而以兩項研究變項(性別與社交關係)來進一步討論時，研究結果呈現不同的策略使用：以中文為母語和英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生這兩個研究對象趨於以沉默或是轉移話題來回應女性陌生人的間接抱怨，但是英語學習程度較中等的台灣大學生，卻是較常使用建議策略來回覆陌生人。再者，探究研究對象們的語用標記時，英語學習者常轉化中文的發語詞於英語表達中，相較於以英語為母語的美國大學生，他們的語用句型也較為簡化。根據研究結果與探討，英語學習者們的英語學習程度高低並不與其語用表現成正比，這論述可以呼應語用知識是有別於語言知識的概念。故在英語為外語教學上，除了英語能力的提升外，學習者應能有機會體驗不同情境下的語用表現，自覺性的討論出該表現背後的不同文化意涵，進而提升其對母語文化以及目標語文化所該具有的知識與內涵。 / This study investigated response strategies to indirect complaints (IC). On the one hand, it explored the cross-cultural differences in speech behaviors between native Mandarin Chinese speakers and native American English speakers. On the other hand, it examined EFL learners’ IC response behaviors in Taiwan. Four participant groups were invited in this study: 36 native speakers of American English living in the United States, 36 native Mandarin Chinese speakers living in Taiwan, 36 EFL learners with high English proficiency level, and 36 EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level. Their language data were collected through designed Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to deal with the collected data. The research results indicated that the commiseration strategy was mostly used by all four participant groups. Yet, taking the two independent variables (gender and social-distance relationships) into consideration, informative results were found across different groups. The two groups of native Chinese speakers and EFL learners with high English proficiency level applied off strategy to their female strangers’ indirect complaints. On the contrary, the group of EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level used more advice strategy to their strangers’ indirect complaints. Furthermore, negative transfer was found in the EFL learners’ linguistic realization to achieve illocutionary forces, including pragmatic markers and simplified sentential expressions. The research findings implied that there was not any positive relationship between language learners’ linguistic abilities and their pragmatic performance. The implicature is correlated with the concept that pragmatic knowledge is distinct from linguistic knowledge. Thus, in EFL courses, language learners should be provided opportunities to consciously explore different cultural meanings behind speech act behaviors.

The diploma thesis focuses on institution of ombudsman in European Union, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. It is aimed at questions of legal regulations of this institution in the mentioned formations. Particular chapters of this thesis are structured into following 5 task parts. The first chapter describes the history of the origin of this institution, explains the term of ombudsman by using definitions, classifies existing kinds of institutes of ombudsman and specifies the field of action. The second chapter identifies the European ombudsman. It is focused especially on analysis of received complaints in practically whole period of existence this institution and evaluation of activities in 2008. In the third chapter is described the institution of ombudsman in the Czech Republic and in the fourth chapter in the Slovak Republic. The last chapter of the diploma thesis deals with comaparison of ombudsman institutions in these two countries.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif de comprendre l’expérience des policiers qui ont vécu la conciliation à la suite d’une plainte en déontologie policière au Québec. Plus spécifiquement, de comprendre comment le sentiment de justice se construit lors de l’expérience de la conciliation en plus de décrire les impacts et les perceptions des policiers relativement à la conciliation. Pour atteindre cet objectif, 16 entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de policiers ayant vécu la conciliation. Les participants étaient rencontrés dans les bureaux policiers. Par la suite, les entrevues furent retranscrites et les données obtenues ont été traitées à l’aide du programme QDA Miner. Ces données ont été analysées selon le processus proposé par l’analyse thématique. Les résultats ont permis de comprendre les événements qui ont amené les plaignants à porter plainte contre les policiers et de constater que les policiers justifiaient ces événements de différentes manières. Aussi, les perceptions de la conciliation et de la déontologie policière au sens plus large s’expliquent par la théorie de la justice organisationnelle. De même, lorsque les policiers vivent une expérience qu’ils définissent comme juste et qu’ils ont l’impression que le processus de contrôle est équitable, que la sanction est justifiée et que les interactions ont été respectueuse, ils sont plus satisfaits et auront une meilleure perception sur l’instance qui les contrôle. Finalement, les résultats suggèrent que ceux qui ont vu leur plainte se rendre plus loin dans le processus, en audience, ou qui ont été proches d’un collègue qui a vécu cette situation sont plus susceptibles d’avoir des impacts que ceux qui ont uniquement vécu la conciliation. / This thesis has for goal a better understanding of what is the experience of a police officer who has gone through a conciliation process following a complaint to the Quebec’s police ethics committee. More specifically, to understand how the feeling of justice is built through the conciliation process as well as describing the impacts and perceptions police officers have regarding the overall process. To achieve our objective, 16 semi-structured interviews were realized with police officers who went through conciliation. The participants were met and interviewed in police offices. All interviews were recorded, then transcribed and the data obtained was exploited using the QDA Miner program. The data was analyzed using the process proposed in the theme analysis. The results allowed a comprehension of the events that led the plaintiffs to deposit a complaint against the officers and note that the officers justified the events in different manners. On a larger scope, the perceptions of the conciliation and of the police ethics can be explained by organizational justice. When police officers live an experience that they define as just and that they are under the impression that the process is fair, the sanction is justified and the interactions have been respectful, then they feel more satisfied and will have a favorable perception of the instance that controls it. Finally, the results suggest that those who have seen their complaint go far into the process, in audience, or have seen their colleague live that kind of situation are more susceptible to have an impact than those who have only experienced the conciliation.