The intentional spread of incorrect information, ‘disinformation’ has increased rapidly in the past couple of years. Bringing with it serious threats to aspects of modern society that constitute central parts of the European Union’s values, thus requiring protection in line with the core aims and duties under EU law. Despite this, the phenomenon of disinformation has not been the focus of regulation until recently, and any attempts to further the regulation of disinformation risks limiting the fundamental right to freedom of expression and information. This right is embedded in Article 11 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) and entails protection so fierce that it sets constraints for what actions the European Union (EU) and Member States may take to regulate any expression and information. In light of this information, the study aims to evaluate the current legal response to disinformation under EU law by assessing possible parallels with hate speech and examining possibilities for the EU and Member States to increase their response to disinformation. This aim is pursued through the use of the legal dogmatic method when investigating the sources and by juxtaposing disinformation with hate speech, which is more firmly regulated. The latter is assessed to determine whether the fiercer regulation of hate speech could arguably be a requirement for disinformation as well. The study offers a deeper understanding of the competencies and capacities within the complex and multilayered EU system and on these grounds then discusses the sufficiency of the current response to disinformation and if there are possibilities to enhance it. Through this assessment, disinformation is found homogenous to hate speech, and possibilities for the EU and Member States to enhance the regulation of disinformation are detected. The study therefore concludes that the current response to disinformation is insufficient in contrast with the response to disinformation and in line with the aims and duties to protect under EU law.

No description available.

Den digitala transformationen som genomsyrar många delar i samhället idag har inte bearbetatsi energibranschen i samma grad. Energibranschen står inför stora förändringar med mål av attvara fossilfria fram till 2040. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett kommunaltenergibolag arbetar med digitalisering för en marknadsstyrd energiförsörjning analyseratgenom tjänstedominant logiken. Referensramen till studien grundar sig i digital transformationsom ramas ner till den tjänstedominanta logiken. Studien genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativundersökning med semistrukturerade intervjuer av ett energibolag och ett IT-konsultbolag.Utifrån intervjuerna återfinns data som analyserades genom den tjänstedominanta logiken.Undersökningen bidrar med nya perspektiv genom tjänstedominant logik som energibranschenhar nytta av och som kan möjliggöra nya sätt att möta kunder. I resultatet blir det tydligt hurenergibolaget arbetar med en digitalisering men att kundinvolvering inte är där. En ökaddigitalisering och tjänstefiering i energisektorn driver fram kreativa lösningar för branschenskunder där decentraliserade och demokratiserade styrsätt möjliggörs. / The digital transformation that undergoes changes in many parts of society has not been asprocessed in the energy industry at the same degree. The energy industry is facing majorchanges with the goal of being fossil-free by 2040. The purpose of the study was to investigatehow a municipal energy company works with digitization for a market-driven energy supplyanalyzed through service-dominant logic. The theoretical framework of the study is based ondigital transformation which then narrows down to the service dominant logic. The study isconducted based on qualitative research through semi-structured interviews of an energy utilitycompany and an IT consulting firm. The research provides insights into a service-dominantperspective for the energy industry in enabling new ways to approach their customers. Theresult makes it clear how the energy company works with digitalization, but that customerinvolvement is not there. An increased digitalization and servitization in the energy sectorfacilitate new creative solutions for the industry's customers, where decentralized anddemocratized governance are made possible.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka användarmedverkan vid utveckling av digitala tjänster hos statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter i Sverige. Tidigare har forskning fokuserat på att undersöka kommuner och deras involvering av användaren vid utveckling av tjänster. Forskning visar att tjänstemän i kommuner har en mer negativ attityd gentemot utveckling av tjänster och därmed negativa till involveringen av användaren i utvecklingen. Anledningen beror på att det är ett tidskrävande arbete som inte har ekonomisk nytta och där det inte finns tillräckligt med kunskap hos de anställda för att driva arbetet med användaren. Litteraturen är idag flera år gammal och i behov av uppdatering. Utöver det har forskningens mål tidigare varit kommuner och därmed skiftas fokuset här till högre organ, nämligen statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter. Studien har utgått utifrån en kvalitativ metod med inslag av abduktiv ansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med nio anställda verksamhetsutvecklare och UX-designers från fem olika myndigheter: Arbetsförmedlingen, CSN, Skatteverket, Tillväxtverket och Transportstyrelsen. Resultatet visar att användarmedverkan bedrivs, dock till en begränsad nivå. Myndigheterna har en betydligt mer positiv inställning till involvering av användaren jämfört med kommunernas tjänstemän och det finnsdessutom en önskan att involvera användaren ytterligare. Utmaningar som påverkar till vilken grad användarmedverkan bedrivs är bland annat bristande resurser som budget och relevant kompetens hos anställda. Den mest förekommande utmaningen är dock bristande tid, där reformer från regeringen orsakar korta deadlines, varav myndigheterna tvingas släppa arbetet med användaren och fokusera på det nyinkomna, statliga uppdraget. Studien ökar förståelsen för de statliga myndigheternas arbetssätt och bidrar till framtida forskning, i hopp om att öka kunskapen och ta itu med utmaningarna som de anställda ställs inför vid utveckling av tjänsterna. / The aim of this study has been to examine government agencies’ user participation of citizens, when developing public e-services. In previous research papers, the aim of the studies have been to examine municipalities and their involvement of users in the development of public e-services. The studies show that the officials have a negative attitude towards the development of services and consequently, being negative towards involving the user in the process. The reason for this being, a time-consuming work that has no financial benefits and the employees not having enough knowledge to work with the user. However, those studies are many years old and in need of an update. Moreover, researchers’ aim has previously been municipalities, and therefore the focus is now shifting to higher grounds, namely state agencies. This study is based on a qualitative method with an abductive approach, where semi-structured interviews have been conducted with nine government employees, possessing roles such as business developers and UX-designers, from five different government agencies: The Swedish Public Employment Service, The Swedish Board of Student Finance, The Swedish Tax Agency, The Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, and The Swedish Transport Agency. The results show that user participation is managed, although to a certain extent. The agencies have a more positive attitude to the involvement of users, compared to the municipalities, and there is a wish to include the user even more. The challenges that affect to what degree the user is involved, are lack of resources, such as budgets and lack of employee-competence. The most recurring challenge however, is time, where legal reforms from the government cause short deadlines, of which the agencies are forced to drop the user-based work and focus on implementing the new laws.The study increases the understanding of the agencies’ work and contributes to future research, in hopes of increasing the knowledge and learning ways to deal with the challenges the employees are faced with when developing public e-services.

En la actualidad, la pandemia originada por el Covid-19 ha afectado negativamente a muchos rubros de trabajo, generando una alta tasa de desempleo en el Perú, sobre todo a los pequeños y medianos negocios. No obstante, en este contexto el mundo se ha digitalizado y los servicios digitales han recibido un nuevo potencial. Un estudio realizado por Ipsos, en el 2021, reveló que las áreas más demandadas por emprendedores son las de marketing y publicidad con 43% y el manejo de herramientas digitales con un 26%. Sin embargo, aún existe un gran número de emprendedores que no logran adaptarse a las nuevas tendencias y continúan dirigiendo su negocio con poco éxito. Considerando ello, nuestro proyecto busca brindar una solución eficiente a través de la creación de una página web enfocada a las personas residentes de Lima Metropolitana con el objetivo de satisfacer la necesidad en el marketing digital y dirección estratégica e impulsar de manera eficiente la rentabilidad y mejorar el alcance de los emprendimientos a través de cursos y servicios online. Para la sustentación de dicho proyecto se desarrollaron diferentes experimentos que facultaron la validez de la necesidad hallada, las posibles soluciones planteadas y el resultado del concierge. Los resultados que se obtuvieron a partir de los experimentos realizados nos ayudaron a entender la importancia que tiene el validar el modelo de negocio; así como también validar el nivel de intención de compra del target. Se otorga a disposición del público el presente trabajo de investigación en beneficio del crecimiento de nuevos proyectos e ideas sostenibles que continúen con el camino de la constante innovación. / At present, the pandemic caused by Covid-19 has negatively affected many areas of work, generating a high unemployment rate in Peru, especially for small and medium-sized businesses.  However, in this context, the world has gone digital and digital services have been given new potential. A study conducted by Ipsos in 2021 revealed that the areas most in demand by entrepreneurs are marketing and advertising with 43% and the management of digital tools with 26%. Nevertheless, there are still a large number of entrepreneurs who are unable to adapt to new trends and continue to run their businesses with little success. Considering this, our project seeks to provide an efficient solution through the creation of a website focused on the residents of Metropolitan Lima with the aim of satisfying the need in digital marketing and strategic management and efficiently boosting the profitability and improving the scope of enterprises through online courses and services.  In order to support the project, different experiments were carried out to validate the need found, the possible solutions proposed and the results of the concierge. The results obtained from the experiments helped us to understand the importance of validating the business model, as well as validating the level of purchase intention of the target. In view of the above, we make this investigation work available to the public for the benefit of the growth of new projects and sustainable ideas that continue on the path of constant innovation. / Trabajo de investigación

Sammanfattning  Denna studie har som mål att utforska hur digitalisering inom SFI på vuxenutbildning påverkat undervisning och lärande för lärare och elever. Den ämnar specifikt att undersöka vilken roll digitala tjänster spelar för att elever ska kunna utveckla digitala kompetenser och litteracitet inom SFI-lärande. Fallstudiestrategi med en kvalitativ-induktiv ansats har valts som metod för att samla in och analysera data.Sex respondenter som bestod av fyra lärare och två elever deltog i studien. Lärarna skickade skriftliga svar på mejlade frågor och elever intervjuades på telefon i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Även sekundärt material har använts i form av tidigare resultat om digital kompetens och litteracitet inom vuxenutbildning. Resultatet visar att digitala verktyg och tjänster används av både lärare och elever som stöd för att effektivisera lärandet. Det innebär att elever får olika sätt att träna på det svenska språket och kunna utveckla sin digitala kompetens och litteracitet. Slutsatserna visar att digitalisering inom SFI ger elever möjligheter att motverka utmaningar och skapa likvärdighet i lärande. Förslag på vidare studier i framtiden ska undersöka hur olika resurser kan integreras i SFI lärandet för att hjälpa elever utveckla digitala kunskaper och skapa likvärdighet samt minska digitala gapet mellan elever. / Abstract This study aims to explore how digitalization within SFI in adult education has affected teaching and learning for teachers and students. It specifically aims to examine the role of digital services in enabling students to develop digital competencies and literacy in SFI learning. A case study strategy with a qualitative-inductive approach has been chosen to collect and analyze data. Six respondents, which consisted of four teachers and two students took part in the study.  The teachers sent written answers to questions by email and the students were interviewed on phone in a semi-structured interview. Also, secondary data was collected by analyzing a number of articles within digital competences and literacy. The results show that digital tools and services are used by both teachers and students as support to make SFI learning effective. This means that the students get different ways to practice the Swedish language and be able to develop digital competencies and literacy. In conclusion, the study has shown that digitization within SFI gives students opportunities to develop digital skills and literacy. By using the value in the digital services, students have an opportunity to counteract challenges and create equality in learning. The study recommends more studies in the future should investigate how different resources can be integrated into SFI learning to help students develop digital skills and create equality and reduce the digital gap between students.

This thesis describes the new regulation of digital products in the Consumer Services Act (2022:260). The essay focuses specifically on the supply of digital content and digital services which derive from an EU-directive 2019/770 (henceforth The Digital Content Directive). “Digital products” is a made-up concept in this thesis for the following objects: digital content and digital services, digital content and digital services supplied on tangible medium and goods with digital elements. Only the last-mentioned object is regulated in a separate EU-directive 2019/771 (henceforth The Sales of Goods Directive), due to its classification as “goods”. For a long period of time, Sweden and other member states of the EU have lacked uniform rules regarding digital products. The Commission acknowledged this absence and launched “The EU’s new digital single market strategy” (henceforth the DSM-strategy), with several targeted actions such as improving access for consumers to digital products and services within the EU as well as maximizing the growth potential of their digital economy. The DSM-strategy has then resulted in The Digital Content Directive and The Sales of Goods Directive which are the two EU-directives that have been implemented in the new Consumer Services Act in Sweden. The Digital Content Directive was implemented in a separate 9th chapter with numerous cross references to other chapters in the law as well as containing both unclear and inexplicit diction. In order to grasp the new regulation of digital products in Sweden, the different provisions applicable to each and every digital product, however with the main focus on digital content and digital services, are displayed and explained alongside an objectively questioning analysis throughout the essay. The conclusion of this juridical exposition is that although consumers have received satisfactory consumer protection throughout the EU, the Consumer Services Act should have been drafted differently. Furthermore, uncertainties regarding the possible “payments” with data are discovered. Especially concerning is the lack of definitive regulation and contractual remedies for consumers to initiate when paying with their data. Whether the aim of established consumer-friendly rules was achieved or not, viewed from a legislative drafting point of view, is also discussed in the final chapters of this paper. This particular question is likewise analyzed through a small-scale comparative analysis with Nordic countries. A proposal for the legislator is thereby presented; adopt the Finnish way of implementing these two EU-directives into the Consumer Services Act.

Bakgrund: Den digitala utvecklingen inom primärvården ökar. Hög ålder är relaterad till minskad användning av digitala tjänster och verktyg. Äldre personer löper risk att drabbas av digitalt utanförskap. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva äldre personer över 80 års hantering och upplevelser av digitala verktyg och tjänster på primärvårdsmottagning. Metod: En kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats användes. Datainsamlingen utgjordes av intervjuer med tio personer över 80 år. En semistrukturerad intervju med öppna frågor utifrån en intervjuguide användes. Datamaterialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Datamaterialet kodades och bildade tre huvudkategorier med respektive två underkategorier. Resultat: Äldre personers upplevelse av delaktighet och kontroll påverkas av om de självständigt hanterar primärvårdens digitala tjänster och verktyg eller överlåter hanteringen till anhöriga. Tillgång till digitala hjälpmedel, fysiska förmågor och begränsningar påverkar upplevelsen. Begriplig information är viktig när det gäller att förstå digitala tjänster och verktyg. Mänsklig kontakt skapar trygghet medan avsaknad av det leder till oro och rädsla. Slutsats: Tillgång till digitala hjälpmedel, möjlighet till hjälp från utomstående, rätt anpassad information och tillgång till mänskligt bemötande är viktigt och ger äldre personer en känsla av trygghet och delaktighet. När dessa områden brister skapar det kontrollförlust och leder till känslor av oro och minskad delaktighet. / Background: Digital development in primary care is increasing. Old age is related to reduced use of digital services and tools. Older people are at risk of digital exclusion. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe older people over 80 years of age handlings and experiences of digital tools and services at primary care clinics. Method: A qualitative method with an inductive approach was used. The data collection consisted interviews with ten people over 80 years of age. A semi-structured interview with open questions based on an interview guide was used. The data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The data was coded and formed three main categories with two subcategories, respectively. Results: Older people's experience of participation and control is affected by whether they independently manage primary care's digital services and tools or leave the management to relatives. Access to digital aids, physical abilities, and limitations affect the experience. Information that is comprehensible is important when it comes to understanding digital information. Access to human contact creates security, while the lack of human contact leads to anxiety and fear. Conclusions: Access to digital tool the possibility of help from outsiders, correctly adapted information and access to human interaction are important and give older people a sense of security and participation. When these areas fail, it creates a loss of control and leads to feelings of anxiety and reduced participation.

For a person who has been diagnosed with a disability at some point in their life, their ability to be an active democratic citizen in our information society changes. This thesis examines what kind of challenges the Swedish public libraries and librarians faces in their day-to-day work connected to the specific group of users with vision-related disabilities and discusses and analyze public librarians' perception of what digital skills means to them.  In the combination of people with visual impairments and their digital needs and competence development and on the actual conditions and challenges existing at the Swedish public libraries regarding digital services for people with visual impairments, the study identifies several challenges for both parties. The study results present an insecurity among librarians regarding the expectations to adjust and help with digital guidance, when they still are feeling insecure about what kind of digital competence expects of them.  During the qualitative interviews, a shared experience of anxiety, uncertainty, and an uneven level among the library staff regarding basic digital competences and where the "boundary" is revealed. The uneven level of digital competence is highlighted as problematic, as the patrons are assumed to be treated differently on repeated visits to the public library. The study identifies several challenges that would further encourage both the individual, the profession, the institution as well as society and research to study further. New knowledge in a library context has been identified and needs to be studied in a broader and more comprehensive research study.

No description available.