Le premier chapitre est une présentation des principaux concepts et résultatsconcernant la finance d'entreprise à la lumière de certains développementsrécents de l'économie du travail.Le deuxième chapitre vise à établir les propriétés d'optimalité concernantl'investissement et l'embauche d'une entreprise dans le cadre de lamaximisation d'une utilité linéaire.Le troisième chapitre traite de la problématique (éventuelle) du désinvestissementet du licenciement. Nous étudions en particulier les problèmesde la prise de décision optimale du dirigeant faisant face soit à une croissancedu marché, soit au contraire à une chute de la demande pour son produit.Le quatrième chapitre reconsidère la question en prenant en compte spécifiquementd'une borne supérieure sur la quantité pouvant être réellementvendue.Le cinquième chapitre prend en compte le phénomènes possibles de retourà la moyenne du prix unitaire du produit vendu.Le sixième et dernier chapitre reconsidère les problèmes de décision optimalepour différentes formes de dette possibles. / The first chapter is an overview of the main concepts and resultson corporate finance in the light of certain developmentsrecent labor economics .The second chapter aims to establish the optimal properties forinvestment and hiring a company under themaximizing a linear utility .The third chapter deals with the problem (if any) divestmentand firing . Nosu study particular problemsthe optimal decision of the leader facing either growthmarket , on the contrary to a drop in demand for its product.The fourth chapter reconsiders the issue , taking into account specifican upper bound on the amount that can actually besold.The fifth chapter considers the possible phenomena of retuthe average unit price of the product sold .The sixth and final chapter reconsiders the problems of optimal decisionfor different possible forms of debt

This study examines the divide between finance theory and practice by analysing the significance of the determinants of capital structure choice among 123 listed firms on the JSE, to determine whether these firms follow the trade-off theory or the pecking-order theory. Data obtained from McGregor’s Bureau of Financial Analysis database was analysed using standard multiple regressions, stepwise regressions and ANOVA techniques to test for financing behaviour. The results indicated that the trade-off model has both cross-sectional and time-series explanatory power for explaining the financing behaviour, while tests on the pecking-order model were weak. The results further revealed a significant positive correlation between debt financing and financial distress, and a significant negative correlation between debt financing and the collateral value of assets during the period under study (1995-2005). These findings suggest a divergence between finance theory and practice for JSE listed firms and manifest conflicting ideologies between finance practices of developed and developing economies. / Business management / M. Com. (Business Management )

Dans les trois chapitres de cette thèse nous explorons le lien entre les performances des entreprises et les caractéristiques psychologiques des dirigeants. Dans un premier chapitre conceptuel, nous étudions les fondements théoriques des travaux en finance comportementale d'entreprise en analysant l'hubris et les concepts qui lui sont apparentés. Nous suggérons des pistes de recherche futures qui, pour certaines, sont mises en oeuvre dans les deux autres chapitres de ce travail. Dans le second chapitre, nous étudions l'impact du narcissisme des dirigeants acquéreurs et cibles sur les aspects privés d'un échantillon de fusions-acquisitions américaines. Nos résultats indiquent que desniveaux de narcissisme plus élevés chez les dirigeants acquéreurs sont associés à une plus forte probabilité que l'acquéreur initie l'opération et à une période plus courte entre l'initiation de l'opération et son annonce publique. Nos résultats suggèrent également que des niveaux de narcissisme plus élevés chez les dirigeants cibles sont positivement associés à la prime offerte et négativement associés aux rendements anormaux cumulés de l'acquéreur. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous analysons l'effet du leadership authentique du dirigeant sur les performances boursières etd'exploitation d'un échantillon d'entreprises du SBF 250. Nous collectons des données sur le leadership authentique par le biais de questionnaires. Nous analysons la différence entre les performances des entreprises en les affectant à trois portefeuilles selon le niveau de leadership authentique en utilisant l'analyse en trois facteurs de Fama et French. Nous ne trouvons aucun lien significatif entre le niveau de leadership authentique du dirigeant et la performance boursière. Dansles analyses des performances d'exploitation, nous trouvons un lien positif et significatif entre le niveau de leadership authentique et la rentabilité économique (ROA). / We study the effect of CEO psychological characteristics on firm performance in three papers. We first consider the theoretical background to work in behavioral corporate finance in a conceptual paper analyzing hubris and related psychological concepts. In this paper we put forward ideas for future research, some of which we implement subsequent papers. In paper 2, we study the effect of acquirer and target CEO narcissism on the private aspects of the takeover process in a sample of US M&A deals. We find that higher levels of acquirer CEO narcissism are associated with a higher probability of deal initiation by the acquirer and with a shorter length of time between deal initiation and announcement. Concerning value effects, our results suggest that higher levels of target CEO narcissism are positively related to bid premium and negatively related to acquirer cumulative abnormal returns. In addition, the difference between acquirer and target CEO narcissism is a significant factor in explaining the different aspects of the takeover process. In the third paper, we analyze the effect of CEO authentic leadership on the market and operating performance of a sample of listed French firms. We collect data on CEO authentic leadership using questionnaires. We analyze the difference in performance of firms sorted into three portfolios according to the level of CEO authentic leadership using a Fama French three factor analysis. We fail to find a significant relationship between CEO authentic leadership and market performance. In the operating performance analyses, we find a positive association between CEO authentic leadership and ROA.

Shareholder activism has exploded in popularity since the turn of the century, due in large part to impressive relative returns generated by its major participants. The result has thus been a surge in assets invested in the category, to in excess of $170 billion today up from less than $3 billion in 2000 (Inglis 2015; Romito 2015). This influx of capital, in absolute dollars and pace of growth, has caused many to wonder whether activists truly create shareholder value and, if so, if the value generated is sustainable. Numerous studies of activist interventions prior to 2009 reveal significant stock price gains around the time of activist arrival and positive longer term buy-and-hold abnormal returns as well. The question remains, however, whether those trends have continued as volume of transactions and number of activists have increased post the recent global financial crisis. In this report, we perform an empirical analysis focused on a hand-collected dataset of 1,088 activist interventions from 1995-present. This dataset includes all 13D filings, as well as Under the Threshold activist campaigns. First, we analyze stock price returns for this group over short- and long-term periods and find that activists continue to unlock shareholder value in recent deals comparable to that of earlier ones. We then perform a proprietary regression to identify which factors drive the most successful returns. Such insights should prove informative for investors employing an activist strategy and companies looking to manage areas of vulnerability.

[pt] O objetivo desse estudo é identificar as práticas de remuneração adotadas para os executivos no Brasil e medir a relação entre a performance das companhias e a remuneração desses executivos. Ao analisar a relação entre remuneração dos executivos e a performance das companhias, deveríamos observar uma relação positiva e estatisticamente (e economicamente) significante entre as duas variáveis, caso a elaboração dos contratos de remuneração dos executivos endereçassem os problemas mencionados na teoria do Agente-Principal. Foram utilizadas diversas regressões para medir a sensibilidade entre a remuneração dos executivos e a performance das companhias. Podemos observar pelos resultados que, em algumas das regressões encontramos uma relação estatisticamente significante entre a remuneração dos executivos e a performance da companhia a um nível de significância de 5 por cento, no entanto, com um significado econômico muito baixo, o que parece inconsistente com o problema do Agente-Principal. / [en] This paper seeks to identify and describe the executive compensation practices in Brazil, and measure the relationship between company performance and executive compensation in Brazil. When analyzing the relationship between executive compensation and company performance, we should observe a positive and statistically (and economically) significant relation between the two variables, in case the compensation contracts addressed the problems involved in the Principal-Agent theory. Several regressions were used to measure the sensibility between executive compensation and company performance. In some of the regressions we found a statistically significant relation between executive compensation and company performance at a 5 percent significance level, but not economically significant, which seems to be inconsistent with the Principal-Agent theory.

A verificação de uma trajetória de valorização do câmbio ao longo de 2004 e 2005, que diminui a competitividade do produto brasileiro e a rentabilidade do setor exportador, ressaltou a importância das operações com adiantamentos de contratos de câmbio (ACCs) como meio de driblar os percalços de um câmbio adverso e manter a atratividade, em termos de lucratividade, da atividade exportadora. Este trabalho, então, busca aumentar o conjunto de informações dos exportadores que vislumbram a possibilidade de realizar operações de arbitragem com ACCs, analisando mais detalhadamente os fatores que determinam os resultados das operações com ACCs e verificando o papel da dinâmica cambial sobre esses ganhos. Para tal, são utilizados modelos econométricos de variância condicionada auto-regressiva (ARCH), cujos resultados sinalizam uma relação significativa e positiva entre volatilidade do câmbio e maiores margens de retorno na arbitragem com ACCs. / The appreciation path described by the exchange rate along 2004 and 2005, which reduced the Brazilian product competitiveness and the exportations profitability, showed the anticipation of exchange rate contracts (ACCs) importance as a way to overcome an adverse exchange rate and maintain the attractiveness of the exportation activity. Afterward, we try to increase the set of information of the exporters that look forward an ACC arbitrage operation possibility, analyzing more carefully the issues that determine their results and verifying the exchange rate dynamics role in those gains. Indeed, employing auto regressive conditioned heteroscedasticity (ARCH) econometric models, the results point out a significant and positive relationship between exchange rate volatility and larger ACC arbitrage returns.

Submitted by Sabrina Rocha Andrade (sabrina_andrade88@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-03T20:41:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sabrina Andrade_FINAL.pdf: 1234290 bytes, checksum: 666ad49bc10ef2b4fc83146b16b6aaee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-04T14:41:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sabrina Andrade_FINAL.pdf: 1234290 bytes, checksum: 666ad49bc10ef2b4fc83146b16b6aaee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-05T12:37:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sabrina Andrade_FINAL.pdf: 1234290 bytes, checksum: 666ad49bc10ef2b4fc83146b16b6aaee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T12:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sabrina Andrade_FINAL.pdf: 1234290 bytes, checksum: 666ad49bc10ef2b4fc83146b16b6aaee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-06 / As empresas normalmente se alavancam através de emissão de dívida e fazem isso para gerenciar suas necessidades financeiras e/ou operacionais. A teoria de trade off defende que administradores busquem um nível estático e pré-determinado de endividamento para maximizar o valor da empresa. Portanto, é esperado que saltos na alavancagem não sejam frequentes e eventuais desvios em relação ao nível ótimo sejam rapidamente corrigidos. Este trabalho analisou a estrutura de capital das empresas listadas na B3, de 2010 a 2016, a fim de verificar se a teoria de trade off pode explicar o comportamento observado durante esse período. Foi constatado que, embora não retornem prontamente ao nível anterior de alavancagem, as empresas permaneceram em níveis compatíveis com o ótimo, o que é consistente com a teoria de trade off e sinaliza que flexibilidade financeira é também uma preocupação. / Firms normally leverage their capital structure through debt issuance, in order to manage their financial and operational needs. Trade off theory suggests that managers must aim at a pre-determined and static leverage target to maximize the firm’s value. Therefore, one should not expect to observe frequent jumps in leverage, and any difference between optimal and observed leverage would be promptly corrected. This paper studied the capital structure of companies listed at B3, from 2010 to 2016, aiming to investigate if trade off theory can be used to explain their behavior during this period. It was observed that, although companies do not return to previous leverage levels quickly, they tend to stay around optimal levels, which is consistent with trade off theory and suggests that financial flexibility is also a concern.

Venture capital é espécie de empreendimento que vincula dois agentes econômicos, empreendedor e investidor, visando ao desenvolvimento de uma ideia inovadora para posterior comercialização no mercado. O empreendedor é detentor de conhecimento sobre a ideia e o investidor possui os recursos para desenvolver o projeto. O negócio se diferencia dos demais pelo alto grau de incerteza e risco do empreendimento e requer o uso de tipos contratuais adequados para sua limitação. O projeto se inicia com a etapa de contratação, na qual as partes negociam a divisão de riscos e retorno do negócio, seguindo-se a etapa de monitoramento do desenvolvimento das atividades. Ao final ocorre o desinvestimento, com a saída do investidor e venda do negócio. Do ponto de vista da Economia, utilizamos a Teoria dos Jogos e apresentamos os problemas informacionais, riscos e incertezas do negócio, e os incentivos para organizar a cooperação entre as partes. Do ponto de vista de Finanças, debatemos a decisão de financiamento do negócio e as alternativas para diversificação dos riscos do investimento, isto é, a possibilidade de limitação dos riscos pela adoção de estratégias de contenção, que aumentam o interesse em contratar o negócio. Do ponto de vista do Direito, avaliamos qual a estrutura contratual ideal para organizar esse tipo de empreendimento. Analisamos as principais formas usadas para organização do negócio, em especial as sociedades limitadas e as sociedades anônimas fechadas. Avaliamos o suporte normativo aplicável, com destaque para a possibilidade de limitação dos riscos do projeto pela aplicação das normas de Direito Societário a esses empreendimentos. Os principais riscos aplicáveis são os riscos de contratação do negócio, os riscos de alocação do poder de decisão entre os sócios e os riscos de interrupção prematura do projeto. Devido à natureza e características do negócio de venture capital, concluímos que esse tipo de projeto é mais bem organizado como um contrato plurilateral e que não há tipo contratual ideal para alinhar os interesses. Dos tipos existentes, a sociedade anônima fechada é o mais adequado, mas incapaz de limitar todos os riscos do negócio. A conclusão é confirmada, parcialmente, pelas evidências empíricas apresentadas. / Venture capital is a business that links two economic agents, entrepreneur and investor, aiming to develop an innovative idea for future sale on the market. The entrepreneur holds knowledge about the idea and the investor has the resources to develop the project. It is distinguished from others by the high degree of uncertainty and risk of the project and requires the use of appropriate contract types for its restriction. The project begins with the contracting stage, in which the parties negotiate the division of risks and return business, followed by the monitoring of the development of the business activities. At the end occurs the divestment, in which the finished business is sold by the investor. From the point of view of Economics, we use Game Theory to present the informational problems, business risks and uncertainties, and the incentives to organize the cooperation between the parties. From the standpoint of Finance, we discuss the decision to finance the business, and alternatives for risk diversification, that is, the possibility of limiting the risks by adopting containment strategies that may increase the interest in contracting. From the point of view of Law, we evaluate the ideal contractual structure for organizing this kind of project. We analyze the main existing contract types, in particular, the limited liability companies and the closed corporations. We present our concerns about the normative support applicable to that type of business, emphasizing the Corporate Law problems. We evaluate the normative support applicable, emphasizing the possibility of limiting the project risks by applying the Corporate Law rules to such ventures. The main risks are the risks applicable to the contracting phase, the risk of incorrect allocation of decision rights between the partners and the risk of premature termination of the project. Due to the nature and characteristics of the venture capital business, we conclude that this type of design is best organized as a plurilateral agreement and that there is no contract type that can be considered ideal to align the interests. Considering all the existing types, the private corporation contract is the most appropriate form, but also unable to limit all the business risks. The conclusion is partially supported by the empirical evidence presented.

Submitted by Wilson Eduardo Souza Junior (wilsonesouza@hotmail.com) on 2013-02-07T20:08:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eficacia.pdf: 2691479 bytes, checksum: f3c6c7507638d2c886f5697a964f2056 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-02-08T10:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Eficacia.pdf: 2691479 bytes, checksum: f3c6c7507638d2c886f5697a964f2056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-08T12:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eficacia.pdf: 2691479 bytes, checksum: f3c6c7507638d2c886f5697a964f2056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / Neste trabalho procurou-se testar a eficácia da avaliação relativa por múltiplos no Brasil. Para isso, utilizou-se os quatro múltiplos utilizados no mercado brasileiro: Preço/ Lucro, Preço/ Valor Patrimonial Preço/ Receita e Preço/EBITDA. Para a obtenção dos múltiplos utilizou-se três metodologias de cálculo (regressões simples, regressões com intercepto e regressões multifatorial resultantes da combinação entre os quatro múltiplos) e também se utilizou outras cinco metodologias para segregação de bases de ativos comparáveis, visando distinguir fatores como risco, características de fluxo de caixa e potencial de crescimento. Considerando todo o período estudado (1994 a 2010), o múltiplo que obteve o melhor resultado (de acordo com a metodologia da raiz quadrada média do erro) foi o Preço/ EBITDA e Preço/ RECEITA (multifatorial), porém pode ser observadas mudanças em relação ao desempenho relativo ao longo do tempo e por setor. / In this study it was tested the effectiveness of the relative company valuation throw multiples in Brazil. For this, it was used the four major multiples used in the Brazilian market: Price / Earnings, Price / Book Value, Price / Revenue and Price / EBITDA. To obtain the multiple it was used three methods of calculation (simple regressions, regressions with intercept and multi factorial regressions resulted from the combination of the four previous multiples) and also it was used other five methods of segregating bases of comparable assets, aiming to distinguish factors such as risk characteristics of cash flow and growth potential. Considering the whole period studied (1994 to 2010), the multiple that achieved the best result (according to the root square mean error) was Price / EBITDA and Price / Revenue (multi factorial), although it could be observed changes on the relative performance over time.

The dissertation consists of two essays. In the first essay we compare the performance of Islamic and conventional stock returns in Saudi Arabia in order to determine whether the Saudi market exhibits characteristics that are consistent with segmented markets and investor recognition effects. We sample the daily stock returns of all Saudi firms from September 2002 to 2015 and calculate important measures, including idiosyncratic volatility (Ang et al, 2006), market integration (Pukthuanthong and Roll, 2009), systematic turnover (Loughran and Schultz, 2005), and stock turnover and liquidity (Amihud, 2002). Integration tests report that Islamic stocks are more sensitive to changes in global and local macroeconomic variables than conventional stocks, supporting the hypothesis that the Islamic and conventional stock markets are segmented in Saudi Arabia. In addition, our results show that Islamic stocks have larger number of investors, lower idiosyncratic risk, higher systematic turnover, and more liquid than conventional stocks, which supports the investor recognition hypothesis. Our results provide new evidence on asset pricing in emerging markets, the evolving Islamic financial markets, and the potential impact of other implicit market barriers on global financial markets. In the second essay we examine the effects of shared beliefs and personal preferences of individual investors on their trading and investment decisions. We anticipate that the process of classifying stocks into Shariah compliant (Islamic) and non-shariah compliant (conventional) has an effect on investibility and acceptance of the stock especially by unsophisticated or individual investors. The wide acceptance of Islamic stocks between individual investors promote and facilitate the circulation of firm-specific information between certain groups of investors. Our results indicate that stock classification has an effect on the stock price comovement through increased stock trading correlation between the groups of Islamic investors. The commonality in preferences between Islamic stocks’ holders generate commonality in trading activity and in stock liquidity. We find that classifying a stock as an Islamic stock increases its price comovement with other Islamic stocks and also increases its commonality in liquidity.