[pt] Transição energética é um fenômeno global que vem sendo acelerado pela necessidade de combate à mudança climática, com fortes condicionantes locais. No centro deste processo estão as empresas de petróleo e gás, que precisam definir como contribuirão no redesenho do setor energético. O Brasil possui uma matriz energética das mais limpas e um grande potencial para desenvolver novos modelos de negócio com base nas energias renováveis, especialmente biocombustíveis, solar e eólica. Por outro lado, o Pré-sal tem o potencial de transformar o Brasil numa província exportadora de Petróleo, que está em pleno crescimento, além de possuir uma demanda interna reprimida, para desenvolver um novo mercado local de gás. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar quais estratégias e os modelos de negócio que estão sendo adotados pelas empresas de Petróleo e Gás, no contexto da Transição Energética, no Brasil. Para alcançar esse objetivo, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através da análise de publicações setoriais e de relatórios empresariais, bem como de entrevistas com especialistas e gestores das empresas do setor. Esta abordagem permitiu identificar quatro tipos de estratégias e cinco modelos de negócios que estão sendo adotados localmente. O estudo permite ampliar a visão dos resultados e do valor que vem sendo alcançado pelos novos modelos de negócios com base nas energias renováveis, contrariando o senso comum de que eles são sempre deficitários. O estudo conclui evidenciando que os negócios em energias renováveis já são uma realidade, e que a transição energética local, pode se beneficiar da sinergia entre a indústria de petróleo e gás e a diversificação para as energias renováveis, sendo necessário para isso, um maior planejamento integrado entre os diversos setores envolvidos. / [en] Energy transition is a global phenomenon that has been accelerated by the need to combat climate change, with strong local conditions. At the center of this process are oil and gas companies, which need to define how they will contribute to the redesign of the energy sector. Brazil has one of the cleanest energy matrices and a great potential to develop new business models based on renewable energies, especially biofuels, solar and wind. On the other hand, the pre-salt has the potential to transform Brazil into an oil exporting province, which is in full growth, in addition to having a repressed domestic demand, to develop a new local gas market. In this context, this study aimed to identify which strategies and business models are being adopted by the Oil and Gas companies, in the context of the Energy Transition, in Brazil. To achieve this objective, a qualitative approach was used, through the analysis of sectorial publications and business reports, as well as interviews with specialists and managers of companies in the sector. This approach allowed us to identify four types of strategies and five business models that are being adopted locally. The study allows to broaden of the results vision and the value that has been achieved by the new business models based on renewable energies, contradicting the common sense that they are always in deficit. The study concludes by showing that the renewable energy business is already a reality, and that the local energy transition can benefit from the synergy between the oil and gas industry and the diversification towards renewable energies, being necessary for this, a greater integrated planning between the various sectors involved.

With sharp climate goals to be climate neutral by 2045, Sweden needs to rapidly change the present energy system. The Swedish government has assigned Gotland as a pilot area for the energy transition, due to its geographical constrains as an island, and because of the major structural changes planned for Gotland’s energy supply and industrial establishment. These changes create the opportunity to build a more flexible, efficient, and robust energy system. To support the transition, IVL Swedish Environmental Research institute has initiated the GOT Heat project. This thesis contributes to the GOT Heat project by developing a GIS model that represent the heat sector of Gotland. The model has been developed in parallel with a TIMES model. The purpose of the GIS model is to be used as a heat atlas and to support the TIMES model of Gotland’s energy system by spatial visualization and knowledge. The GIS model was successfully developed and utilized to enhance the representation of Gotland’s energy system within the TIMES model. Data from Boverket, Lantmäteriet, Energimyndigheten and companies has been collected, processed for the development of the GIS model. The incorporation of spatial knowledge and visualization of the heat sector through the GIS model is expected to improve the overall outcomes of the TIMES model. The heat atlas also proved to be a valuable support tool, enabling the visualization of excess heat potentials within the heat sector. This visualization provides insights into potential opportunities for industrial and sector coupling, which would lead to more efficient utilization of excess heat.

Infrastructural projects to realize the energy transition are framed by governmentsfrom all around the world very positively. This is also the case for green hydrogen,which is considered as a silver bullet to solve multiple crises simultaneously. ThisMaster thesis explores the drivers behind the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy inthe global South and elaborates on socio-economic and ecological implications ofgreen hydrogen production projects to analyse the truthfulness of the positivenarratives of the benefits of green hydrogen. To accomplish this, an internationalgreen hydrogen project led by the German-British company Hyphen and planned tobe established in Namibia, was used as an emblematic case study. Following the framework of the socioecological fix, the findings strongly indicatethat green hydrogen does not significantly contribute in solving the climate crisis andsocial problems. Contrarily, strongly influenced by domestic and internationalpolitics, the project in Namibia seems to primarily fix the crisis of capitalism, which isthe overaccumulation of capital that requires new ways of circulation to makecapitalism renew itself. By commodifying and integrating natural resources in globalvalue chains, the Namibian society is disadvantaged, and few actors, primarily fromabroad, profit. Similarly, the finance approach of the project pushes Namibia intopotential financial dependencies. Besides that, the legacy from German colonialismand South African occupation before liberation is manifested in where and how theinfrastructure of hydrogen production is envisioned and planned. There is a risk thatthe hegemonies of elite social classes sustain their position and that social inequalitiesmight be reinforced through a project heralded as benefitting the whole nation. By assessing the political ecology of green hydrogen, I contribute to a critical researchagenda, that considers global inequalities, colonial histories, and ideologies. This willhopefully help to build a foundation for a truly decolonial and just energy transition,all around the world. / Infrastrukturprojekt som bidrar till realiseringen av energiomställningen har fått enöverlag mycket positiv inramning av regeringar i världen. Detta gäller i synnerhetgrön vätgas vilket betraktas som en lösning till flertalet olika kriser. I denna master-uppsats undersöks drivkrafterna bakom den massiva ökningen av vätgas-ekonomin iden globala södern, samt de socioekonomiska och ekologiska konsekvenserna avprojekt som behandlar produktionen av grön vätgas. Vidare utvärderas huruvidaden positiva inramningen beskriver sanningen av dessa vätgasprojekt korrekt. Föratt uppnå detta användes ett grönt vätgasprojekt som leds av det tysk-brittiskakonsortiet Hyphen, och som planeras att etableras i Namibia, som en emblematiskfallstudie. Enligt ramverket socioekologisk fix som kommer från politisk ekologi,tyder resultaten starkt på att vätgas inte bidrar väsentligt till att lösa klimat-krisen ejheller sociala problem i den globala södern. Tvärtom, starkt påverkad av inhemskoch internationell politik, så verkar bidra till att lösa kapitalismens kristendens, vilketär överackumulering av kapital som kräver nya sätt för att cirkuleras så att kapital-ismen kan förnya sig själv. Genom att göra naturresurser till handelsvaror och integr-era dem i globala värdekedjor så riskerar det det namibiska samhället attmissgynnas, medan ett fåtal internationella aktörer tjänar på det. På samma sätt lederprojektets finansierings-strategi till att Namibia hamnar i ett potentiellt finansielltberoende. Dessutom syns arvet från tysk kolonialism och den sydafrikanskaapartheidregimens ockupation i och hur infrastrukturen för produktion av vätgasplaneras. På så sätt kan hegemoniska strukturer som vidmakthåller sociala eliter ochdärmed sociala ojämlikheter förstärkas genom ett projekt som sägs gynna helanationen. Genom att utvärdera den gröna vätgasens politiska ekologi bidrar jag tillen kritisk forskningsagenda som tar hänsyn till globala ojämlikheter, kolonialahistorier och olika ideologier. Detta kommer förhoppningsvis också att bidra till attrealisar en avkolonisering och rättvis energiomställning över hela världen.

The current state of energy and climate transition presents several challenges that are currently not optimally addressed by planning and design practices. Indeed, cities play a central role in this transition, as they are within the main causes of climate change as well as extremely vulnerable to its effects, such as extreme events. In this context, the disciplines of urban planning and design are a great resource for promoting mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, there is a gap between scientific research on the issues and the actual implementation of the resources, mainly due to the inability of planning tools to address these needs, the difficulty of transforming the existing built environment and the engagement of citizens in these processes. These issues can be translated into four knowledge gaps that can be addressed by the disciplines of planning and design: lack of explicit considerations of resilient pathways, lack of innovative implementation tools, local resistance towards landscape transformations, silo thinking. The goal of the thesis is to identify, develop and evaluate climate-sensitive planning and design strategies, considering the environmental criteria, the urban areas and the people who live in them. The research is practice-oriented and gives directions on how to apply scientific knowledge through practices for a responsive and landscape-inclusive climate-energy transition. Specifically, it aims to combine several challenges and promote holistic procedures balancing adaptation and mitigation strategies as well as to include the concept of landscape in the transition. The proposed methodologies are evidence-based, performance-based and landscape-inclusive, connecting different scales of intervention, disciplinary tools, and practices of planning and design. In other words, the thesis promotes urban regeneration for climate and energy transition through an integrated approach between landscape, city, and buildings. This integrated approach addresses the following dimensions of urban challenges: social, environmental, economic, and health.

[pt] Esta pesquisa investiga as possibilidades de utilização de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede (SFCR) em comunidades de baixa renda, com o objetivo de compreender como esses sistemas podem ser empregados como ferramentas para promover a inclusão social. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar o uso de SFCR em comunidades de baixa renda no Brasil, buscando entender como esses sistemas podem promover a inclusão social e impulsionar a transição energética justa. Além disso, este estudo explora a conexão entre o uso de SFCR e o conceito de tecnologia social. Para enriquecer e aprofundar a pesquisa, adotou-se o método de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental com abordagem qualitativa. Conduziu-se uma extensa busca em diferentes bases de dados, como o SciELO, plataforma Capes e Google Acadêmico, com o objetivo de localizar materiais pertinentes e atualizados para embasar o estudo de forma consistente e abrangente. Os projetos selecionados para a análise documental foram a REVOLUSOLAR e SOLAR PILAR, ambas situadas no Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletados dados documentais e informações oficiais fornecidas pelos projetos, com o intuito de compreender suas estruturas, operações e abordagens de implementação. A análise foi conduzida em consonância com a Matriz de Avaliação Multidimensional, permitindo identificar como esses projetos estavam alinhados com os conceitos estudados. Assim, por meio da análise documental, foi possível investigar como esses projetos incorporaram os princípios de tecnologia social, economia social, transição energética justa e autogestão comunitária, contribuindo para uma compreensão mais aprofundada da aplicação prática desses conceitos em contextos reais. Portanto, o uso do SFCR em processos interativos com a participação das comunidades para solucionar problemas locais foi uma estratégia versátil, adaptada a diferentes projetos. No Brasil, as políticas públicas nacionais, tradicionalmente focadas em educação, saúde, complemento de renda e habitação, visaram atender urgências e obter reconhecimento político. Entretanto, projetos relacionados a matrizes renováveis permaneceram considerados alternativos, geralmente experimentais e localizados, com crescimento lento devido ao seu impacto limitado. A análise de dois projetos existentes evidenciou que, apesar de incentivos sociais e tarifários, o Brasil ainda carecia de políticas públicas para uma transição energética justa, demandando maior atenção a abordagens como as apresentadas na pesquisa. O Programa de Energia Renovável Social (PERS) destaca-se como uma oportunidade para avanços significativos no uso de SFCR em comunidades de baixa renda, promovendo inclusão social na transição energética. Para o sucesso do PERS, é fundamental que as políticas públicas se concentrassem nas comunidades mais carentes, promovendo autogestão e empreendedorismo comunitário, com a formação de cooperativas de energia renovável e o fornecimento de treinamento para gestão autônoma dos sistemas de energia renovável. / [en] This research investigates the possibilities of using grid-connected photovoltaic systems (SFCR) in low-income communities, aiming to comprehend how these systems can be employed as tools to promote social inclusion. The overall objective of the research is to analyze the use of SFCR in low-income communities in Brazil, seeking to understand how these systems can foster social inclusion and drive a fair energy transition. Additionally, this study explores the connection between the use of SFCR and the concept of social technology. To enrich and deepen the research, the methodology of bibliographic research and documentary analysis with a qualitative approach was adopted. An extensive search was conducted across different databases such as SciELO, Capes platform, and Google Scholar, with the aim of locating relevant and updated materials to support the study consistently and comprehensively. The selected companies for documentary analysis were REVOLUSOLAR and SOLAR PILAR, both located in Rio de Janeiro. Documentary data and official information provided by the projects were collected to understand their structures, operations, and implementation approaches. The analysis was carried out in accordance with the Multidimensional Evaluation Matrix, allowing the identification of how these projects aligned with the studied concepts. Through documentary analysis, it was possible to investigate how these projects incorporated the principles of social technology, social economy, fair energy transition, and community self-management, contributing to a deeper understanding of the practical application of these concepts in real contexts. Therefore, the use of SFCR in interactive processes involving community participation to solve local issues proved to be a versatile strategy, adaptable to different projects. In Brazil, national public policies, traditionally focused on education, health, income supplementation, and housing, aimed to address urgencies and gain political recognition. However, projects related to renewable matrices remained considered alternative, often experimental and localized, with slow growth due to their limited impact. The analysis of two existing projects revealed that, despite social and tariff incentives, Brazil still lacked public policies for a fair energy transition, requiring greater attention to approaches presented in the research. The Renewable Social Energy Program (PERS) stood out as an opportunity for significant advancements in the use of SFCR in low-income communities, promoting social inclusion in the energy transition. For the success of PERS, it was crucial for public policies to focus on the most vulnerable communities, promoting community self-management and entrepreneurship through the formation of renewable energy cooperatives and providing training for the autonomous management of renewable energy systems.

Sustainability challenges is a growing concern that receives more and more attention on a global level. The aviation sector accounts for roughly 3% of the global CO2 emissions and has experienced increasing growth in demand. To address the sustainability challenges, the Swedish government has established a timeline within which it is hoped to have achieved a zero-net emission transportation sector by the year of 2045. This study aims to determine the conditions needed for hydrogen technology to take off as a measure to accelerate the decarbonisation within aviation. To identify the conditions needed for fostering hydrogen technology in the Swedish aviation industry, the frameworks multi-level perspective and business models were used to create an analytical framework upon which the analysis was based. It pertains to answering what the current perceptions regarding hydrogen technology are, and the implications of the perceptions. Also, it helps identify the conditions needed for the emergence of potential business models. The analysis was performed on data acquired through 11 semistructured interviews, as well as literature concerning hydrogen, kerosene, and sustainability. The findings showcase a consensus of hydrogen’s potential as future fuel in the aviation sector. Four main themes were used to identify the potential of hydrogen, (i) The readiness of the technology and availability of hydrogen as a scalable fuel; (ii) The perceived visibility of hydrogen over time; (iii) The sustainability aspect coupled to the use of hydrogen; (iv) The strategic actions to promote hydrogen. These build on the fact that correct knowledge is generated. However, the commitment to the hydrogen pathway is inhibited by a distinct disparity of opinion regarding the readiness of the pathway in aviation which highlights a difficulty of transferring the generated knowledge. Overall, the noted conditions that hinder the common vision of the pathway’s development regards to the cultural discourse and framing of hydrogen as well as the availability and associated cost of sustainable hydrogen. Through the establishment of networks and business models unique to the capabilities of the Swedish aviation industry an opportunity is presented for the Swedish aviation industry to position themselves as pioneers in the introduction of hydrogen to the industry. With the help from governmental actions and cross-industry applicability, functioning ecosystems can be created that will foster hydrogen technology and help achieve the set climate goals. / Hållbarhetsutmaningar är ett växande problem som får mer och mer uppmärksamhet globalt. Luftfartssektorn står för ungefär 3% av de globala koldioxidutsläppen och har upplevt en stadigt ökande efterfrågan. För att handskas med hållbarhetsutmaningarna har den svenska regeringen upprättat en tidslinje inom vilken man hoppas ha uppnått en klimatneutral transportsektor år 2045. Denna studie syftar till att bestämma de förutsättningar som krävs för att vätteknik ska starta som ett medel för att påskynda koldioxidminskningen inom flygindustrin. För att identifiera de förutsättningar som krävs för att främja vätteknologi i den svenska flygindustrin används teoretiska ramverken multinivåperspektiv och affärsmodeller för att konstruera ett analytiskt ramverk som analysen baserades på. Det analytiska ramverket svarar på vad de nuvarande uppfattningarna om vätteknologi är, och konsekvenserna av dessa uppfattningar. Dessutom hjälper ramverket att identifiera de förutsättningar som krävs för framväxten av potentiella affärsmodeller. Analysen utfördes på data som erhölls genom 11 semistrukturerade intervjuer, samt litteratur om väte, fotogen och hållbarhet. Resultaten visar enighet angående vätets potential som framtida bränsle inom flygsektorn. Fyra teman användesför att identifiera potentialen av väte (i) Teknologins beredskap och tillgängligheten av väte; (ii) Det uppfattade intresset av väte över tid; (iii) Hållbarhetsaspekter kring vätets användning; (iv) Strategiska handlingar för främjandet av väte. Dessa bygger på det faktum att korrekt kunskap om vätets potential genereras. Ändock hämmas engagemanget för väte av en tydlig åsiktsskillnad beträffande teknologins beredskap inom flygindustrin, som härstammar från svårigheter av att överföra den genererade kunskapen. Sammantaget påvisas att förhållandena som hindrar den gemensamma visionen om vätets utveckling handlar om den kulturella diskursen och inramningen av väte, samt tillgängligheten och tillhörande kostnader för hållbart väte. Genom etablering av nätverk och affärsmodeller som är unika för den svenska flygindustrins förmågor, ges den svenska flygindustrin möjligheten att positionera sig som pionjärer i införandet av väte till industrin. Med hjälp av statliga åtgärder och tillämpning över flera branscher kan fungerande ekosystem skapas som främjar vätteknik och hjälper till att uppnå de uppsatta klimatmålen.

Die Bundesregierung plant im Rahmen der Energiewende den Anteil von erneuerbaren Energien an der Stromerzeugung in Deutschland von heute rund 25% auf 80% bis zum Jahr 2050 auszubauen. Damit stehen auch dem Stromsektor in Sachsen grundlegende Veränderungen bevor. Derzeit leistet im Freistaat Sachsen die Braunkohle den größten Beitrag zur Elektrizitätsbereitstellung. Mit dem zunehmenden Ausbau an erneuerbaren Energien steigt der Anteil dargebotsabhängiger Energieträger. Daraus resultieren technische und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen für das bestehende Energiesystem, wie z.B. die künftige Bereitstellung von Systemdienstleistungen. Mit diesen und weiteren Fragestellungen zur Transformation des Elektrizitätssystems haben sich Nachwuchswissenschaftler der TU Dresden in den vergangenen zwei Jahren im Rahmen des vom Europäischen Sozialfonds – ESF geförderten Projekts EnerSAX auseinander gesetzt. Neben der Erstellung einer Potenzialanalyse für Sachsen wurden sowohl technische Fragestellungen,wie z.B. die Auswirkungen der Integration erneuerbarer Energien auf die Übertragungs-, Verteilungs-und Niederspannungsnetze, als auch ökonomische Fragestellung, wie z.B. die künftige Ausgestaltung der Regelenergiemärkte, untersucht. Durch die Zusammenarbeit der Nachwuchsforscher aus den Bereichen der Elektrotechnik und Energiewirtschaft konnten so integrierte Lösungsansätze zur Ausgestaltung einer weitgehend auf erneuerbaren Energien beruhenden Energieversorgung mit dem Fokus auf Sachsen im transnationalen Kontext erarbeitet werden. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt werden in diesem Buch vorgestellt.

In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems. / Dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de transition énergétique, le Québec semble jouir d’une situation privilégiée, produisant une importante quantité d'hydroélectricité à bon prix. Or, malgré la croyance populaire avérée voulant que l'énergie québécoise soit abondante, propre et peu coûteuse, l'avenir énergétique du Québec est pourtant précaire. D’ici quelques décennies, le Québec devra importer une quantité appréciable d'électricité à un prix plus élevé; les grands gisements hydroélectriques à faibles prix sont tous exploités; et la culture Hydro-Québec(oise) semble freiner le développement d'alternatives énergétiques, laissant peu de place à l'innovation locale qui pourrait notamment provenir des municipalités. Alors que dans plusieurs pays les municipalités sont reconnues comme étant des acteurs de premier plan dans le secteur énergétique, ici, au Québec, leur rôle dans le système énergétique national demeure somme toute marginal. En tant que principal acteur responsable de l'aménagement du territoire, il semble que les municipalités québécoises peuvent jouer un rôle de premier plan sur la scène énergétique. Ainsi peuvent-elles densifier leur territoire, développer les transports collectifs et actifs, adopter des pratiques énergétiques exemplaires, comme elles peuvent produire leur propre énergie à partir d'éoliennes, d’énergie solaire ou encore de systèmes de chauffage urbain. Le chauffage urbain et les réseaux thermiques étant moins bien connus et documentés au Québec, la présente étude tente d'expliquer le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans le paysage énergétique québécois. L'étude tente également de comprendre quels ont été et quels sont les obstacles à son implantation dans le contexte énergétique fort particulier du Québec. Finalement, l'étude cherche à ouvrir la discussion sur les motifs qui pourraient pousser les municipalités québécoises à s'intéresser à ce type de développement énergétique. En se basant sur une vingtaine d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'acteurs-clés du secteur énergétique et municipal québécois, il ressort que le faible niveau de pénétration des réseaux thermiques dans les municipalités québécoises s'explique en partie par : la faiblesse des prix de l'hydroélectricité; par la prégnance d'une culture Hydro-Québec(oise) confortable et suffisante; ainsi que par des dynamiques organisationnelles et une certaine inertie politique qui limitent l’appropriation de la compétence énergétique au sein des municipalités québécoises. En contrepartie, il ressort de l'étude que les projets d'implantation de réseaux thermiques ont davantage de chance de se développer dans des contextes où : l'on assiste à des seuils minimaux de densité urbaine ou énergétique; le potentiel de développement d'une filière énergétique coïncide avec le développement de l'économie locale ou régionale; l'on constate la présence d'une vision concertée de la collectivité ou d'un agent mobilisateur dans la communauté locale.

Dans cette thèse, je discute deux questions autour de la transition énergétique : comment définir une stratégie face aux nombreuses incertitudes et aux inerties des systèmes, et quels sont impacts sur l’emploi de cette transition ?Pour étudier le choix d’une stratégie, je m’intéresse au cas du secteur électrique français. Les réacteurs nucléaires arrivent au terme de leur durée de vie initiale, mais ils peuvent être rénovés moyennant un investissement estimé à 100 milliards d'euros pour l'ensemble du parc. Combien de centrales faut-il rénover ? En mobilisant un modèle d'optimisation et la méthode de \textit{Robust Decision Making}, je montre qu’au vu des estimations actuelles, les stratégies les plus intéressantes consistent à fermer 7 à 14 réacteurs et à les remplacer par des énergies renouvelables.Sur le volet de l’emploi, je m’intéresse tout d’abord à la notion de contenu en emploi. Je propose une méthodologie nouvelle permettant de décomposer ce contenu, afin de mettre en évidence, pour chaque branche économique, l’importance relative de ses constituants : les taux d’importations, les taxes et subventions, la part du travail dans la valeur ajoutée et le niveau de salaire. J'étudie ensuite l’impact d’une réallocation des investissements vers des secteurs bas-carbone à l'aide de modèles d'équilibre général, dont j'explicite les mécanismes économiques sous-jacents.Mes résultats indiquent qu'encourager les secteurs avec une forte part du travail dans la valeur ajoutée ou de faibles salaires permet de créer de l'emploi, mais ils nuancent les bénéfices à encourager des secteurs peu importateurs. / This thesis deals with two aspects of the transition towards a low-carbon economy: how to define a strategy under the uncertainties and inertia surrounding power systems, and what are the impacts of this transition on employment?To study the choice of a strategy, I focus on the case of the French power system. The 58 nuclear reactors are reaching the end of their initially planned lifetime, but they can be retrofitted for a cost estimated at a \euro 100 billion for the entire fleet. How many reactors should be retrofitted? I study this question using an optimization model of the French power system and the \textit{Robust Decision Making} framework. My results indicate that the most interesting strategies consist in closing 7 to 14 reactors in favor of renewable energies, given current estimates.As to employment impacts, I study the notion of employment content and offer an original methodology to break it down and understand the relative importance of four components: import rates, taxes and subsidies, the share of labour in value added and the level of wage.Then, I study the employment impacts of shifting investment towards low-carbon sectors with general equilibrium models, and highlight their underlying economic mechanisms.My results suggest that encouraging sectors with a high share of labor or low wages might increase employment, but they also challenge the benefits of targeting sectors with a low import rate.

Die Bundesregierung plant im Rahmen der Energiewende den Anteil von erneuerbaren Energien an der Stromerzeugung in Deutschland von heute rund 25% auf 80% bis zum Jahr 2050 auszubauen. Damit stehen auch dem Stromsektor in Sachsen grundlegende Veränderungen bevor. Derzeit leistet im Freistaat Sachsen die Braunkohle den größten Beitrag zur Elektrizitätsbereitstellung. Mit dem zunehmenden Ausbau an erneuerbaren Energien steigt der Anteil dargebotsabhängiger Energieträger. Daraus resultieren technische und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen für das bestehende Energiesystem, wie z.B. die künftige Bereitstellung von Systemdienstleistungen. Mit diesen und weiteren Fragestellungen zur Transformation des Elektrizitätssystems haben sich Nachwuchswissenschaftler der TU Dresden in den vergangenen zwei Jahren im Rahmen des vom Europäischen Sozialfonds – ESF geförderten Projekts EnerSAX auseinander gesetzt. Neben der Erstellung einer Potenzialanalyse für Sachsen wurden sowohl technische Fragestellungen,wie z.B. die Auswirkungen der Integration erneuerbarer Energien auf die Übertragungs-, Verteilungs-und Niederspannungsnetze, als auch ökonomische Fragestellung, wie z.B. die künftige Ausgestaltung der Regelenergiemärkte, untersucht. Durch die Zusammenarbeit der Nachwuchsforscher aus den Bereichen der Elektrotechnik und Energiewirtschaft konnten so integrierte Lösungsansätze zur Ausgestaltung einer weitgehend auf erneuerbaren Energien beruhenden Energieversorgung mit dem Fokus auf Sachsen im transnationalen Kontext erarbeitet werden. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt werden in diesem Buch vorgestellt.