Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6476.pdf: 26847602 bytes, checksum: a5fe859763ded656540f079dd9e50e4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-20 / Cities, big poles of development and also generators of social and spatial segregation, are suffering the pressure on urban systems and sanitation because of uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization by the rural exodus, causing irregular occupations in environmentally fragile areas. In this work ,it was searched the assessment of sustainability in its several aspects, through land fragmentation project analysis in the city of Bauru, Sao Paulo, selected according to criteria of location, size of business, size of lots, date of approval, surveys and survey data, including checking the implementation of it. With the acquisition of data, it was promoted comparative analysis between the project approved and its implementation and also between the several aspects of land division recorded on the projects analyzed using as reference the "PESMU - Sustained Urban Planning of Urban," through their subcomponents, allowing the assessment of the trend of ecological sustainability. Knowing these aspects of ecological sustainability and beyond for situations close to the sites and analyzed for parameters for setting up new ventures and lots in the city, especially when the issues of the region and the deployment are similar, with the aim of improving the inhabitants quality of life of the place approached. / As cidades, grandes pólos geradores de desenvolvimento e também de segregação social e espacial, vêm sofrendo a pressão nos sistemas urbanos e de saneamento devido à urbanização descontrolada pelo êxodo rural e industrialização, acarretando ocupações irregulares em áreas ambientalmente frágeis. Busca-se, neste trabalho, a avaliação da sustentabilidade em seus diversos aspectos, através de análises de projetos de parcelamento de solo na cidade de Bauru- SP, escolhidos segundo critérios de localização, tamanho do empreendimento, tamanho dos lotes, data de aprovação, vistorias e levantamento de dados, inclusive verificando a implantação do mesmo. Com a obtenção dos dados, promover análises comparativas entre o projeto aprovado e a sua implantação e também entre os diversos aspectos dos parcelamentos verificados nos projetos analisados utilizando como referência o PESMU Planejamento Urbano Sustentado do Meio Urbano , através de seus subcomponentes, possibilitando a avaliação da tendência de à sustentabilidade ecológica. Conhecendo estes aspectos da sustentabilidade ecológica, extrapolar para as situações existentes próximas aos locais analisados e obter parâmetros para a implantação de novos loteamentos e empreendimentos no Município, principalmente quando os aspectos da região e da implantação forem semelhantes, com objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos habitantes do local.

The aim of this study is to investigate how densification can be used to increase social and ecological sustainability in an urban area. This study focuses on the visions of the municipality of Sundsvall, a city located on the east coast of central Sweden, from a social and ecological sustainable development perspective and whether these visions are achievable for the densification of its urban centre. Additionally, this study considers how densification fulfils the social and ecological urban development of the city of Sundsvall. Given the possibility of both positive and negative impacts occurring through densification it is prudent to consider these impacts and to determine whether these impacts can be reduced by a socioecological urban developing perspective. To determine this, this study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, such as GIS analysis, personal interviews and municipality resources to establish a sustainable, social and ecological outcome for the urban centre. Sundsvall aims to achieve a higher population density within its city centre. Increase accessibility to the waterfront and improve public transport options, therefore reducing the need for private vehicles and promoting environmentally sustainable alternatives. The aims of the municipality are certainly attainable, however due to certain factors specific to Sundsvall, these can only be achieved to a certain extent. Given the city’s location between two mountains, issues like sunlight, limited space for public service and the inability for smog to easily disperse creates a plethora of issues discussed in this study.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-22T21:46:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pamera_E_R_Zachow_2017.pdf: 3126426 bytes, checksum: 58ff042198ad4df8794c791a29d88900 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T21:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pamera_E_R_Zachow_2017.pdf: 3126426 bytes, checksum: 58ff042198ad4df8794c791a29d88900 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Environmental taxation is a extrafiscal function instrument being used to encourage behaviors that are consistent with the preservation of the environment. In turn, the Ecological ICMS is an environmental protection tool and has shown effective results in the induction of the municipalities to adopt environmental protection policies. The Federal Constitution of Brazil states that it is the duty of the community, municipalities, states and the EU find ways to address environmental problems and adhere to mechanisms that allow an improvement in the environment, thus ensuring an ecologically balanced environment for future generations. In this sense, the general objective of this research was to present, through a bibliographical and documentary research, the evolution of the Ecological ICMS in the State of Paraná, demonstrating the relevance of environmental taxation as an environmental preservation mechanism. To achieve the general objective, the following specific objectives were outlined: a) Analyze the importance of environmental tax legislation; B) Verify that the Ecological ICMS law contributes to the protection of the environment; C) Examine the growth of municipalities benefiting from the Ecological ICMS; D) Examine whether the areas of environmental protection have grown. To do so, the bibliographic survey led this study to the following assumptions: a) Ecological ICMS can be considered as an incentive element for the preservation of the environment. The state governments, through specific legislation, have allowed the emergence of new areas of preservation, as well as maintaining and strengthening the protection of existing areas and b) Considering the importance of the maintenance of native areas, as well as the importance of the existence of Conservation Units, it is perceived that the Ecological ICMS has a fundamental role when it comes to financial compensation to municipalities that maintains environmental conservation areas. / A tributação ambiental é um instrumento de função extrafiscal, sendo utilizada para estimular comportamentos que sejam compatíveis com a preservação do ambiente. Por sua vez, o ICMS Ecológico é um mecanismo de proteção ambiental e tem apresentado resultados eficientes na indução dos Municípios a adotarem políticas de proteção ao meio ambiente. A Constituição Federal do Brasil determina que é dever da coletividade, municípios, estados e a União buscar meios para solucionar problemas ambientais e aderir a mecanismos que possibilitem uma melhora no meio ambiente, garantindo assim, um ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado para as futuras gerações. Para responder a questão norteadora da pesquisa, objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi apresentar, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a evolução do ICMS Ecológico no Estado do Paraná, demonstrando a relevância da tributação ambiental como mecanismo de preservação ambiental. Para atingir o objetivo geral, delinearam-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) Analisar a importância da legislação tributária ambiental; b) Verificar se a lei do ICMS Ecológico contribui para a proteção ao meio ambiente; c) Examinar se houve o crescimento dos municípios beneficiados pelo ICMS Ecológico; d) Examinar se houve o crescimento das áreas de proteção ambiental. Para tanto, o levantamento bibliográfico levou este estudo aos seguintes pressupostos a) O ICMS ecológico pode ser considerado um elemento de incentivo para a preservação do meio ambiente. Os governos estaduais, através de legislação específica, tem possibilitado o surgimento de novas áreas de preservação, bem como a manutenção e o fortalecimento da proteção das áreas já existentes e b) Considerando a importância da manutenção das áreas nativas, bem como a importância da existência de Unidades de Conservação, percebe-se que o ICMS Ecológico tem papel fundamental quando se trata da compensação financeira aos municípios que mantém áreas de conservação ambiental.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a plan of procedure for medium-sized construction companies that want to work with project development based on Swedish laws and regulations. The plan of procedure will document how these companies can start with ecologically sustainable housing projects in the initial stage of the construction process. The framing questions for the study is:  What legal requirements, regulations and general guidelines exist that relates to ecologically sustainable housing projects in Sweden?  What does the initial stage of the construction process look like and what processes and methodologies are used for housing projects?  How can a process for starting with ecologically sustainable housing projects based on the initial stage and its processes be designed and documented? Method: The research project contains a case study that used semi-structured interviews as well as a document study to answer the framing questions. The respondents come from three different companies and have been based on two different housing projects, which made it possible to create a generalizable result. Findings: The result of the study consists of a plan of procedure which includes processes, sub-processes, activities and decision points. The plan divides the activities into internal and external parties and is based on seven main topics that emerged during the document study. This plan of procedure can help support businesses that want to start new housing projects under project development. Implications: The study has given tools for business development to building dwellings as project development from Swedish regulations and legislations about ecological sustainability have been created and documented. A foundation, in form of a process map, to build upon for ecological sustainable dwelling project, for middlesized contractors has been created. Limitations: One limitation of the work is that many decisions to proceed with a project, the design and choice of installation system are based on financial aspects. Since the work has only focused on the ecological aspects, the economy has ended up outside the work, which means that when the results of the work are to be used, the economy must be weighed in separately. Decision-making is also not based solely on current legislation, which the work has focused on.

Stockholms läns regionala planeringsorgan vill utveckla sitt arbete med digitalisering inom regional planering med inriktning på ekologisk hållbarhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att bidra till detta arbete genom att jämföra och identifiera sätt som digitaliseringen behandlas i regional planering i syfte att nå ekologisk hållbarhet. Begreppet ”digitalisering” syftar på den process där teknik och digital information blir en del av samhället. Konceptet ”smart city” identifierades som intressant och tolkades om för en ”smart region”, och vad det skulle kunna innebära. Ingångar i frågorna skaffades i en workshop med Stockholmsregionens Tillväxtoch Regionplaneförvaltning, samt i en intervju med sakkunnig. Det genomfördes en studie av fem storstadsregioners regionplanedokument, och av litteratur om regional planering, digitalisering och ekologisk hållbarhet. Sju strategier för digitalisering och ekologisk hållbarhet i regional planering identifierades utifrån de regionala planeringsdokumenten. En digital plattform identifierades som ett möjligt sätt att arbeta med tjänster som är kopplade till strategierna. I litteraturen hittades analysverktyg vilka användes för att identifiera hur strategierna med digitalisering kan innebära ökad ekologisk hållbarhet. Efter det diskuterades hur den digitala plattformen kan samverka med regional planering, samt hur den digitala plattformen och samarbetsplattformen kan tolkas ur en planeringsteoretisk vinkel. / The Stockholm County regional planning agency wants to develop its work on digitalisation in Regional Planning with a focus on ecological sustainability. The purpose of this report is to contribute to this work by comparing and identifying ways that digitalisation is treated in regional planning in order to achieve ecological sustainability. The concept of "digitalisation" refers to the process where technology and digital information becomes a part of the community. The concept of "smart city" was identified as interesting and was interpreted for a "smart region", and what this could entail. Starting points to the issues were gathered in a workshop with the Stockholm region's Growth and Regional Planning Administration, as well as in an interview with an expert. A study was conducted of the five metropolitan regions’ regional planning documents, and of literature on regional planning, digitalisation and ecological sustainability. Seven strategies for digitalisation and ecological sustainability in regional planning were identified on the basis of the regional planning documents. A digital platform was identified as a possible way to work with services that are linked to the strategies. In the literature analysis tools were found which were used to identify how the strategies of digitalisation can lead to increased environmental sustainability. After that it was discussed how the digital platform can interact with regional planning, as well as how the digital platform and the collaboration platform can be understood from a planning theoretical angle.

The reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the transformation from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy are declared social, political and entrepreneurial goals. The efficient material and energetic use of biogenic residues, by-products and wastes offers numerous means of working towards these goals. However, it is still unclear what raw materials can be understood under these collective terms, what quantities exist across sectors and what additional contribution can be expected from their improved use. In the context of this thesis, an internationally applicable method has been developed which can be used to continuously balance and evaluate the technical biomass potential and current use. The basis for this is a modular monitoring system that is used to develop a multi-stage biomass categorisation, a regularly updatable network of biomass-specific calculation elements and a procedure for the continuous improvement of data quality. The monitoring system was tested for a consistent reference year using Germany as an example. In addition, the temporal and spatial dynamics of the biomass availability were analysed for the case study of cereal straw using a geoinformation system. With the help of 1,113 calculation elements, the supply and use of 77 biomasses from five sectors were balanced. On this basis, the technical biomass potential for the year 2015 amounts to 86–140 million tonnes of dry matter. Between 65 % and 84 % are already tied up in a material or energetic use. There is a clear focus on only a few raw materials; 20 % of the resources make up more than 80 % of the supply. By further tapping the mobilisable potential of 14–48 million tonnes of dry matter, an annual primary energy contribution of at least 6 % and up to 15 % could be achieved in future, for example. The detailed analysis for the case study also shows that, despite significant fluctuations over time, large parts of the potential are concentrated in only a few regions. The overall broad ranges of results indicate that the data quality is uncertain and, in particular in the areas of soil and water quality, biodiversity and eutrophication of ecosystems, there is a need for research on how the complex interactions can be integrated into future calculations of biomass potentials, using which data sets. The consequent provision of the monitoring results and calculation methodology in an online data repository (http://webapp.dbfz.de) provides the opportunity to reflect on the existing approaches in an open debate and to continue developing them in line with the respective needs. Using the findings generated by the monitoring system, the focus can be placed on the most important raw materials and regions for the implementation of political and entrepreneurial strategies and for filling gaps in the data. On this basis, the next steps for an optimal and sustainable contribution to a bio-based circular economy can be prioritised and discussed with regional stakeholders and shareholders. / Die Reduktion von Treibhausgasen in der Atmosphäre und die Transformation von einer fossilbasierten zu einer bio-basierten Wirtschaftsweise sind erklärte gesellschaftliche, politische und unternehmerische Ziele. Die effiziente stoffliche und energetische Nutzung von biogenen Reststoffen, Nebenprodukten und Abfällen bietet zahlreiche Möglichkeiten, diesen Zielen näher zu kommen. Unklar ist bisher jedoch, welche Rohstoffe unter diesen Sammelbegriffen verstanden werden können, welche Mengen sektorenübergreifend existieren und welcher zusätzlichentzliche Beitrag aus einer optimierten Nutzung erwartet werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde daher eine international anwendbare Methode entwickelt, mit der das technische Biomassepotenzial und die aktuelle Nutzung fortlaufend bilanziert und bewertet werden kann. Die Grundlage bildet hierfür ein modulares Monitoringsystem, mit dem u. a. eine mehrstufige Biomassekategorisierung, ein regelmäßig aktualisierbares Netzwerk aus biomassespezifischen Berechnungselementen sowie ein Vorgehen zur kontinuierlichen Verbesserung der Datenqualität entwickelt wurde. Das Monitoringsystem wurde am Beispiel von Deutschland und für ein konsistentes Bezugsjahr erprobt. Für das Fallbeispiel Getreidestroh wurde darüber hinaus die zeitliche und räumliche Dynamik der Rohstoffverfügbarkeit mit einem Geo-Informationssystem analysiert. Mit Hilfe von 1.113 Berechnungselementen wurden das Aufkommen und die Nutzung für 77 Biomassen aus fünf Sektoren bilanziert. Auf dieser Grundlage ergibt sich für das Jahr 2015 ein technisches Biomassepotenzial in Höhe von 86–140 Millionen Tonnen Trockenmasse. Zwischen 65 % und 84 % waren bereits in einer stofflichen oder energetischen Nutzung gebunden. Ein deutlicher Schwerpunkt liegt auf nur wenigen Rohstoffen; 20 % der Rohstoffe repräsentieren über 80 % des Potenzials. Durch die weitere Erschließung der noch mobilisierbaren Potenziale in Höhe von 14–48 Millionen Tonnen Trockenmasse könnte zukünftig z. B. ein jährlicher Primärenergiebeitrag von mindestens 6 % und bis zu 15 % realisiert werden. Die Detailanalyse für das Fallbeispiel zeigt darüber hinaus, dass trotz erheblicher zeitlicher Schwankungen große Teile des Potenzials in nur wenigen Regionen konzentriert sind. Die insgesamt hohen Ergebnisbandbreiten deuten jedoch auf eine unsichere Datenqualität hin und insbesondere bei den Themen Boden- und Wasserqualität, Biodiversität und Eutrophierung von Ökosystemen besteht Forschungsbedarf, wie und mit welchen Datensätzen die komplexen Wirkungsgefüge zukünftig in die Potenzialberechnungen integriert werden können. Durch die konsequente Offenlegung der Monitoringergebnisse und der Berechnungsmethodik in einem Online-Datenrepositorium (http://webapp.dbfz.de) besteht die Möglichkeit, die bisherigen Ansätze in einem offenen Diskurs zu reflektieren und bedarfsgerecht weiterzuentwickeln. Mit Hilfe der Erkenntnisse aus dem Monitoringsystem kann der Fokus für die Umsetzung von Politik- und Unternehmensstrategien und das Schließen von Datenlücken auf die wichtigsten Rohstoffe und Regionen gelenkt werden. Zusammen mit den regionalen Stake- und Shareholdern können auf dieser Grundlage die nächsten Schritte für einen optimalen und nachhaltigen Beitrag zu einer bio-basierten Kreislaufwirtschaft priorisiert und weiterführend diskutiert werden.

Ecological sustainability is a complex concept. What constitutes ecological sustainability as well as what it means to different people and organizations varies. This elusive understanding of the phenomenon was the motivation for this study. What is portrayed as ecological sustainability in children’s books? And how does this understanding affect the possibilities for the intended readers, namely the children? With this as background, the study aims to analyze what ecological sustainability is in children’s books, as well as how this discourse enables and disables different actions and positions from the children reading them. This was done using a discourse analysis inspired by the theories of Foucault, with a thematic analysis as the method for processing and analyzing the data. Data consisted of six children’s books with a theme of ecological sustainability aimed at children ages three to six. The study shows that ecological sustainability is mostly portrayed as individual actions, like recycling and picking up garbage. This very limited discourse makes it impossible for children to talk about societal and political aspects of ecological sustainability, as well as putting a lot of pressure on the reader with depictions of ecological sustainability as the individual’s responsibility. In addition to this, children were also positioned in the books as the only subject capable of change and action. The results show that ECE-teachers need to have a critical approach to the books they read, as they were shown to limit actions more than enabling them by creating and reproducing a discourse of ecological sustainability as something which is up to children to solve. / Ekologisk hållbarhet är ett komplext begrepp. Vad som innefattas av begreppet samt dess betydelse för olika personer och organisationer varierar stort. Denna otydliga precisering av ekologisk hållbarhet var det som motiverade genomförandet av föreliggande studie. Vad beskrivs som ekologisk hållbarhet i barnböcker? Och hur påverkar denna förståelse av begreppet möjligheterna för den tänkta målgruppen, nämligen barn? Med detta som bakgrund syftar studien till att analysera hur ekologisk hållbarhet beskrivs barnböckerna, samt hur denna diskurs möjliggör och omöjliggör ageranden och positioner för barnen som läser dem. Detta genomfördes med användningen av en diskursanalys som inspirerats av Foucaults teori om diskurs, makt och subjekt samt med en tematisk analys som metod för databearbetning och analys. Data bestod av sex barnböcker med teman om ekologisk hållbarhet skrivna för barn i åldrarna tre till sex år. Studien visar att böckerna kopplar ekologisk hållbarhet till individuella handlingar, som att återvinna eller plocka upp skräp. Denna begränsade diskurs utesluter barn från samhälleliga och politiska aspekter av ekologisk hållbarhet och omöjliggör därmed samtal om dessa, samtidigt som den lägger en press på läsaren då ekologisk hållbarhet främst beskrivs som individens ansvar. Vidare positioneras barn som de enda positiva subjekten, kapabla till förändring och agerande, i relation till människan i stort och vuxna. Resultatet visar att förskollärare behöver ha ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till böckerna de läser då de omöjliggör mer än vad de möjliggör genom att skapa och återskapa en diskurs om ekologisk hållbarhet som någonting barnet och individen ansvarar för att lösa.

Följande studie undersöker generation Y:s uppfattning om trovärdig marknadsföring av ekologisk hållbarhet inom textil- och modeindustrin i digitala medier. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fokus på hållbarhet i marknadsföring, individens tolkning av marknadsföring och trovärdighet. All insamling av data har skett genom personliga semistrukturerade intervjuer som efter transkribering och analys slutligen leder till resultatet av generationens uppfattning av ekologisk marknadsföring. Studiens informanter tillhör generation Y, som är individer födda mellan år 1978 till och med 1995. De har alla en eftergymnasial utbildning samt använder sig av digitala medier dagligen. Urvalet valdes på grund av att majoriteten av generationen har en eftergymnasial utbildning och därmed högre lön än andra generationer men även på grund av generationens kräsna och ständigt jämförande konsumentbeteende. I studien deltar åtta stycken informanter som ingår i urvalet. Studiens resultat visar att generation Y, trots sin kräsna och ständigt jämförande konsumentbeteende, kan nås av marknadsföring med ekologisk hållbarhet inom textil- och modebranschen och att generationen föredrar lättillgänglig och utförlig information om hur, varför och vad det resulterar i. Generationen upplever att siffror och statistik ökar känslan av trovärdig marknadsföring i digitala medier samt att skandaler som innebär förfalskning av- eller undanhållande information om varumärkets arbete med ekologisk hållbarhet får dem att tappa sin tillit till varumärket, i vissa fall till och med resultera i en vägran att konsumera hos varumärket. / The following study examines Generation Y's perception of credible marketing of ecological sustainability in the textile and fashion industry in digital media. The study is a qualitative interview study focusing on sustainability in marketing, the individual's interpretation of marketing and credibility. All data collection has been done through personal semi-structured interviews that, after transcription and analysis, ultimately lead to the result of the generation's perception of ecological marketing. The study's informants belong to generation Y, who are individuals born between 1978 and 1995. They all have post-secondary education and use digital media daily. The selection was chosen because the majority of the generation has a post-secondary education and thus higher salaries than other generations, but also because of their discerning and constantly comparative consumer behavior. The study involved eight informants who were included in the sample. The study's results show that generation Y, despite their discerning and constantly comparative consumer behavior, can be reached by marketing with ecological sustainability in the textile and fashion industry and that the generation prefers easily accessible and detailed information on how, why and what it results in. The generation also feels that numbers and statistics increase the sense of credible marketing in digital media and that scandals involving falsifying or withholding information about the brand's work on ecological sustainability cause them to lose their trust in the brand, in some cases even result in a refusal to consume from the brand.

En ökande befolkning kombinerat med en kraftig urbanisering gör att städer växer i snabb takt, både i världen i stort och här i Sverige. En växande befolkning ställer krav på ökat byggande och för att säkerställa goda förhållanden för framtida generationer är en hållbar stadsutveckling nödvändig. I synnerhet inom den ekologiska hållbarheten är åtgärder nödvändiga, detta dåbygg- och fastighetsbranschen har stor påverkan på kvalitén av luft, land och vatten. Branschen orsakar idag även ca 20% av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att minska miljöpåverkan har samhällsplaneringen en rad olika verktyg att använda sig av. Genom optimerad planering av den fysiska miljön kan transportbehovet minska, grönytor gynnas och användningen av moderna och hållbara tekniker underlättas. Ett viktigt redskap inom stadsplanering är detaljplanen som reglerar användningen av mark med juridiskt bindande verkan. Studiens syfte är att studera och analysera hur detaljplan enligt lag kan användas som ett verktyg för att möjliggöra en ekologiskt hållbar stadsutveckling. Detta undersöks genom att studera vilka typer av bestämmelser som enligt lag får användas, samt hur dessa, ibland begränsade möjligheterna, kan användas på ett sätt för att skapa möjligheter för hållbarhet. Syftet är vidareatt undersöka hur dessa möjligheter används i praktiken i aktuella detaljplaner. För att undersöka detta har inledningsvis regelverket studerats och därefter har en fallstudie genomförts i form av en dokumentstudie där relevanta detaljplaner i Stockholms stad granskats.För att på ett enhetligt sätt kunna jämföra de studerade detaljplanerna så har en analysmodell tagits fram med utgångspunkt i de miljömål som Stockholms stad satt upp. Med hjälp avanalysmodellen har detaljplanerna granskats, detta med fokus på hur planerna reglerar grönytor, hållbara byggmaterial och energiförsörjning samt hållbara transporter. Studiens resultat visar att detaljplanen är ett verktyg bland flera andra för att reglera hållbarhet i stadsutvecklingen. Isolerat fungerar detaljplanen främst för att skapa möjligheter för en hållbar utveckling, medan den har begränsade möjligheter att mer i detalj reglera och styra denna.Fallstudien visar att i de studerade detaljplanerna så används vissa av dessa möjligheter i stor utsträckning medan andra används ytterst begränsat. Detta ger en bild av att det finns mer stadens planerare kan göra för att i större utsträckning främja byggandet av en ekologiskt hållbar stad. / An increasing population combined with strong urbanization makes cities growing at a rapid pace, both in the world at large and also here in Sweden. A growing population results in anincreased construction demand and in order to ensure good living conditions for future generations, sustainable urban development is necessary. Particularly in ecological sustainability, measures are necessary, as the construction and real estate industry has a major impact on the quality of air, land and water. Today, the industry causes about 20% of Sweden'stotal greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce the environmental impact, the spatial planning has a number of different tools to use. Through optimized planning of the physical environment, the need for transports can bereduced, green areas can benefit, and the use of modern and sustainable technologies can be simplified. An important tool in spatial planning is the detailed development plan that regulates the use of land with legally binding effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how detailed development plans can be used as a tool for enabling ecologically sustainable urban development. This is explored by studying the types of regulations that may be used by law, and how these, sometimes limited,opportunities can be used in a way to create opportunities for sustainability. The purpose is also to investigate how these opportunities are used in practice in the current detailed development plans. To research this, the regulatory framework was initially studied and then a case study was conducted in the form of a document study where relevant detailed development plans in the City of Stockholm were examined. In order to be able to compare the studied detailed development plans in a structured way, an analysis model has been developed based on the environmental goals set by the City of Stockholm. Using the analysis model, the detailed development plans have been reviewed, focusing on how the plans regulate green areas,sustainable building materials and energy supply as well as sustainable transports. The study's results show that the detailed development plan is a tool among several others to regulate sustainability in urban development. In isolation, the detailed plan works primarily to create opportunities for sustainable development, while it has limited opportunities to regulateand control this in more detail. The case study shows that the studied detailed development plans, some of these possibilities are widely used, while others are used to a very limited extent.This gives the impression that there are more the city’s spatial planners can do to promote the development of an ecologically sustainable city to a greater extent.

Sustainability is a term that is constantly gaining focus in our society and we are becoming more and more aware of the need to take the next generation into consideration when making decisions. The sustainable activity within the core business is growing and is also connected to profitability in ways that have not been seen before. However, the activities that are not included in the core business have not yet reached this long-term perspective. These non-core businesses within an organization goes under the term Facilities Management (FM). This paper focuses onReal Estate businesses, FM-suppliers and the relation between them.The purpose is to investigate current knowledge regarding outsourced FM-services and the real estate organisation’s use of these services. Furthermore, the purpose is to analyse what obstacles are currently restraining a sustainable way of working with FM-services and finally to present substantial suggestions for change. It is commonly agreed that acting in a sustainable way is a shared responsibility, and that acting accordingly will have great impact over the coming years. The Real Estate companies are facing an obstacle with lack of knowledge and awareness of the current situation. The FM-suppliers do not have the last say in the procurement process which prohibits them from using their knowledge effectively. Collaboration between the two parties is essential in order to achieve an improved result of sustainable development within FM. Five suggestions that will develop sustainability within FM have been depicted within this paper. The first suggestion is a plan of action with the foremost purpose of promoting sustainability and FM. Next follows a suggestion that shows the importance of early influence from proficient people. The third suggestion is to make sustainability measurable by creating a certification. Fourth, a law regarding sustainability reports can show how companies act in order to enhance the three dimensions of sustainability within their organization. The last suggestion is a template that will support both parties in the process of signing FM-contracts. In an ideal world, increasing the understanding and knowledge of sustainability and FM will prevent Real Estate businesses from buying services that are not sustainable as well as keeping FM-suppliers from delivering such services. / Hållbarhet får allt större fokus i vårt samhälle. Genom ett mer eftertänksamt beteende har ett agerande för en hållbar utveckling där nästa generation ges samma förutsättningar som denna påbörjats. Tankesättet växer sig starkare inom organisationens kärnverksamhet och i takt med detta ses hållbart agerande även i större grad som en del i organisationens ökade lönsamhet. Inom stödverksamheterna har utvecklingen dock inte nått detta långsiktiga perspektiv. Sammantaget utgör stödtjänsterna en stor del av en organisations totala omsättning varför det är av stor vikt att påbörja en hållbar utveckling inom dessa. En organisations samtliga stödtjänster sammanfattas i termen Facilities Management (FM). Detta arbete är inriktat mot FM-leverantörer och fastighetsbolag samt framställs med intresse för relationen dem emellan. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka befintlig kunskap om outsourcade Facilities Management-tjänster och fastighetsbolags nyttjande av tjänsterna. Vidare är syftet att analysera vilka hinder som idag motverkar ett hållbart arbetssätt inom dessa tjänster samt framställa konkreta förslag till förbättringsåtgärder. En litteraturstudie samt sju intervjuer har legat till grund för de resultat som framställs. Ansvaret för att agera hållbart inom FM anses ligga på var och en gemensamt och intervjuobjekten är eniga om att hållbarhet kommer att bli allt viktigare i dagens samhälle. Hinder hos fastighetsbolagen är bristande kunskap och medvetenhet gällande den ohållbara situation som råder idag. För FM-leverantörerna finns ett hinder i rådande partsrelation, där fastighetsbolagen har sista ordet vid upphandling trots att FM-leverantörerna besitter mest kunskap. Det krävs ett samarbete mellan parterna för att nå ett förbättrat resultat av hållbar utveckling inom FM-tjänsterna. Fem förslag för att utveckla hållbarhetsarbetet inom FM framställs. Det första är en handlingsplan med främsta syfte att marknadsföra hållbarhet och FM. Nästa förslag belyser vikten av att ge personer med kompetens inom området möjlighet att påverka i ett tidigt skede. I det tredje förslaget framställs en möjlighet att certifiera hållbart arbete för att göra hållbarhet mätbart. Vårt fjärde förslag är att införa en lag om hållbarhetsredovisning där organisationer tvingas redovisa hur de arbetat med de tre dimensionerna av hållbarhet under året. Slutligen föreslås en mall som kan vara till stöd vid tecknande av FM-kontrakt. I den bästa av världar kommer ett aktivt arbete med att öka förståelsen och kunskapen gällande hållbarhet inom FM att leda till att fastighetsbolagen aldrig köper ohållbara stödtjänster samtidigt som FM-leverantörerna heller aldrig levererar sådana.