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Syftet med denna studie var att syntetisera äldre personers erfarenheter kring användning av digital teknik samt dess betydelse för äldres delaktighet i vardagen. Studien är en metasyntes som utfördes genom en systematisk sökning av kvalitativ vetenskaplig litteratur och dess analys. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i fyra databaser och resulterade i 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som ingick i studien. Dataanalysen inleddes med en kvalitetsgranskning av artiklarna och avslutades med en syntes av datan som svarade på studiens syfte. Syntetisering ledde till 34 första nivåns teman samt tre andra nivåns teman; 1. Upplevd nytta och viljan av att använda digital teknik i äldres vardag. 2. Teknikens påverkan ger känsla av gemenskap och ökat stöd för delaktighet. 3. Upplevd begränsning och bristande vilja av användning av digital teknik. Andra nivåns teman lyftes upp och resulterade i två tredje nivåns teman; 1. Äldre entusiaster omfamnar teknikens möjligheter för känslan av trygghet och delaktighet i vardagen trots utmaningar kring dess användning. 2. Upplevelse av egna existensen i livet utanför teknikens värld och hinder för eller möjligheter till delaktighet i ett digitalt samhälle. Resultatet påvisade varierande erfarenheter av användning av digital teknik. Äldre personer lyfte upp stora möjligheter att engagera sig i samt att klara vissa vardagliga aktiviteter med hjälp av digital teknik. Positiva erfarenheter som dominerade i studierna var äldres möjlighet att kommunicera med vårdgivare och myndigheter samt att vara delaktig i sociala liv. Utöver detta visade sig att vissa äldre ansåg att digital teknik var onödig i deras liv, vilket berodde på brist på intresse eller svårigheter att hantera den. Att inte kunna eller att inte vilja hantera digital teknik har lett till upplevelse av utanförskap och minskad delaktighet i samhället. / The purpose of this study was to synthesize older people's experiences of using digital technology and its significance in their participation in everyday life. The study is a Meta-synthesis that was performed through a systematic search of qualitative scientific literature and it’s analysis. The literature search was conducted in four databases and resulted in twelve scientific articles that were included in the study. The data analysis began with a quality review of the articles and ended with a synthesis of the data that answered the purpose of the study. The synthesis led to 34 first-level themes as well as three second-level themes;            1. Perceived benefit and willingness to use digital technology in the everyday lives of the elderly, 2. The impact of technology provides a sense of community and increased support for participation, 3. Perceived limitation and unwillingness to use digital technology. Second level themes were highlighted and resulted in two third level themes; Older enthusiasts embrace the possibilities of technology for the feeling of security and participation in everyday life, despite the challenges surrounding its use. 2. Experience of one's own existence in life outside the world of technology and obstacles or opportunity to participate in a digital society. The results demonstrated varying experiences of using digital technology. Older people highlighted great opportunities to get involved in and to manage certain everyday activities with the help of digital technology. Despite functional limitations and physical barriers, there is potential to perform errands digitally. Positive experiences that dominated the studies were elderly's opportunity to communicate with healthcare providers and agencies but also opportunity to participation in their social life. In addition to this, it turned out that some older people felt that digital technology was unnecessary in their lives, which was due to lack of interest or difficulties in dealing with it. Not being able or unwilling to handle digital technology has led to the experience of exclusion and reduced participation in society.

The revision of the Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education in the Czech Republic from 2021 introduces a new educational area called Informatics. The area has a completely different content than the former Information and Communication Technology area. It is necessary for teachers to have a sufficient number of high-quality didactic materials to choose from for teaching this new educational area. The first goal of this diploma thesis is to review teaching materials of informatics for Grade 1 to 5 of primary schools available in Czech language, and thus make it easier for teachers to find their way around them. During conducting the review, a lack of materials for teaching the principles of digital devices and basics of the principles of the Internet was noticed. The second goal is therefore to create new didactic materials for those topics. The didactic materials were created in cooperation with the Laboratory of Advanced Multimedia Education of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University and the children's channel of Czech Television ČT: D and are gradually published on this channel's website. KEYWORDS informatics, digital devices, digital technologies, internet, primary school, didactic material, Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education

Abstract This empirical study investigates how students in secondary school 7-9 learn the English language outside of school, in an informal setting, and how they can benefit from it in a formal setting in school. The usage of digital technology is more common nowadays amongst youngsters than it used to be before. Digital technology has become a part of young people’s daily lives, whether it is for social media, schoolwork, gaming or blogging. Most students in Swedish secondary schools have their own computers, mobile phones, and have the opportunity to borrow an iPad from school, if needed. For this reason, it is relevant and interesting to investigate how students use their informal knowledge of English in a school setting, and how teachers take advantage of that knowledge. The research focused primarily on how the incorporation of extramural English can be used as a motivating factor for students to develop their English language in a formal setting. The results showed that students who are given the opportunity to use their previous knowledge in the classroom, appeared to be more encouraged to engage in classroom activities. They were also more motivated to work with the assignments handed to them. Teachers who involved students’ interests and previous knowledge in the classroom were experienced in the use of different media in the classroom and had good knowledge about students’ daily lives and experiences, something that helped them establish a positive teacher-student relationship. Keywords: extramural English, out-of-school English, teaching materials, motivation, informal- and formal settings, students’ perceptions.

In the context of New Museology and the breakthrough of smartphones, many museums tend to develop museum-related mobile applications to support the museum visit and facilitate the overall visitor experience. This qualitative case study explores how the context of museum visit frames the experience of usage of smartphone applications, and thus identifies the factors that influence the visitor’s experience of using museum-related smartphone applications. The mobile application of Nationalmuseum in Stockholm is selected as the bounded case for this study. Applying the four contexts for the museum visit as the theoretical framework, this study aims to answer the research questions about how the personal context, the sociocultural context, the physical context, and the digital context affect the visitor’s experience of using the application, and what factors can be identified in this process. As it is a case study with a qualitative perspective, the data is collected through multiple sources, including the interview data and the observation field notes as the primary sources, and some statistical data and visitor feedback survey offered by the museum as the secondary sources. But most of the analysis is based on the one-on-one interviews with twelve visitors. Using the four contexts for the museum visit as the framework, the study conducts the analysis of the data in accordance with the distinct aspects of the four contexts, and thus identifies the factors that affect the visitor’s experience of using the museum application in relation to the four contexts. The findings of this study indicate that the visitor’s experience of using the application is complicated, which can be affected by multiple factors in relation to the four contexts for the museum visit. The personal context and the sociocultural context are proved to be closely related to the visitor’s initial motivation for using museum-related applications. Meanwhile, it can be observed that the physical and the digital contexts affect how visitors perceive the content offered by museum-related mobile applications. Besides, previous research on visitor type of application users is examined by using the findings of this study and thus proved to lack comprehensive considerations. By further discussing how the four contexts interact with each other and influence the visitor, the study tries to further comprehend the visitor’s experience in the process of using museum-related mobile applications. The outcomes of this study bring some insights into the visitor experience of using museum-related mobile applications, and thus contribute some empirical evidence to future research in this field. The four contexts for the museum visit are proved to be applicable for exploring this topic from the perspective of the visitors, and thus can be regarded as a lens for understanding the visitor experience of usage of museum applications. Based on the outcomes of the study, the author makes some recommendations about the future development of the Nationalmuseum application.

Technological advancements have altered all aspects of human life, undeniably impacting all domains of commercial entities. Current digital technologies have the most pre-eminent influence on the supply chain management of corporations, irrespective of their diverse industry and operations. Remarkably, emerging markets with rapid economic growth, becoming appealing for foreign investments, are transmuting their supply chains with innovative hi-tech for smooth, effective, and efficient business processes and operations.The commencement of supply chain alterations in developed countries for facilitating international business has been part of various erstwhile studies that need more information on emerging markets. This thesis contributes to the prevailing research concerning the cited phenomenon by pursuing and expounding the answers to the research questions; "Considering the challenges and opportunities, how do digital technologies (blockchain, Cloud, IoT, AI) affect supply chain management and logistics in emerging markets?" and "What role does the supply chain's digital transformation play for businesses operating in emerging markets engaged in international business?".Fundamentally, the prime purpose of this research is to provide in-depth comprehension regarding the impending gratuities of supply chain revolutions availed by emergent markets expediting their international business with significant hindrances in the process. Also, this study uses a modified theoretical framework created under the idea of dynamic capabilities theory by Teece (2007) to illustrate the pertinent concepts. Furthermore, qualitative case studies of the syndicates from countries Iran, Pakistan and Bangladesh were conducted through semistructured interviews using an inductive approach under the interpretive methodology concept.The study demonstrates that despite market and industry, human errors and manual processes resulting in extra cost, time and energy limiting a firm's overall capacity have been the crucial challenges optimised by supply chain renovations. Lastly, the research provides the theoretical and managerial implications to define the topic in future regarding comparative analysis across industries and mitigating risks in international supply chains due to hi-tech, along with future recommendations.

Digital transformation har lett till ökad användning av digitala teknologier, detta skapar förändringar i samhället som kan leda till att företag måste ta fram nya strategier för att vara fortsatt konkurrenskraftiga. Med en kvalitativ ansats i form av en fallstudie undersöker denna studie hur ett företag inom detaljhandeln kan hantera och struktureras efter digital transformation inom marknadsföring samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar detta medfört gällande marknadsföring i digitala kanaler. Datainsamling skedde via semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika chefer samt en medarbetare inom en detaljhandelsorganisation.  Resultatet visar hur organisationen använder sig av digital marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring via e-post. För detta har en ny arbetsroll skapats som bär ansvaret för processen. Den digitala marknadsföringen genererar främst möjligheter för relationsskapande med kunder, effektivitet, flexibilitet och personanpassad marknadsföring. Det har uppstått utmaningar kring ökad konkurrens, digital utveckling i samhället, spridning av incidenter och att detaljhandelsbranschen i Sverige ligger efter i utvecklingen.  Studien identifierade likheter och olikheter kring hur detaljhandelsorganisationen arbetar med marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring och att detta i sin tur påverkar organisationens hantering och struktur. Exempelvis framkom två olika informationssystem där både processer, system och deltagare skiljde sig åt för digital marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring. Studien visade även att de största likheterna var att båda typerna av digital marknadsföring var effektiva tillvägagångssätt för att nå ut till kunder och båda alternativen tillämpade samma informationskällor för skapande och delning av material. / Digital transformation has led to increased use of digital technologies, this creates changes in society that can require companies to adapt new strategies to remain competitive. With a qualitative approach in the form of a case study, this essay examines how a company in the retail trade can manage, and is structured for digital transformation in marketing, and what opportunities and challenges this management and structuring has brought about current marketing in digital channels. Data collection took place via semi-structured interviews with various managers and an employee within the retail organization. The results show how the organization uses digital marketing in social media and customer-specific marketing in E-mail. For this, a new role has been created that bears the responsibility for the process. Digital marketing mainly creates opportunities for relationship building with customers, efficiency, flexibility and personalized marketing. Challenges have mainly arisen regarding increased competition, digital development in society, the spread of incidents and the fact that the retail industry in Sweden is lagging behind in development. Furthermore, the study identified similarities and differences in how the retail organization works with marketing in social media as well as customer-specific marketing and that this affects the organization’s management and structure. For example, two different information systems were identified where both processes, systems and participants differed for digital marketing in social media and customer-specific marketing. The study also revealed that the biggest similarities were that both types of digital marketing were effective approaches to reach customers and both alternatives applied the same sources of information for creating and sharing materials.

Denna kandidatuppsats har målet att skapa förståelse och ge inblick till äldres behov relaterade till inkludering i användandet av nya teknologier. Tidigare forskning visade att vissa äldre inte är vana vid att använda nya teknologier eller inte har de medel som behövs för att inkluderas i det ‘digitala samhället’ och riskerar att hamna i digitalt utanförskap. BankID är ett exempel på en ny teknologi som används i det digitala samhället. Risken för att äldre blir exkluderade kan begränsa förmågan att komma i kontakt med svenska myndigheter och andra aktörer som allt oftare kräver identifiering med BankID för tillgång till viktiga tjänster. Därav är syftet med studien att utforska vilka faktorer i användningen av teknologi som utmanar äldre med målet att designa användarvänliga gränssnitt för denna population. Gränssnittet från Mobilt BankID används som ett exempel på ett sådant gränssnitt för denna studie. För detta ändamål utfördes individuella intervjuer och observationer ansikte-mot-ansikte med sex äldre. Den insamlade datan analyserades tematiskt och resulterade i fyra teman. Undersökningsresultaten diskuterades i relation till studiens syfte och forskningsfrågor och det teoretiska ramverket.Forskningsresultaten visade tre faktorer som påverkade äldres upplevelse när de använde teknologi, som blev utmanande: kunskapsbrist, osäkerhet och tillgänglighet. Resultaten insinuerar att äldre fann det påfrestande och svårt att lära in användningen av teknologi. De kände också osäkerhet kring att försöka när de stötte på svårigheter under användandet av teknologi. Mer förklarande, men simpel, och kontinuerlig information för att guida äldres användande genomgående genom systemet anses alltså vara avgörande komponenter i en gränssnittsdesign för äldre. Således bidrar utfallet av denna kandidatuppsats till teorin genom att ge en inblick in till upplevelserna och utmaningarna som äldre möter i användning av teknologi och genom att tillhandahålla designförslag för ett mer inkluderande digitalt samhälle. Det bidrar också praktiskt genom att ge en inblick i äldres behov i relation till användning av teknologi och, således, informera designers, utvecklare, teknologiföretag och andra engagerade intressenter om hur ett gränssnitt bättre kan designas för att bli mer användarvänligt för alla potentiella användare, inklusive äldre. / The bachelor’s thesis study aims to create understanding and give insight into the needs of elderly regarding their inclusion in the use of new technologies. Previous research showed that some elderly are not used to the usage of new technologies, or do not have the necessary means to be included in our ‘digital society’ with the risk of ending up in digital exclusion. BankID is an example of the new technologies used in our digital society. The risk of elderly being excluded can limit their ability to get in contact with the Swedish authorities and other actors that increasingly require identification through BankID for access to important services. Hence, the purpose of this research is to explore the factors that challenge the elderly to use technology with the aim of designing user-friendly interfaces for this population. The interface from Mobile BankID is used as an example of such an interface in the study. For this, data was collected through face-to-face individual interviews and observations with six elderly. The collected data was analyzed thematically to conclude four findings. The findings were discussed in the context of the research aim and research questions and the theoretical framework.The research findings showed three factors that affected the elderly’s experience when using technology, which caused them challenges: lack of knowledge, insecurity, and accessibility. The findings insinuate that the elderly find it laborious and difficult to learn how to use technology. They also feel insecure and hesitant in trying when they face difficulties in their usage of technology. More explanatory, but simple, and continuous information to guide the elderly’s usage throughout the system were found to be crucial components of an interface design for the elderly. Thus, the outcome of this bachelor’s thesis contributes theoretically by providing insight into the experiences and challenges faced by the elderly in their use of technology and by providing design suggestions for a more inclusive digital society. It also contributes practically by giving insight into the needs of the elderly concerning their usage of technology and, thus, informing designers, developers, technology companies and other interested stakeholders how to better design an interface that is user-friendly for all potential users, including elderly.

В течение последнего десятилетия значительная доля сделок по слияниям и поглощениям была обусловлена быстрым развитием передовых технологий. Передовые технологии – и в их числе цифровые технологии – стали движущей силой возможностей неорганического роста для компаний. Однако до сих пор остаётся неизученным то, как сделки слияний и поглощений в целом (не только в высокотехнологичных отраслях, или сделки с целями, имеющими цифровые технологии) влияют на цифровизацию компаний и на уровень её цифровой трансформации. Целью данной работы является оценка влияния активности компании на рынке сделок слияний и поглощений на глубину её цифровизации. Объектом исследования послужила выборка из 1242 российских промышленных компаний. Выбор компаний был обусловлен тем, что каждая из них обладает некими цифровыми компетенциями (технологиями), которые являются основой данного исследования. Предметом исследования является механизм взаимосвязи между активностью компании на рынке сделок слияний и поглощений (в виде факта участи в сделке M&A) и глубиной цифровой трансформации этой компании. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что было проведено первое подобное исследование по крупным российским компаниям, оперирующим в 20 отраслях промышленности, с использование эконометрическое модели, которая одновременно рассматривает множество факторов, влияющих на глубину цифровой трансформации. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что его результаты и представленные рекомендации могут быть полезны для собственников компаний, планирующих сделку слияний и поглощений в эпоху цифровизации, а также для органов государственной власти, активно поддерживающих и развивающих цифровизацию в нашей стране. / Over the past decade, a significant share of M&A has been driven by rapid advances in advanced technology. Advanced technologies - and digital technologies among them - have become the driving force behind inorganic growth opportunities for companies. However, how M&A deals in general (not only in high-tech industries, or deals with targets with digital technology) affect the digitalization of companies and its level of digital transformation remains unexplored until now. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of a company's activity in the M&A market on the depth of its digitalization. A sample of 1,242 Russian industrial companies was used as an object of research. The choice of companies was due to the fact that each of them has some digital competencies (technologies), which are the basis of this study. The subject of the study is the mechanism of relationship between the activity of the company in the M&A market (in the form of the fact of participation in the M&A transaction) and the depth of digital transformation of this company. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the first such study was conducted on large Russian companies operating in 20 industries, using an econometric model that simultaneously considers many factors affecting the depth of digital transformation. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results and the recommendations presented may be useful to company owners planning M&A deals in the era of digitalization, as well as to government authorities that are actively supporting and developing digitalization in our country.

В исследовании рассмотрены аспекты формирования электронного бюджета как важного элемента цифровой экосистемы региона. Предложены рекомендации по совершенствованию модели электронного бюджета в целях доступности, прозрачности и создания единого информационного пространства. / The study considers aspects of the formation of an electronic budget as an important element of the digital ecosystem of the region. Recommendations are proposed for improving the e-budget model for accessibility, transparency and the creation of a single information space.