現代的社會已逐漸從工業社會中，步入後工業社會，亦即代表著資訊時代的來臨。每天我們可以從各種不同的傳播媒體、通訊設備中，接收到許許多多的訊息。這些訊息數量之多，種類之繁複，已遠非一般人能夠消化吸收。於是，邁向專業化之呼聲愈來愈高，也愈來愈需要各種不同的專業人才，幫助人們將許多不同的資訊分類整理。只有各種專業人士各盡其才，各司其職，社會才能如常運作下去。二十世紀是一個變動不居，從傳統到現代的時代，官僚制度的性質亦由消極的保障，步入了積極服務的行政時代，因此政府組織也不斷地擴充發展，加以官僚人員所要處理的事務日益專精，未具備專門知識與技能的人就無法勝任。因此專家行政也因而興起，經由考試、教育及訓練制度的種種配合，使得欲擔任現代政府公務職位者，必須具有專門知識與技能才行。專業人士的增加，既是不可忽視的事實，在公共行政組織中，是否就意味著需要讓更多職位更加專業化？或是引進更多專業人才？而一旦引進這些專業人士之後，對原來官僚化的組織會造成何種衝擊？產生何種影響呢？且在民主參與呼聲高漲的今日社會，公共事務交由專家來決定，是否有違民主精神？民眾又該如何監督呢？凡此種種問題，都在本篇論文中有所述及。是以本篇論文的研究範圍，即鎖定在公共行政組織不斷地引進專業人才，愈來愈專業化後，對於原來之科層組織，及組織外在環境（例如民主環境、公共問題的解決，及環境的變遷等）之影響。其架構如下： 　　第一章：緒論。 　　第二章：理論之探討。首先，先從組織理論發展的歷程，說明在這些組織理論中，對專業化的概念如何？了解專業化在組織理論中之演變後，再探討專業主義興起的背景與其內涵何在？最後，再略述美國專業化之發展狀況。 　　第三章：專業化對官僚體系之影響。本章主要是針對專業化對組織本身之影響，是以先對官僚組織的結構面、功能面、及心理面等，提出一些討論及看法，再試圖比較專業取向的組織和官僚組織的不同之處。並且組織中的權威對組織目標的達成、組織人員的互動、及合法性、正當性都有很大的影響，是以第二節將探究官僚權威和專業權威的問題。接著再探討組織中的管理人員與專業人員互動之情況，首先會先探究專業人員在一般組織，或公會中之角色，再討論專業人員與管理人員的衝突問題。最後，再探究專業化對官僚組織產生的優缺點。 　　第四章：專業化對組織外在環境之影響。公共行政組織的一大特色，就是它必須服務一般民眾，對社會大眾的要求要有所回應，是以本章就是針對專業化之後，其對組織的外在環境所產生的影響。首先先討論與環境有關的相關理論後，再來研究所謂的「專業知識」，是否真的對公共問題的解決有幫助？接著探討在目前不斷倡議民主政治、公民參與的現代社會中，專業化對其有何影響？是否真有害於民主政治？最後再提出專業化對外在環境影響之優缺點。 　　第五章：結論。首先提出一些個人的建議與看法，從專業人員的教育與訓練、對專業人員之激勵及專業倫理方面，探究要如何建立專業形象以改善服務品質，最後再總結全文並對未來提出一些看法及期許。

<p>The Swedish election year of 2010 has just begun and the political actors are mobilizing their communication efforts to win the votes of the public. The political campaigns of 2010 have the potential to be the first where a new channel for political communication has the potential to make a difference – the social media. This paper aims to describe in what ways a Member of Parliament, Nina Larsson (FP), together with the PR-agency Hello Clarice are using social media to conduct political campaigning on the web. It also aims to study if the professional consultants of Hello Clarice have any influence over Nina Larsson’s political communication.</p><p>The theoretical framework which is the base for this study are theories of an extended public sphere in the age of mediation. The information age has created new forms of interaction between humans over geographical distance which also is a key starting-point in Manuel Castells theories of the network society. This theory is therefore a theoretical foundation of this paper. The paper also uses theories of political communication and the idea of the professionalization of political communication. The research was conducted with a netnographic approach with observational studies of Nina Larsson’s two blogs and her activities on the social network Twitter. As a compliment to the observational studies research has also been conducted trough qualitative interviews with both Nina Larsson and representatives from the PR-agency Hello Clarice.</p><p>The results show that Nina Larsson’s political communication has to a degree been affected by the professional consultants of Hello Clarice. The paper has also shown an indication of the potential of social media in use of strategic political communication, in which different channels serve with different purposes. Our research has also shown that in this specific case social media can decrease the communicative distance between politician and citizen.</p> / <p>Valåret 2010 har precis tagit sin början och de politiska aktörerna mobiliserar sina kommunikationsinsatser för att på bästa sätt kunna vinna väljarnas förtroende och i slutändan röster. Årets valrörelse kan också bli den första där en ny kanal för politisk kommunikation är av betydelse – de sociala medierna. Denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva på vilka sätt en riksdagsledamot, Nina Larsson (FP), tillsammans med en kommunikationsbyrå, Hello Clarice, arbetar för att bedriva politiskt kampanjarbete i de sociala medierna. Uppsatsens mål är också att undersöka om kommunikationsbyrån påverkar de politiska budskap som Nina Larsson kommunicerar i de sociala medierna. </p><p>För att skapa förståelse för det som studeras baserar sig studien på ett övergripande plan i olika teoretiska synsätt om utvidgningen av det offentliga rummet som skett i samband med medieutvecklingen. Informationssamhällets utbredning har skapat nya förutsättningar för interaktion mellan människor i ett geografiskt avstånd. Manuel Castells teorier om nätverkssamhällets framväxt, i vilket dessa interaktiva aktiviteter sker, är därför också en övergripande teoretisk utgångspunkt för studien. För att skapa förståelse för de aktiviteter som studeras grundar sig studien också i teorier om politisk kommunikation och tankesätt om professionaliseringen av den politiska kommunikationen. En netnografisk ansats har använts för att bedriva observationsstudier av Nina Larssons två bloggar och av hennes konto på mikrobloggen Twitter. Studien har också kompletterats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med Nina Larsson och med representanter från kommunikationsbyrån Hello Clarice. </p><p>Studiens resultat visar att Nina Larssons politiska budskap delvis har påverkats av kommunikationsbyrån Hello Clarice. Studien visar också de sociala mediernas potential för att bedriva strategisk politisk kommunikation där de olika kanalerna som Nina Larsson kontrollerar tjänar olika syften. Syften som sammantaget ska stärka de politiska mål som Nina Larsson har. Våra observationer av Nina Larssons kanaler visar också att de sociala medierna kan fungera som ett verktyg för att minska det kommunikativa avståndet mellan medborgare och folkvald, vilket i detta specifika fall visat sig genom att Nina Larsson visat en vilja till dubbelriktad kommunikation.</p>

This is a dissertation on organization in Swedish ice hockey based on four articles. The purpose of the thesis is to contribute knowledge on the direction, management and practice of sport using Swedish elite ice hockey as an example. Knowledge is created by examining four separate but mutually contingent aspects of organizations. Article I contributes to the overall purpose with knowledge on the professionalization of Swedish ice hockey, the reasons behind and the consequences of it. Focusing on the timeframe 1967-2000 the article highlights how norms, values and ideals changed over time and contributed to a change from ice hockey as an amateur sport based on idealistic motives and volunteer efforts to a professional sport based on entertainment and commercial forces. Article II contributes knowledge on the structural organization of Swedish elite ice hockey clubs and contributing factors. The article compares eleven elite ice hockey clubs and shows how they vary in relation to each other from low to high specialization, standardization and centralization but also how they present many similar characteristics such as organizational form, subsidiary businesses, cooperation with farm clubs and upper secondary schools, types of employments and division of workload. Article III contributes with knowledge on how organizational structures are experienced by individuals working or volunteering in the clubs. Comparing experiences in two structurally different clubs, the article shows how more developed structures are experienced more positively than less developed structures are. However, both groups agree that more developed structures are desirable and they also have similar opinions on issues concerning formal education and training, the elite program vs. the youth program, strategic vs. operative tasks and personal freedom. Article IV contributes knowledge on how experiences of mentioned structures are affected by remuneration, authority and centrality. Exploring four positions differing from each other with regard to hierarchical position, distance to the club’s core activities and payment, the article shows that individual experiences of organizational structure vary depending on where in the club the individual works. This variation is shown to result in tensions between the different positions. The knowledge offered in the thesis is based on three data collections. Data have been gathered from official and unofficial documentation from and on the Swedish sports confederation, the Swedish ice hockey association and 11 clubs represented in the highest division 2000/2001, and from individuals working or volunteering in these clubs as board members, general managers, marketing assistants, coaches, volunteers in the youth programs and arena personnel. The studies are carried out within an institutional theory framework and the analysis of the results taken together shows how the structures in elite ice hockey clubs are affected by surrounding environment and societal environments. Norms and ideals concerning legitimate ways of organizing are mediated by authorities, educational establishments, trade organizations and successful models in neighbouring industries. These norms and ideals have changed as new actors such as television networks, commercial sponsors and employed staff have entered ice hockey and as the roles of the government, the associations, the coaches and the players have changed. These ongoing changes are combining to a new context and new circumstances for the direction, management and practice of Swedish ice hockey.

The Swedish election year of 2010 has just begun and the political actors are mobilizing their communication efforts to win the votes of the public. The political campaigns of 2010 have the potential to be the first where a new channel for political communication has the potential to make a difference – the social media. This paper aims to describe in what ways a Member of Parliament, Nina Larsson (FP), together with the PR-agency Hello Clarice are using social media to conduct political campaigning on the web. It also aims to study if the professional consultants of Hello Clarice have any influence over Nina Larsson’s political communication. The theoretical framework which is the base for this study are theories of an extended public sphere in the age of mediation. The information age has created new forms of interaction between humans over geographical distance which also is a key starting-point in Manuel Castells theories of the network society. This theory is therefore a theoretical foundation of this paper. The paper also uses theories of political communication and the idea of the professionalization of political communication. The research was conducted with a netnographic approach with observational studies of Nina Larsson’s two blogs and her activities on the social network Twitter. As a compliment to the observational studies research has also been conducted trough qualitative interviews with both Nina Larsson and representatives from the PR-agency Hello Clarice. The results show that Nina Larsson’s political communication has to a degree been affected by the professional consultants of Hello Clarice. The paper has also shown an indication of the potential of social media in use of strategic political communication, in which different channels serve with different purposes. Our research has also shown that in this specific case social media can decrease the communicative distance between politician and citizen. / Valåret 2010 har precis tagit sin början och de politiska aktörerna mobiliserar sina kommunikationsinsatser för att på bästa sätt kunna vinna väljarnas förtroende och i slutändan röster. Årets valrörelse kan också bli den första där en ny kanal för politisk kommunikation är av betydelse – de sociala medierna. Denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva på vilka sätt en riksdagsledamot, Nina Larsson (FP), tillsammans med en kommunikationsbyrå, Hello Clarice, arbetar för att bedriva politiskt kampanjarbete i de sociala medierna. Uppsatsens mål är också att undersöka om kommunikationsbyrån påverkar de politiska budskap som Nina Larsson kommunicerar i de sociala medierna.  För att skapa förståelse för det som studeras baserar sig studien på ett övergripande plan i olika teoretiska synsätt om utvidgningen av det offentliga rummet som skett i samband med medieutvecklingen. Informationssamhällets utbredning har skapat nya förutsättningar för interaktion mellan människor i ett geografiskt avstånd. Manuel Castells teorier om nätverkssamhällets framväxt, i vilket dessa interaktiva aktiviteter sker, är därför också en övergripande teoretisk utgångspunkt för studien. För att skapa förståelse för de aktiviteter som studeras grundar sig studien också i teorier om politisk kommunikation och tankesätt om professionaliseringen av den politiska kommunikationen. En netnografisk ansats har använts för att bedriva observationsstudier av Nina Larssons två bloggar och av hennes konto på mikrobloggen Twitter. Studien har också kompletterats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med Nina Larsson och med representanter från kommunikationsbyrån Hello Clarice.  Studiens resultat visar att Nina Larssons politiska budskap delvis har påverkats av kommunikationsbyrån Hello Clarice. Studien visar också de sociala mediernas potential för att bedriva strategisk politisk kommunikation där de olika kanalerna som Nina Larsson kontrollerar tjänar olika syften. Syften som sammantaget ska stärka de politiska mål som Nina Larsson har. Våra observationer av Nina Larssons kanaler visar också att de sociala medierna kan fungera som ett verktyg för att minska det kommunikativa avståndet mellan medborgare och folkvald, vilket i detta specifika fall visat sig genom att Nina Larsson visat en vilja till dubbelriktad kommunikation.

Human being, as an individual, is a basic element of social organization and plays different roles within different organizations such as family, school, and working setting. During the process of role-taking, individuals are influenced by three factors: personality traits, organization, and interpersonal relationship within working environment. Given that, the purpose of this study is to understand the association of personal, organizational and environmental factors and ¡§perceptions of organizational politics¡¨(POPs). 29 organizations participated in this study and , from which, 1524 valid respondents were collected and analyzed through methods of ¡§factor analysis¡¨, ¡§validity & reliability test¡¨, ¡§correlation analysis¡¨ and ¡§hierarchical regression¡¨. After applying ¡§factor analysis¡¨ of the POPs, it was categorized by three dimensions analysis: ¡§(1) behaviors of superior and subordinate; (2) go along and get ahead; (3) difference between the policies of compensation and promotion and actual practices. The results of this study in summary are: 1.Personal factor has effects on POPs with respect to all its three dimensions. 2.Organizational factor has effects on POPs with respect to all its three dimensions. 3.Environmental factor has effects on POPs with respect to all its three dimensions.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 60 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The development of ideas on deinstitutionalization of mental patients has a much longer history in the United States than is commonly acknowledged. Evidence of intense discussion on the rights of the mentally disturbed, curative as opposed to control measures in their treatment, and the drawbacks of congregating the afflicted in large institutions can be found as early as the middle of the 19th century. This discussion was provoked by dissemination of knowledge about the oldest community care program of all: the colony of mental patients in Gheel, Belgium. Based on document analysis of publications in the American Journal of Insanity from 1844 to 1921, this study attempts to trace how this discussion resulted in the first wave of deinstitutionalization in the American mental health care system, and the successful implementation of the alternative of hospital treatment. / ABSTRACT: My study further documents how the development of this program was inhibited by the need of psychiatry to attain professional legitimation. In its struggle to acquire public respect and occupational authority, the profession focused on somatic explanations of disease that could justify categorization of psychiatry as a branch of medical science. While this claim was not decisively supported by laboratory findings, or the ability to cure patients, psychiatry put forward genetic explanations of mental disorder. This took the profession to the extreme of the eugenics movement, and eventually positioned it as an institution of social control instead of medical authority. Having thus failed to achieve the ultimate professional legitimation in the medical field, psychiatry was exposed to a new wave of criticism in the 1960s, which led to the second wave of deinstitutionalization. History repeated itself with the same outcome. / ABSTRACT: In the absence of overall support within psychiatric circles, and a lack of appreciation of family care as a viable alternative to hospital treatment among social scientists, deinstitutionalization could not but fail again. The contribution of the study lies in the areas of deinstitutionalization, professionalization of expert labor, and the social construction of mental illness and deviance. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Idrott och motion är ett av de största fritidsintressena i Sverige. Den svenska idrottsrörelsen bottnar i den ideella sektorn och det har skett en ökad professionalisering och kommersialisering främst inom elitidrotten. Idag är idrotten mer än bara en match, mervärden har blivit viktigare och man säljer ett helhetskoncept. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur organisationer inom den ideella sektorn hanterar professionalisering och kommersialisering, med avseende på elitishockeyn i Sverige. För att besvara studiens syfte har en flerfallstudie genomförts med hjälp av sex elitishockeyklubbar i Sverige. Urvalet bestod av klubbar från de två högsta ishockeyserierna och klubbarna representerar både större städer och mindre orter. Resultatet visar att samtliga elitishockeyklubbar är högst företagsliknande och att bolagiseringar kan ses som en del av professionaliseringen. Klubbarna har många beroendeförhållanden och anser att de går mot en fortsatt kommersialisering där fokus på idrott som underhållning ökar. / Sports and exercise are one of the most popular hobbies in Sweden. The Swedish sports movement stem from the non profit sector and there has been a increase in professionalization and commercialization mainly within the elite sports. Sports is more than just a game today, added value has become more important and one sells a total concept. The purpose of this thesis is is to highlight how organizations in the non profit sector manages professionalization and commercialization, with respect to elite hockey in Sweden. To answer the purpose of the study case studies have been conducted using six elite hockey teams in Sweden. The sample consisted of teams from the two top hockey leagues and teams representing both large cities and smaller towns. The result shows that all elite hockey teams are highly business-like and turning in to a corporation can be seen as a part of professionalizaton. Clubs have many interdependencies and see a continued development towards increades commercializaion with a focus on sport as entertainment.

As television viewers we are used to watching television as a flow of programs with varying content, and usually do not think about how the programs are created. Who decides what should be produced and what the programs should contain? What role do the TV producers play? Who are the producers? Have their working conditions changed due to changes in society? The aim of this study was to answer questions about the TV producer’s background and career, and about how ideas for TV productions developed into actual TV programs. The study resulted in more than 90 “cases” or descriptions in drama and journalism. The respondents were asked about the role that different levels of management, economic resources, technical equipment, audience ratings played in the production of television programs. They were also asked how they evaluated professionalism and competition and what changes had occurred during the periods of the study, 1992-1999 and 2006-07. The TV producers who were interviewed belonged to different “generations” and had  entered  the television industry on  different occasions, such as at the launch  of  television channels  (the first TV channel, TV2, TV4) or  new ventures like regional television or minority language programs. The drama producers often executed the ideas that had been decided on by higher management, even though some drama authors who participated in this study had great power over the story lines and content. The journalist producer’s independence and power over the content were greater than the drama producer’s, since they wrote their own “scripts” during the production of programs. In light of many “cases” of programs described it can be suggested that journalist producers’ choice of program ideas were  parallel and complementary or alternative institutional processes, that preceded, followed or coexisted with reports, investigations, trials etc.   One of the most obvious changes during the period studied from 1992 to 2007 was the change in overall technology from analog techniques to digital. Internet, intranets, e-mail and cell phones had made “the mobile office” a reality and the analog techniques in cameras and editing in TV production became digital during the period.

This investigation is inserted in the research line Education, Knowledge and Professional Development, from the Postgraduate Program in Education, Master Degree in Education at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS. Through this research we sought to understand the paths / the routes experienced / lived by four active professors in the Language Course, from their initial development, going through their teaching path in elementary schools, getting to their current journey as college professors. In addition, we attempted to investigate how elementary school teaching experience reflects in their professional acting as future teachers professors (educators / instructors), in the course of their professional path, interfering in their development. The methodology is qualitative for it aimed at learning the phenomenon in its essence, at the same time that the sociocultural narrative approach was used through semi-structured narrative interviews, to understand the participating teachers voices/speeches/narratives. It has as methodological theorethical basis authors such as Taylor and Bogdan (1987), Chizzotti (2008), Bolzan (2001, 2002), Cunha (1997, 2008), Bakhtin (1999, 2003) and Liev S. Vygotski (1988, 1995, 2000, 2008), which grounds the qualitative research, at the same time it represents the sociocultural narrative point of view, because it permits to comprehend the processes lived/experienced by the subject and which are capable of changing him/her when clarifying his/her conceptions and ideas regarding his/her practices. Thus, this procedure is justified, for the subject, when narrating, when giving voice to his/her own conceptions, [re] signifies them, therefore becoming a space which allows him/her to reflect about his/her pedagogical acting, constituting above all a formative place. Semi-structured interviews were done with the collaborator-subjects, being them college professors who teach at the Language Course. Moreover, the theoretical weaving of this research finds bases in the learning theorists sociocultural studies - Liev S. Vygotski (1988, 1995, 2000, 2008), Luria (1988) and Leontiev (1988, 2006), Bakhtin (1992, 1999), as well as authors who discuss teachers education, such as Anastasiou (2002, 2004), Cunha (1997, 2008), Bolzan (2001, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008), Isaia and Bolzan (2007, 2008), Isaia (2005, 2006), García (1989, 1997), Nóvoa (1997), Huberman (1992), Schön (1997, 2000), Zeichner (1997), Pimenta (2002), Tardif (2003) and Kincheloe (1997). After mapping these findings, the following analysis categories emerged: to learn teaching, education processes and pedagogical activity. The analysis of the findings allows us to affirm that teaching is a continuous and permanent construction, based on a studying teaching activity and that, for this, the engendered movements influence in the union of the personal pathway elements towards the professional path. This is possible when the idea of teachers education programs are considered, and which go beyond the prescriptive and standardized nature, as if everyone learned thorough the same formative movements. The participants teaching work is grounded on research, demarcating that this is the process which allows them to reflect about their practice. This process brings forth the awareness of the necessity of keeping in a constant construction process, continuously learning to be teachers, in the course of the pedagogical activity development, something which permits to produce the shared reflexive processes. This nature of producing teaching is that makes it possible to understand it as a professional activity, demarcating the teaching professio nalism. Furthermore, it was possible to comprehend that the participants teaching conceptions refer to an understanding of education in its real dimension, since, in the classroom, they get inspiration from their own elementary school teaching experiences to teach beginners and future teachers. This way, it was possible to observe that these professionals maintain teaching supported on the research they do, in the view of today s professionals necessities, to act socially. At the same time, it was evidenced, through the repercussion of their conceptions on elementary teaching in higher education, that the participant teachers center their pedagogical activities aiming at developing the language abilities, just as it is pointed out in recent studies by the language professionals. / Esta investigação insere-se na linha de pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Mestrado em Educação, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Através desta pesquisa, buscamos compreender as trajetórias/os percursos experienciados/vividos por quatro professoras atuantes no ensino superior de Letras, desde sua formação inicial, passando pela trajetória docente de escola básica, chegando à atual trajetória como docentes de ensino superior. Além disso, intentamos investigar como a experiência da docência na educação básica repercute na atuação profissional de formadoras de professores, no decorrer de sua trajetória profissional e como interfere no seu desenvolvimento. A metodologia é qualitativa, porque procuramos conhecer os significados presentes nas vozes/falas/narrativas das professoras-participantes, ao mesmo tempo em que utilizamos a abordagem narrativa sociocultural, através de entrevistas narrativas semiestruturadas para orientar a realização da coleta de dados. Nesse enfoque, esta pesquisa possui como base teórico-metodológica autores como Taylor e Bogdan (1987), Chizzotti (2008), Bolzan (2001, 2002), Cunha (1997, 2008), Bakhtin (1999, 2003) e Liev S. Vygotski (1988, 1995, 2000, 2008), que fundamentam a pesquisa qualitativa, ao mesmo tempo em que configura a ótica narrativa sociocultural, pois permite compreender os processos vividos/experienciados pelo sujeito que potencializam transformá-lo, ao explicitar suas concepções e ideias acerca de suas práticas. Assim, justificamos esse procedimento, pois este, ao narrar, ao dar voz as suas próprias concepções, [re]significa-as, tornado-se, desse modo, um espaço que lhe possibilita refletir sobre a sua atuação pedagógica, constituindo-se, sobretudo, em um lugar formativo. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos-colaboradores, sendo estas professoras que exercem a docência em Curso Superior de Letras. Ademais, a tessitura teórica desta pesquisa encontra bases nos estudos socioculturais dos teóricos da aprendizagem Liev S. Vygotski (1988, 1995, 2000, 2008), Luria (1988) e Leontiev (1988, 2006), Bakhtin (1992, 1999), bem como, de autores que discutem a formação de professores, como Anastasiou (2002, 2004), Cunha (1997, 2008), Bolzan (2001, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008), Isaia e Bolzan (2007, 2008), Isaia (2005, 2006), García (1989, 1997), Nóvoa (1997), Huberman (1992), Schön (1997, 2000), Zeichner (1997), Pimenta (2002), Tardif (2003) e Kincheloe (1997). Após o mapeamento dos dados, emergiram as seguintes categorias de análise: aprender a docência, processos de formação e atividade pedagógica. A análise dos achados permite-nos afirmar que a docência é uma construção contínua e permanente, alicerçada na atividade docente de estudo e que, para tal, os movimentos engendrados incidem na união de elementos da trajetória pessoal em direção à profissional. Isso é possível quando se pensa em programas de formação de professores que extrapolem o seu caráter prescritivo e padronizado, como se todos aprendessem através dos mesmos movimentos formativos. A atividade docente das participantes está assentada na pesquisa, demarcando que é esse processo que permite às mesmas refletirem sobre suas práticas. Esse processo gera a tomada de consciência da necessidade de se manter em constante processo de construção, aprendendo continuamente a ser professoras, no decorrer do desenvolvimento da atividade pedagógica, o que permite engendrar os processos reflexivos compartilhados. Esse caráter de se produzir docente é que possibilita compreendê-lo como uma atividade profissional, demarcando o profissionalismo docente. Além disso, foi possível compreendermos que as concepções de docência das participantes referem-se a um entendimento do ensino em sua dimensão real , pois, em sala de aula, inspiram-se em suas próprias experiências quando foram professoras da educação básica para ensinar aos novatos e futuros professores. Dessa forma, foi possível observarmos que as mesmas mantêm um ensino respaldado na pesquisa que fazem, tendo em vista as necessidades dos profissionais de hoje, para atuarem socialmente. Ao mesmo tempo, evidenciamos, através da repercussão de suas concepções sobre a educação básica no ensino superior, que as professoras-participantes centram suas atividades pedagógicas no objetivo de desenvolver as habilidades da língua, tal qual se encontra assinalado nos estudos recentes de profissionais da linguagem.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir com a história da profissionalização do professor primário a partir do entendimento das suas condições laborais entre 1854 e 1926, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho tem como ponto de partida uma análise inicial das chamadas profissões imperiais, Medicina, Direito e Engenharia, o que possibilitou a edificação de categorias de análise da profissão de professor primário, ladeadas pelas especificidades deste grupo profissional. Assim, destacamos neste trabalho os movimentos de feminização e feminilização do magistério, as mudanças das instâncias formativas, os movimentos de associativismo docente, além da visão salvacionista da educação, reforçada no período estudado. Na elaboração deste trabalho, realizamos o levantamento da documentação legal do período e fixamos como eixos de análise a reforma Couto Ferraz realizada em 1854 e as ações de Carneiro Leão à frente da Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública, entre 1922 e 1926. A opção pelo estudo da legislação educacional está fundamentada no desejo de entender a profissão docente a partir da análise do mecanismo que consideramos mais expressivo de comunicação e relação entre os professores e o Estado: a normatização laboral. No entanto, para entender a legislação e seus impactos na organização dos professores foi necessário recorrer a uma diversidade de fontes, relatórios ministeriais, atas de congressos, publicações em jornais de grande circulação, manifestos e comunicações entre as autoridades administrativas e os professores. A análise desse material nos possibilitou observar movimentos interessantes de resistência e adaptações, por parte dos professores e do Estado, que resultaram em marcas profissionais distintivas como a fragmentação profissional e o controle do trabalho docente. Desta forma, acreditamos que o entendimento das condições de trabalho dos professores primários, ao longo da história, pautadas pela relação da categoria com o Estado, é um elemento chave para a compreensão da construção do lugar da profissão de professor na sociedade, para a constituição do fazer docente, entre outras questões que cercam este ofício. / [en] This work aims to contribute to the history of professionalization of schoolteacher from the understanding of their working conditions between 1854 and 1926 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The work takes as its starting point an initial analysis of so-called imperial professions, Medicine, Law and Engineering, which enabled the construction of categories of analysis of primary teaching profession, flanked by the specifics of this professional group. Thus, we highlight in this study the movements of feminization and feminisation of the teaching profession, the changes of training instances, the movements of teacher associations, as well as Salvationists vision of education, increased during the study period. In preparing this report, we conducted a survey of the legal documentation of the period and we set as analysis axes Couto Ferraz reform carried out in 1854 and the actions of Carneiro Leao ahead of the General Directorate of Public Instruction between 1922 and 1926. The choice of study educational legislation is based on the desire to understand the teaching profession from the analysis of the mechanism that we consider most expressive communication and relationship between the teachers and the state: labor regulation. However, to understand the legislation and its impact on the organization of teachers was necessary to use a variety of sources, ministerial reports, conference proceedings, publications in major newspapers, manifestos and communications between the administrative authorities and teachers. The analysis of this material has enabled us to observe interesting resistance movements and adaptations by teachers and the state, resulting in distinctive professional brands such as professional fragmentation and control of teaching. Thus, we believe that the understanding of the working conditions of primary teachers throughout history, guided by the ratio of the category with the state, is a key element for understanding the construction of the place of the teaching profession in society, to form do the teaching, among other issues surrounding this craft.