The technology evolution and complexity of new circuit applications involve emerging reliability problems and even more sensitivity of integrated circuits (ICs) to electrostatic discharge (ESD)-induced damage. Regardless of the aggressive evolution in downscaling and subsequent improvement in applications' performance, ICs still should comply with minimum standards of ESD robustness in order to be commercially viable. Although the topic of ESD has received attention industry-wide, the design of robust protection structures and circuits remains challenging because ESD failure mechanisms continue to become more acute and design windows less flexible. The sensitivity of smaller devices, along with a limited understanding of the ESD phenomena and the resulting empirical approach to solving the problem have yielded time consuming, costly and unpredictable design procedures. As turnaround design cycles in new technologies continue to decrease, the traditional trial-and-error design strategy is no longer acceptable, and better analysis capabilities and a systematic design approach are essential to accomplish the increasingly difficult task of adequate ESD protection-circuit design. This dissertation presents a comprehensive design methodology for implementing custom on-chip ESD protection structures in different commercial technologies. First, the ESD topic in the semiconductor industry is revised, as well as ESD standards and commonly used schemes to provide ESD protection in ICs. The general ESD protection approaches are illustrated and discussed using different types of protection components and the concept of the ESD design window. The problem of implementing and assessing ESD protection structures is addressed next, starting from the general discussion of two design methods. The first ESD design method follows an experimental approach, in which design requirements are obtained via fabrication, testing and failure analysis. The second method consists of the technology computer aided design (TCAD)-assisted ESD protection design. This method incorporates numerical simulations in different stages of the ESD design process, and thus results in a more predictable and systematic ESD development strategy. Physical models considered in the device simulation are discussed and subsequently utilized in different ESD designs along this study. The implementation of new custom ESD protection devices and a further integration strategy based on the concept of the high-holding, low-voltage-trigger, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) (HH-LVTSCR) is demonstrated for implementing ESD solutions in commercial low-voltage digital and mixed-signal applications developed using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) technologies. This ESD protection concept proposed in this study is also successfully incorporated for implementing a tailored ESD protection solution for an emerging CMOS-based embedded MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) sensor system-on-a-chip (SoC) technology. Circuit applications that are required to operate at relatively large input/output (I/O) voltage, above/below the VDD/VSS core circuit power supply, introduce further complications in the development and integration of ESD protection solutions. In these applications, the I/O operating voltage can extend over one order of magnitude larger than the safe operating voltage established in advanced technologies, while the IC is also required to comply with stringent ESD robustness requirements. A practical TCAD methodology based on a process- and device- simulation is demonstrated for assessment of the device physics, and subsequent design and implementation of custom P1N1-P2N2 and coupled P1N1-P2N2//N2P3-N3P1 silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)-type devices for ESD protection in different circuit applications, including those applications operating at I/O voltage considerably above/below the VDD/VSS. Results from the TCAD simulations are compared with measurements and used for developing technology- and circuit-adapted protection structures, capable of blocking large voltages and providing versatile dual-polarity symmetric/asymmetric S-type current-voltage characteristics for high ESD protection. The design guidelines introduced in this dissertation are used to optimize and extend the ESD protection capability in existing CMOS/BiCMOS technologies, by implementing smaller and more robust single- or dual-polarity ESD protection structures within the flexibility provided in the specific fabrication process. The ESD design methodologies and characteristics of the developed protection devices are demonstrated via ESD measurements obtained from fabricated stand-alone devices and on-chip ESD protections. The superior ESD protection performance of the devices developed in this study is also successfully verified in IC applications where the standard ESD protection approaches are not suitable to meet the stringent area constraint and performance requirement.

Les décharges électrostatiques (ESD) constituent un problème majeur de fiabilité pour les entreprises de semi-conducteurs. Pour enrayer les défauts générés par les ESD sur les circuits intégrés (ICs), des éléments de protection sont implantés directement dans les puces. La constante poussée de l'intégration des circuits a pour conséquence la réduction des dimensions des cellules technologiques élémentaires ainsi que l'accroissement du nombre d'applications supportées par les ICs. Les conditions restrictives imposées par les procédés technologiques et par la complexité croissante des systèmes entraînent un défi considérablement accru pour le développement de produits robustes aux ESD. Dans ce travail de recherche, le problème émergeant des défaillances des couches d'oxydes minces d'épaisseur Tox = 8 à 1.1nm sous contraintes ESD est adressé dans les technologies CMOS les plus avancées, par une contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de dégradation de la fiabilité du diélectrique et des dispositifs sous contraintes ESD. Une nouvelle approche de caractérisation des oxydes minces sous des stress à pulses ultra-courts (20 ns) est décrite jusqu'à la modélisation complète de la dépendance temporelle du claquage du diélectrique. Basé sur un ensemble cohérent de modélisations, une nouvelle méthodologie est proposée pour ajuster la détermination de la fenêtre ESD de façon mieux adaptée aux intervalles de tension et d'épaisseur d'oxyde de grille pour l'ingénierie des concepts de protection. Ceci a permis d'améliorer la prise en compte des problèmes ESD pour une meilleure fiabilité et robustesse des produits conçus en technologies CMOS fortement sub-microniques vis-à-vis des décharges électrostatiques.

Die Phasengleichgewichte (Flüssigkeit-Dampf und Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit) der binären, ternären und quaternären Mischungen bestehend aus Wasser, Toluen, Anilin und Cyclohexylamin wurden experimentell bestimmt und modelliert bzw. vorausberechnet. Die Bestimmung der Flüssigkeit-Dampf-Gleichgewichte erfolgte mit Hilfe der dynamischen Methode, die dafür notwendige Mess- und Regeltechnik wurde erweitert und modernisiert. Die Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichte wurden durch Trübungstitration und Analyse der koexistierenden Phasen bestimmt. Die Beschreibung der binären Systeme und die Vorausberechnung der Mehrkomponentensysteme erfolgte mit den Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen UNIQUAC und NRTL und der Zustandsgleichung, entwickelt von Elliott, Suresh und Donohue (ESD). Die ESD-Zustandsgleichung enthält neben einem Attraktions- und einem Repulsionsterm auch einen Term, der assoziative Wechselwirkungen explizit berücksichtigt. Die Beschreibung der binären Systeme gelingt mit den getesteten Modellen sehr gut. Dabei werden mit den Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen bessere Ergebnisse erreicht als mit der ESD-Zustandsgleichung. Diese Bild kehrt sich bei der Vorausberechnung der Mehrkomponentensysteme um. Bei Verwendung der NRTL-Gleichung treten deutlich höhere Abweichungen auf als bei Berechnungen mit der ESD-Zustandsgleichung bzw. der UNIQUAC-Gleichung. Die Erwartung durch explizite Berücksichtigung der Assoziation mit der ESD-Zustandsgleichung einen deutlichen Vorteil in der Vorhersage von Phasengleichgewichten in Systemen mit assoziierenden Komponenten zu erhalten konnte in den untersuchten Mischungen nicht eindeutig bestätigt werden. / Phase equilibria (vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid) of binary, ternary and quaternary systems consisting of water, toluene, aniline and cyclohexylamine were determined experimentally and modeled resp. predicted. Vapor-liquid equilibria were determined by the dynamic method, the necessary measuring and control systems were extended and modernized. Liquid-liquid equilibria were investigated by turbidity titration and analyses of coexisting phases. The calculation of the binary systems and the prediction of the multicomponent systems were performed with the activity coefficient models UNIQUAC and NRTL and the equation of state developed by Elliott, Suresh and Donohue (ESD). The ESD equation of state includes beside an attractive and a repulsive term a term for explicit consideration of associative interaction. The description of the binary systems succeeded very well with the tested models. Better results were achieved with the activity coefficient models than with the ESD equation of state. These findings are inversed in the case of prediction of multicomponent phase equilibria. On application of the NRTL equation the deviations are notable greater than with the ESD equation of state or the UNIQUAC equation. The expectation to get a significant advantage in prediction of phase equilibria in systems with associating components with the ESD equation of state could not be answered definitely.

This thesis contributes to knowledge about how Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) as educational online platforms can be utilized in achieving the purposes of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Starting out from a view that, in the face of global challenges every individual is an important actor with agency to drive for necessary social changes, the overall ambition of this thesis is to investigate the role of MOOCs, as a specific form of online learning, in empowering and enabling learners to acquire the competences needed to take responsible actions and informed decisions in a rapidly changing, interdependent and unequal world. More specifically, this thesis aims at providing a deeper insight into the question of whether the pedagogic approaches used in ESD (learner-centered, action-oriented and transformative learning) and the learning processes that they promote, can be incorporated in the MOOC environment. This issue holds importance due to the global and intergenerational character of ESD where providing access to training and learning for sustainable development for all is vital. In this respect, MOOCs have been envisioned as revolutionary in the provision of access to education to a wider audience. Nevertheless, the “massive” part of MOOCs could pose a challenge in connection to ESD, due to the fact that ESD is not easily generalized and aims at upholding local relevance. Therefore, this thesis also looks into the question of the implications posed by scale and the issue of scalability when investigating how MOOCs can enable the application of ESD pedagogic approaches, thus also contributing to the achievement of the purposes and learning objectives of ESD and Climate Change Education as its constituent part. Utilizing a case study methodology, the MOOC in Climate Change Leadership at Uppsala University is chosen as a case example of the MOOC learning environment and learning circumstances. By conducting a content analysis of the MOOC materials as presented on the online platform, and developing an analytical framework based on the ESD pedagogic approaches, this thesis reaches the conclusion that some aspects of the ESD approaches benefit from the networked environment and large-scale participation in the MOOC environment, while the incorporation of others is more challenging and asks for further research and improvement of the MOOC learning environment in order for them to provide for the optimal learning circumstances and outcomes in connection to ESD.

La spectroscopie du proton issu de la décroissance du neutron donne un accès complémentaire à lambda (rapport des constantes de couplage faibles gA/gV) et permet la recherche de physique au-delà du Modèle Standard. Au sein des expériences, les protons de basse-énergie (E<751.4 eV) sont guidés et sélectionnés grâce à des champs électromagnétiques. La connaissance précise du potentiel électrostatique est primordiale car celui-ci peut biaiser la sélection des protons. Il faut une précision de quelques mV dans les expériences de spectroscopie du proton aSPECT et PERC pour leur permettre d’atteindre la précision de mesure désirée. Comme les conditions expérimentales impactent le champ (effets de température sur la position des électrodes et leur fonction de travail, condition de surface, pièges qui se chargent etc.), il est nécessaire de pouvoir effectuer la mesure du champ électrostatique in-situ. D’autres effets systématiques sont reliés à la détection de protons: résolution du détecteur, homogénéité, probabilité de rétrodiffusion etc. in-situ.Les objectifs de ce projet sont de créer des sources de calibration pour des mesures électrostatiques in-situ et la caractérisation de détecteurs de protons et de construire une chambre d’essai dédiée à la caractérisation et l’optimisation des sources.Pour les mesures électrostatiques, la modération des positrons a été identifiée comme prometteuse. Ce processus crée un faisceau de particules chargées positivement avec une largeur spectrale très faible (FWHM de quelques dizaines de meV) et avec une distribution angulaire bien définie. Un tel faisceau pourrait permettre de comparer, au sein du spectromètre, les différences de potentiels entre des électrodes.Pour la caractérisation des détecteurs, les sources de protons disponibles sur le marché sont difficiles à coupler aux forts champs magnétiques et induisent souvent une détérioration de la qualité du vide dans les expériences, rendant ardue l’utilisation d’un détecteur sous haute tension (entre -15 et -30 kV). La Désorption Stimulée par Electrons (ESD) de l’hydrogène adsorbé sur la surface d’un cristal s’avère posséder les qualités requises: une distribution en énergie piquée et bien définie et une compatibilité avec l’ultravide.Le spectromètre aSPECTino a été créé en tant que système de test. C’est un filtre MAC-E qui utilise des champs EM pour guider et sélectionner les particules chargées de basse énergie avant de les détecter à l’aide d’un détecteur sous haute tension pour accélérer les particules sélectionnées. Dans le spectromètre règne un champ magnétique entre 3.5 et 16 mT qui est suffisant pour confiner les positrons de basse-énergie. Les protons de basse-énergie avec un faible moment radial peuvent aussi être guidés vers le détecteur.CALIPSO, qui signifie CALIbration Positron/proton SOurce, est une source de calibration deux en un : elle peut fournir indépendamment des positrons et des protons et est basée autour d’un cristal de tungstène (110). Pour la source de positrons ce cristal est couplé à une source de positron 22Na. Il sert alors de modérateur et réémet une fraction des positrons primaires issus de la source 22Na avec une faible énergie et une distribution angulaire et spectrale étroite. Dans la configuration proton le même cristal est utilisé en tant que substrat pour l’adsortion d’hydrogène. L’ESD est induit par les électrons émis par une source thermoionique et frappants le cristal de tungstène.Cette thèse présente les processus physiques utilisés pour créer les faisceaux de positrons et de protons de basse-énergie de CALIPSO ainsi que la conception et le développement du spectromètre aSPECTino et de la source CALIPSO. Elle présente les premiers résultats expérimentaux de la caractérisation préliminaire d’aSPECTino et de CALIPSO. Les performances attendues de CALIPSO pour ses deux configurations et pour la sensibilité de comparaison des potentiels d’électrodes sont dérivés et démontrés à l’aide de simulations. / Proton spectroscopy in neutron beta decay gives a complementary access to $lambda$ (ratio of the weak coupling constants gA/gV and enables new searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. In experiment, low-energy protons (E< 751.4 eV) are usually guided and selected using electromagnetic fields. Precise knowledge of the electrostatic potentials is mandatory as it can drastically bias proton selection. For instance, electrostatic potentials have to be known with an accuracy of a few mV in the proton spectroscopy instruments aSPECT and PERC in order to reach their aspired precision. As experimental conditions can directly impact the field (temperature effects on electrode position and work function, surface conditions, charging traps, etc.), it is mandatory that electrostatic measurements are performed in-situ. Further systematic effects are related to proton detection. In addition to prior off-line detector characterization, it is important to verify detector resolution, homogeneity, backscattering probability etc. in-situ. The protons from neutron decay itself are not suitable for this purpose because of their broad energy distribution and insufficient localization.The goals of this project were to create calibration sources for in-situ electrostatic measurements and proton detector characterizations and to build a dedicated test setup to characterize and optimize the sources.For electrostatic measurements, the process of positron moderation was identified as most promising. Positron moderation creates a beam of positively charged particles with a very narrow energy spread (FWHM of a few tens of meV) and with a well-defined emission angular distribution. Such a beam would allow to directly compare, inside the spectrometer, potential differences between different electrodes.For detector characterization, available commercial proton sources are difficult to couple to high magnetic fields and often induce a deterioration of the vacuum quality in experiments, making it complicated to use detection systems at high voltage (-15 to -30 kV). Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) of hydrogen adsorbed on a crystal surface was found to provide the desired properties: a sharp and well-defined energy distribution of the created proton beam and compatibility with ultrahigh vacuum.The aSPECTino spectrometer was built as test setup. It is a MAC-E filter which uses electro-magnetic fields to guide and select low-energy charged particles before detecting them in a solid-state detector. The detector is set at high voltage to post-accelerate the selected particles. The resistive coils of the spectrometer produce a magnetic field between 3.5 and 16 mT which is sufficient to confine low-energy positrons. Low-energy protons with a small radial momentum component can also be effectively guided onto the detector.CALIPSO, which stands for CALIbration Positron/proton SOurce, is a two-in-one calibration source: one apparatus is designed to provide, not at the same time, both positrons and protons. Its core is a tungsten (110) crystal. In the case of positrons the tungsten crystal is coupled to a 22Na positron source. The crystal serves as positron moderator and re-emits a fraction of the primary positrons from the Na source, with low energy and a small angular and energy spread. In the proton configuration the same crystal is used as substrate for adsorbed hydrogen. ESD is induced by electrons emitted from a hot cathode and hitting the tungsten crystal.This thesis introduces the physical processes used to create the low-energy positron and proton beams of CALIPSO as well as the design and the development of both the aSPECTino spectrometer and the CALIPSO source. It presents first experimental results of the preliminary characterizations of aSPECTino and CALIPSO. The expected performances of CALIPSO in both configurations and the sensitivity for comparisons of electrode potentials are derived and demonstrated by simulations.

Dans l’industrie de la micro-électronique, les efforts à fournir pour les nouvelles applications développées deviennent de plus en plus contraignants et difficiles à supporter en terme de coût. Les agressions provenant des décharges électrostatiques (ESD) générées par l’environnement direct sur les puces constituent un facteur important de la chute de rendement et donc des coûts. Ces difficultés s’ajoutent aux limites physiques plus strictes pour fabriquer des transistors lorsque l’on aborde des échelles nanométriques. La technologie Silicium sur Isolant (SOI) a été développée afin de contourner cette difficulté, mais l’intégration des protections ESD limite son émergence du fait de la complexité de la mise au point et du développement d’un réseau de protection pour la puce.L’objectif annoncé de ce travail de recherche, effectué en collaboration entre STMicroelectronics le CEA et l’IMEP est d’évaluer les caractéristiques principales de la technologie pour la protection contre les décharges et de proposer une stratégie innovante de protection adaptée au SOI. En effet, à partir de résultats expérimentaux, nous avons pu constater que l’oxyde enterré, le BOX, limite les performances en robustesse et diminue la fenêtre de conception pour le déclenchement des protections. Pour y remédier, une structure commandée bidirectionnelle a été développée sur PDSOI afin de faciliter la dissipation thermique et améliorer la robustesse. Pour prolonger cette solution sur technologie FDSOI, une étude approfondie sur le thyristor afin a été menée afin de porter cette solution. L’analyse de simulation 3D et de résultats silicium ont permis de proposer une stratégie de protections innovantes pour le thyristor sur FDSOI. / In the microelectronics industry, the fabrication process for advanced technological nodes becomes more and more cumbersome and limiting in terms of cost. The electrostatic discharges (ESD) generated by the direct environment affect the circuits and constitute an important factor for the decrease of the yield and thus result in an increase of the costs. Apart from these difficulties, there are also issues arising from the physical limits of transistor integration when reaching the nanoscale.The Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology was developed in order to bypass this difficulty. However, the integration of ESD protections limits its emergence due to the development complexity and the protection circuit needed. The goal of this work which was a collaboration between STMicroelectronics, CEA and IMEP was to evaluate the principal characteristics of this technology for electrostatic discharge protection and propose a novel protection strategy adapted for SOI.In fact, we were able to confirm from experimental results that the buried oxide (BOX) limits the performances in terms of robustness and narrows the window of conception for the triggering of the protections. A commanded bidirectional structure was developed on PDSOI and proposed as a solution to facilitate the thermal dissipation and improve the robustness.In order to extend this solution on FDSOI technology, a detailed study on the thyristor was performed. Analysis of the 3D simulations and experimental results permitted to propose an innovative strategy for ESD protections on FDSOI.

Ce travail vise à étudier la robustesse de trois générations de MOSFET SiC de puissance (Silicon Carbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field E_ect Transistors). Plusieurs approches sont suivies : la caractérisation électrique, la modélisation physique, les tests de vieillissement et la simulation physique. Un modèle compact basé sur une nouvelle méthode d'extraction de paramètres et sur les résultats de caractérisation électrique est présenté. Les paramètres extraits du modèle (tensionde seuil, transconductance de la région de saturation et paramètre du champ électrique transverse) sont utilisés pour analyser avec précision le comportement statique de trois générations de MOSFET SiC. La robustesse de ces dispositifs sont étudiées par deux tests : le test HTRB (High Temperature Reverse Bias) et le test ESD (Electrostatic Discharge). Une simulation physique est réalisée pour comprendre l'impact de la température et des paramètres physiques sur les caractérisations électriques des MOSFETs SiC. / This work aims to investigate the robustness of three generations of power SiC MOSFETs (SiliconCarbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field E_ect Transistors). Several approaches are followed :electrical characterization, device modeling, ageing tests and physical simulation. An improvedcompact model based on an accurate parameters extraction method and one electrical characterization results is presented. The parameters extracted precisely from the model (thresholdvoltage, saturation region transconductance...) are used to accurately analyze the static behaviorof two generations of SiC MOSFETs. The robustness of these devices are investigated bytwo tests : HTRB (High Temperature Reverse Bias) stress and an ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)stress. Physical simulation is conducted to understand the impact of the temperature and thephysical parameters on the device electrical characterizations.

Könsbestämning hos vertebrater är ett komplext område som har intresserat forskare under en lång tid, trots detta är det i dagens forskningsläge inte helt självklart vad det är som avgör kön. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att identifiera och sammanställa kunskap om avgörande könsbestämningsmekanismer utifrån det aktuella forskningsläget. I samband med detta kommer arbetet undersöka hur exempel från könsbestämningssystem hos vertebrater kan användas och tillämpas i biologiundervisning på gymnasiet. Arbetet kom fram till att det är flera gener och proteiner som deltar i könsbestämningen, samt att många av dessa konserverats genom evolutionen. Dock betyder inte detta att alla grupper har samma könsbestämningsmekanismer utan det fanns en stor variation mellan vertebratgrupper. Jämförelser av könsbestämningssystemen visade på nya evolutionära samband mellan genetisk och miljöbetingad könsbestämning. Avslutningsvis konstateras möjliga tillämpningar i biologiundervisningen på gymnasiet. Exempel från olika könsbestämningssystem hos vertebrater kan eventuellt användas för att ge elever nya naturvetenskapliga perspektiv på könsbestämning och utveckla biologilärarens arbete med sexualitet, samtycke och relationer. / Sex-determination in vertebrates is a complex area of research that has interested researchers for a long time, still to this day it is not entirely clear what determines sex. The purpose of this literature review is to identify and summarize knowledge about crucial sex-determining mechanisms based on the current state of research. Regarding this review it will investigate how examples from the sex determination system in vertebrates can be used and applied in biology education at high school. The work concludes that there are several genes and proteins that are a part of the sex-determination, and that many of these have been conserved during evolution. However, this does not mean that all the vertebrates have the same sex-determining systems; rather there is a large variance within the vertebrates. Comparison of the sex-determining systems revealed new evolutionary relationships between the genetical- and the environmental sex-determining system. Finally, possible applications in biology education in high school were discussed. Examples from different sex-determining systems in vertebrates could potentially be used to provide students a new scientific perspective of sex-determination and develop the teacher’s work with sexuality, consent and relationships.

This dissertation gives a back-ground presenting what Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and pedagogical drama is, and it presents research on drama-use in ESD. The aim of the study is to explore drama as a tool in adult learning for sustainable development, in a Western context. The assumption is made that drama does have a potential as a tool in learning for sustainable development, and the question of how is raised. The study has a qualitative approach and by interviewing five drama teachers it explores possibilities and difficulties with using drama in ESD and what makes drama useful in ESD. Phenomenography has been used as the method to analyse the phenomenon Drama teachers’ perceptions of drama in adult learning for sustainable development. The result shows both possibilities and difficulties with using drama in ESD and four categories of description are presented: Conditions for Drama, where sufficent time, skills of the leader, ethical awareness and voluntary participation are described as prerequisites for drama. The category Meet is about creating a group climate that is the basis of all drama work. The category Learn is about acquiring knowledge, becoming motivated and equipped to act for sustainable development. Drama is helpful here as it is action-oriented, fun and evokes emotions that can lead on to reflection and motivation.  Create is the last category, where focus is on a deeper understanding of yourself as an actor in a larger context. Drama is described as a tool to become a co-creator of something new and focus is on a larger societal change, rather than individual behavioural change for sustainable development. Transformative learning is presented as a theoretical framework and the results show that the learning discribed in the category Create can be seen as transformative. / Uppsatsens bakgrund ger en sammanfattning av vad lärande för hållbar utveckling (LHU) respektive dramapedagogik är, samt exempel på studier kring dramaanvändning i LHU. Studiens syfte är att undersöka drama som verktyg i vuxnas lärandeprocesser kring hållbar utveckling i en västerländsk kontext. I studien görs antagandet att drama är ett användbart verktyg för detta och ställer forskningsfrågorna: Vad gör dramapedagogik användbart som verktyg i vuxnas lärande för hållbar utveckling? samt Vilka möjligheter och svårigheter finns det med att använda drama som del vuxnas i lärande för hållbar utveckling? Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och undersöker genom intervjuer med fem dramapedagoger vilka möjligheter och svårigheter det finns med drama som verktyg i LHU samt vad som gör drama användbart i LHU. Analysmetoden fenomenografi används för att undersöka fenomenet Dramapedagogers uppfattningar om drama som verktyg i vuxnas lärande för hållbar utveckling. Resultatet, som visar på både möjligheter och svårigheter med drama i LHU, presenteras i studiens utfallsrum med fyra beskrivningkategorier: Förutsättningar för drama, där tillräckligt med tid, kompetens hos ledaren, etisk medvetenhet och frivillighet för deltagarna beskrivs som förutsättningar för drama. Beskrivningskategorin Mötas handlar om att skapa det goda gruppklimat som är centralt i allt dramaarbete. I kategorin Lära sätts lärandet i centrum, här handlar det om att inhämta kunskap och bli motiverad och rustad att agera för hållbar utveckling. Skapa är den sista kategorin där kunskapen tas vidare till en djupare förståelse av sig själv som aktör i ett större sammanhang och förmågan att bli skapande utifrån detta. Transformativt lärande presenteras som en teoretisk ram och resultatet visar att i kategorin Skapa sker ett transformativt lärande.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical Engineering / William Kuhn / When enough charges accumulate on two objects, the air dielectric between them breaks down to create a phenomenon known as electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD is of great concern in the integrated circuit industry because of the damage it can cause to ICs. The problem will only become worse as process components become smaller. The three main types of ESD experienced by an IC are the human body model (HBM), the charged device model (CDM), and the machine model (MM). HBM ESD has the highest voltage while CDM ESD has the highest bandwidth and current of the three ESD types. Integrated circuits generally include ESD protection circuitry connected to their pads. Pads are the connection between the IC and the outside world, making them the required location for circuitry designed to route ESD events away from the IC's internal circuitry. The most basic protection pads use diodes connected from I/O to VDD and I/O to ground. A voltage clamp between VDD and ground is also necessary to protect against CDM and MM event types where the device may not yet have a low impedance supply path connected. The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of ESD circuits and to develop a method for detecting the occurrence of an ESD event in an integrated circuit by utilizing IC fuses. The combination of IC fuses and detection circuitry designed to sense a broken fuse allows the IC to perform a built-in self-test (BIST) for ESD to identify compromised ICs, preventing manufacturers from shipping damaged circuits. Simulations are used to design an optimized protection circuit to complement the proposed ESD detection circuit. Optimization of an ESD pad circuit increases the turn-on speed of its voltage clamps and decreases the series resistance of its protection diodes. These improvements minimize the stress voltage placed on internal circuitry due to an ESD event. An ESD measurement setup is established and used to verify voltage clamp operation. This research also proposes an ESD detection circuit based on IC fuses, which fail during an ESD event. A variety of IC fuses are tested using the ESD measurement setup as well as a TLP setup in order to determine the time and current needed for them to break. Suitable IC fuses have a resistance less than 5 Ω and consistently break during the first trial.