Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JudicleideAN_DISSERT.pdf: 1718775 bytes, checksum: 1c64b7a22a787d96b10f62b600bd2ba2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research has as an empirical universe, the productive territory of red ware in the Serid? region of Rio Grande do Norte. In the last years this territory has gone through a process of appropriation that has been substantially changing the environmental and social dynamism of the place. However, the industry of red ware has been focusing in some areas, mainly, in the county of Parelhas and Carna?ba dos Dantas. From this point of view, the aim of this work consists in analyze the use of these areas by the red ware industry and the transformations occurred with the expansion of the number of industries and the productivity raise, that requires bigger amounts of earthenware and wood, resources that are low in referred territory. As the result of this process, the suitable alternative has been to acquire inputs in other Rio Grande do Norte counties, as well as in Para?ba counties. To reach the proposed objective, the methodology of this work was consisted of bibliographic and empirical research, regarding the occupation that this activity covers in the Serid? region. From the information obtained during the research, it can be stated that the inputs to the production execution in the red ware industry are acquired in the geographic nearby lands. The analysis of the stages of the production(acquisition of raw material, production and commercialization) showed that the activity acts in a continuous area, having as principal consumer market other northeastern states and the state of Par?. The present study revealed that the pottery activity is set as untenable, because of non-stopping use of the argil and wood, resources that are vanishing from the area, which consume causes a many problems such as deforestation and erosion. Besides, the sale of productive lands for the red ware industries makes harder its good use by the familiar agriculturists in the development of agriculture and cattle raising activity, which for many times is the main economic activity of the place. The precariousness reveals in the constant accidents at work, that most of them are neglected by the local authorities, without any penalty to the industries. Therefore, the industry of red ware in Serid? uses the territory as a resource, leaving its environmental problems that my compromise the quality of life of the actual and future generations / Esta pesquisa tem como universo emp?rico, o territ?rio produtor de cer?mica vermelha no Serid? potiguar. Nos ?ltimos anos esse territ?rio passou por um processo de apropria??o que tem alterado substancialmente a din?mica social e ambiental do lugar. No Serid?, a ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha tem se concentrado em algumas ?reas, sobretudo, nos munic?pios de Parelhas e Carna?ba dos Dantas. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo desse trabalho consiste em analisar o uso do territ?rio pela ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha e as transforma??es ocorridas com a expans?o no n?mero de ind?strias e no aumento da produtividade, o que requer maiores quantidades de argila e de lenha, recursos escassos no referido territ?rio. Em decorr?ncia desse processo, a alternativa encontrada tem sido adquirir os insumos em outros munic?pios do Rio Grande do Norte, como tamb?m em munic?pios paraibanos. Para alcan?ar o objetivo proposto, o encaminhamento metodol?gico envolveu pesquisa bibliogr?fica e emp?rica, considerando a espacializa??o que essa atividade abrange no territ?rio seridoense. A partir das informa??es obtidas durante a pesquisa pode-se afirmar que os insumos para a realiza??o da produ??o na ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha s?o adquiridos no seu entorno geogr?fico. A an?lise das etapas do circuito de produ??o (aquisi??o da mat?ria-prima, produ??o e comercializa??o) mostrou que esta atividade atua numa ?rea cont?nua, tendo como principal mercado consumidor os demais estados do Nordeste e o estado do Par?. O presente estudo revelou ainda que a atividade ceramista configura-se como insustent?vel, haja vista a recorr?ncia permanente ? argila e ? lenha, insumos escassos no territ?rio, cuja aquisi??o provoca uma s?rie de problemas como o desmatamento e a eros?o. Al?m disso, a venda dos solos f?rteis para as cer?micas dificulta o seu aproveitamento pelos agricultores familiares, no desenvolvimento das atividades agropecu?rias, que muitas vezes configura-se na principal atividade econ?mica da propriedade. A precariedade da atividade se revela nos constantes acidentes de trabalho, que na grande maioria, s?o negligenciados pelas autoridades locais, sem aplica??o de nenhuma penalidade ?s empresas. Assim, a ind?stria de cer?mica vermelha no Serid? usa o territ?rio de forma seletiva e excludente, deixando s?rias problem?ticas ambientais, as quais podem comprometer a qualidade de vida das atuais e futuras gera??es

Esta tese traz contribuições para a formulação do problema de atendimento de necessidades por energia, relacionadas à eletricidade e combustíveis no caso brasileiro. A argumentação pela expansão crescente da oferta de energia é expressão corrente no senso comum, nas agências de notícias, nos discursos oficiais e nos vários planos apresentados à sociedade, e se apóia nas ideologias do progresso e do desenvolvimento econômico. A busca por legitimação desse processo expansivo e acelerado passa por conceitos como soberania nacional, segurança energética e pela inserção do país como protagonista econômico no cenário Latino Americano. Os empreendimentos de infraestrutura na área de energia são intensivos na utilização dos recursos naturais, provocam deslocamentos populacionais importantes e deixam consequências e registro volumoso e inequívoco de passivos sociais e ambientais na historiografia e na sociologia relacionadas à energia. Neste trabalho faz-se um retrospecto das relações entre empresas privadas, estatais e estruturas de governo nos processos de consolidação da geração, produção e distribuição de eletricidade, desde a transição do capitalismo concorrencial ao capitalismo oligopolista-financeiro que encontra, na expansão dos serviços de utilidade pública brasileiros, oportunidade econômica, desde o início do séc. XX. O retrospecto revela similaridades, ao longo do período analisado, tanto na identificação da centralização nas tomadas de decisão e formulação dos problemas relacionados à energia, quanto na relação internacional dos fluxos de capital e de produtos primários de exportação, presença das grandes empresas estrangeiras constituídas mundialmente em rede e na caracterização do repertório de vantagens comparativas que o Brasil apresenta. Há novidades contemporâneas: outra forma de legitimação aparece, a da matriz energética mais limpa, baseada na hidroeletricidade como conversão de energia limpa e renovável. As descobertas recentes de gigantescos volumes de hidrocarbonetos na camada do Pré-sal, sua provável utilização e o acúmulo dos estudos das consequências ambientais e sociais da consolidação da indústria da hidroeletricidade brasileira, no entanto, vão de encontro a essa argumentação. Utilizamos o termo fetichismo da oferta expansiva de energia, pois os processos de legitimação do discurso da necessidade energética supera o sentido ontológico e procura amparo nas estruturas sociais, tornando sua oferta crescente como algo naturalizado. Produz-se um quadro de referência sobre os problemas identificados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental em três projetos hidrelétricos (Santo Antonio, Jirau, e Belo Monte) e a partir deles são identificadas outras necessidades: a de mudanças institucionais, de leis ambientais e de proteção dos direitos de populações tradicionais e indígenas, atribuições do Ministério Público. Mudanças que aparecem para tornar célere os processos de licenciamento ambiental, particularmente os relacionados com o avanço da fronteira energética na Amazônia. As críticas e as reações ao processo expansivo, algumas oficialmente expostas nos processos de licenciamento ambiental e outras advindas dos movimentos e organizações de ameaçados, atingidos e organizações ambientalistas, são interpretadas como obstáculos. Surgem as subversões porque a formulação do problema de equacionamento da oferta é intrinsecamente expansivo e avesso a soluções fora do repertório e enredo de que o quadro futuro é expansão do quadro presente. A garantia de suprimento, sempre ameaçada pelas chamadas crises de fornecimento se torna objeto central, ora nega, ora estimula a termoeletricidade. Ora aceita, ora rejeita a moldura da legislação ambiental. O problema deixa de ser energético para ser um problema de acumulação e permanece ambiental no sentido das consequências que se ampliam. Em ambos os casos, descritos os fluxos de financiamento e comércio internacional e as mudanças institucionais em curso, se caracteriza como problema político e não necessariamente brasileiro. / This thesis reflects on the formulation of the problem of responding to the needs for energy, related to electricity and fuels in the Brazilian case. The argument for the increasing expansion of the energy supply is current expression in the common sense, in the news agencies, in the official discourse, and in the various plans presented to the society, and it rests on ideologies of progress and economic development. The search for legitimacy of this fast process of expansion encompasses concepts such as national sovereignty, energy security, as well as the increasing importance of the country as a leading economic player in the Latin America scenario. The infrastructure projects in the energy area are intensive in the use of natural resources, causing major population displacements and produce consequences and voluminous and unequivocal records of social and environmental liabilities to the historiography and sociology related to energy. This thesis presents a retrospect of the relationship between private, state and government structures in the consolidation processes of generation, production and distribution of electricity, starting on the transition from the concorrential capitalism to the financial-oligopolistic capitalism, which finds economic opportunities in the expansion of utilities in Brazil, since the beginning of the century XX. The retrospect reveals similarity to the current situation both in the identification of centralization in decision making and formulation of problems related to energy, as well as in the international relations of the flows of capital and the export of primary products, the presence of large foreign companies established worldwide in network and the characterization of the repertoire of comparative advantages that Brazil presents. There are contemporary news: another form of legitimacy appears; the cleaner sources of energy portfolio, based on the hydroelectricity as a clean and renewable form of energy conversion. The recent discoveries of huge volumes of hydrocarbons in the pre-salt layer, their likely use and the growing number of studies on environmental and social consequences of the consolidation of Brazilian hydroelectricity industry, however, go against this argument. We use the term fetishism of the expansive energy supply, because the processes of legitimacy of the discourse of energy demand exceeds the ontological sense and seeks refuge in social structures, making its permanently growing supply as something given. It produces a reference framework about the obstacle identified in the environmental licensing processes in three hydroelectric projects (Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte) and then identifies other needs: institutional changes in environmental laws and the protection of rights of traditional and indigenous populations - the roles of the Public Ministry. They appear in order to make the environmental licensing processes faster, particularly those related to the advancement of energy frontier in the Amazon. The criticisms and reactions to the expansion process, some of them officially exposed in the process of environmental licensing, and others arising from social movements and associations of the threatened, affected people and from environmental organizations, are interpreted as obstacles. The subversions arise because the formulation of the response to the energy supply is intrinsically expansive and it is contrary to solutions outside of the repertoire and plot that states the future scenario is an expansion of present scenario. The security of supply, always threatened by the so-called \"supply crises\" becomes the central object, and it sometimes denies and sometimes stimulates the thermal electricity. It sometimes accepts and sometimes rejects the framework of the environmental legislation. The problem is no longer a problem of energy, becomes a problem of accumulation, and it remains an environmental problem in the sense of the growing consequences. In both cases, described the flow of international trade and finance and the ongoing institutional changes, the problem becomes political and not necessarily Brazilian.

Em muitos países e principalmente no Brasil, compostos oxigenados tais como etanol e metil terta-butil-éter (MTBE) têm sido adicionados à gasolina em cerca de 26% do seu volume para aumentar a octanagem do motor e diminuir a emissão de monóxido de carbono e os níveis de ozônio na atmosfera. O derramamento de tais gasolinas, referidas como gasolina oxigenada tem um efeito cosolvente, provocando um aumento da concentração dos hidrocarbonetos na água subterrânea. A taxa de dissolução em água da gasolina oxigenada, que é dependente das propriedades químicas dos compostos orgânicos, determinam o grau e a severidade de contaminação da água subterrânea nas vizinhanças do derramamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar e quantificar o potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea e de solos arenosos residuais dos arenitos da Formação Botucatu por derramamento de gasolina oxigenada. As análises realizadas buscam fornecer dados para a modelagem numérica em casos envolvendo derramamento de gasolina. Ensaios de equilíbrio em lote e de dissolução em colunas foram realizados objetivando a determinação da concentração aquosa de hidrocarbonetos da gasolina em equilíbrio de fases e a avaliação do tempo estimado para total dissolução em água dos hidrocarbonetos da gasolina pura. Ambos os ensaios analisaram também o efeito cosolvente do etanol na mistura. Verificou-se a validade da lei de Raoult e do modelo log-linear na determinação da concentração aquosa da gasolina pura e oxigenada. Em colunas de solos não saturados avaliou-se a difusão na fase vapor dos compostos orgânicos da gasolina em função do tempo. Finalizando as análises, fez-se uma simulação numérica do transporte da gasolina em zonas não saturadas fazendo-se uso do programa R-UNSAT. / In many countries and mainly in Brazil oxygenated compounds such as ethanol and MTBE have been added to gasoline up to 26% to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. The spill of such gasolines, referred as oxygenated gasoline has a potential cosolvent effect, resulting in an increased groundwater concentration of hydrocarbons. The rate of oxygenated gasoline dissolution, which is dependent of the chemical properties of the compounds, determines the degree and severity of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the spill. The goal of this research was to analyze and to quantify the potential of contamination of the groundwater and of the residual sandy soils from Botucatu sandstone due to the spill of oxigenated gasoline. The performed analysis supply data to the numerical model in case of gasoline spills. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests were carried out in order to determine the equilibrium aqueous concentration of the hydrocarbons compounds of gasoline and to evaluate the time scale for aqueous dissolution of the hydrocarbons compounds. Both tests have analyzed the cosolvent effect of ethanol in the mixture. It was verified the validity of the Raoult's law and the log-linear cosolvency model to estimate the solubility of the hydrocarbons compounds from unamended gasoline and from oxygenated gasoline. Column tests with unsaturated undisturbed soil samples were carried out to investigate the vapor-phase diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons compounds with time. Finally the transport of gasoline in unsaturated zones was simulated with the R-UNSAT model.

A presente pesquisa procura contribuir para a Gestão Ambiental Municipal através dos seguintes objetivos: a investigação dos problemas ambientais em uma cidade de médio porte, São Carlos, e a viabilidade de aplicação do modelo de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental proposto pela ISO 14001, na Prefeitura da mesma cidade. O levantamento dos problemas ambientais munucipais foi feito através do uso de indicadores ambientais, baseados em algumas diretrizes estipuladas pela ISO 14031 - Avaliação do Desempenho Ambiental (ADA). Esta etapa do estudo foi comprometida pela carência de valores de referência, para a maioria dos indicadores urbanos, considerando as particularidades das cidades. Apesar disto foi possível conhecer a dinâmica e alguns problemas ambientais municipais. Já a viabilidade de aplicação da ISO 14001 na Prefeitura, foi estudada através da aplicação de questionário em diversas Secretarias Municipais, abordando procedimentos comuns em um Sistema de Gestão Geral e um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Foi constatado que apesar da existência de alguns procedimentos bem desenvolvidos na Prefeitura de São Carlos, a maioria não está completamente implantada. / The goal of this work was to contribute to Municipal Environmental Management assessing the following aspects: the investigation of the environmental problems of a medium sized city, São Carlos, and determining if an environmental management system based on ISO 14001 could be applied to the Prefecture of this city. The investigation of the environmental problems was carried out using environmental indicators, based on guidelines stated in the ISO 14031 - Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE). This stage was compromised by a lack of reference values, for most urban indicators, considering cities\' particularities. But this stage allowed us to know the process of some environmental problems. The application of ISO 14001 at São Carlos Prefecture was assessed using a questionnaire addressing common procedures of both the General Management System and the Environmental Management System. Although the existance of some well implemented procedures in São Carlos Prefecture was detected, the majority of then was not fully implemented.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke oorsake van leermislukking met spesifieke verwysing na skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied te bepaal en om aanbevelings te doen hoe om leermislukking teen te werk. Leermislukking en druiping is onrusbarend hoog in skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied. Nadat die Ministerie van Onderwys die semi-outomatiese promoveringstelsel ingestel het, het druiping afgeneem maar leermislukking het toegeneem omdat leerders gepromoveer word sander dat hulle sukses in die vorige graad behaal het. Volgens die literatuurstudie lê die oorsake van leermislukking by die ouerhuis, die skool, die omgewing en in die leerder self. Die empiriese ondersoek toon ooreenkomste met die literatuurstudie wat betref die oorsake van leermislukking. Om die oorsake teen te werk • moet onderwysers beter opgelei word • moet die ouers meer bewus gemaak word van hulle rot in die leersukses van hulle kinders. • is meer skoolgeboue en onderwysers nodig om kleiner klasse te bewerkstellig. / The purpose of this research is to establish the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of learning failure with specific reference to schools in the Windhoek municipal area and to make recommendations to counteract learning failure. Learning failure and grade failing are disconcertingly high in schools in the Windhoek municipal area. After the Ministry of Education implemented the semi-automatic promotion system, grade failing decreased, but learning failure increased because learners are promoted without achieving success in a prior grade. According to the literature study, the causes of learning failure are to be found in the home, the school, the environment, and the learner. Similarities regarding the causes of learning failure were found in the empirical investigation and the literature study. To counteract these causes • teachers should be better trained • parents should become more aware of their role in the learning success of their children • more school buildings and teachers are needed to limit class sizes. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Spesiale Behoeftes Onderwys)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke oorsake van leermislukking met spesifieke verwysing na skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied te bepaal en om aanbevelings te doen hoe om leermislukking teen te werk. Leermislukking en druiping is onrusbarend hoog in skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied. Nadat die Ministerie van Onderwys die semi-outomatiese promoveringstelsel ingestel het, het druiping afgeneem maar leermislukking het toegeneem omdat leerders gepromoveer word sander dat hulle sukses in die vorige graad behaal het. Volgens die literatuurstudie lê die oorsake van leermislukking by die ouerhuis, die skool, die omgewing en in die leerder self. Die empiriese ondersoek toon ooreenkomste met die literatuurstudie wat betref die oorsake van leermislukking. Om die oorsake teen te werk • moet onderwysers beter opgelei word • moet die ouers meer bewus gemaak word van hulle rot in die leersukses van hulle kinders. • is meer skoolgeboue en onderwysers nodig om kleiner klasse te bewerkstellig. / The purpose of this research is to establish the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of learning failure with specific reference to schools in the Windhoek municipal area and to make recommendations to counteract learning failure. Learning failure and grade failing are disconcertingly high in schools in the Windhoek municipal area. After the Ministry of Education implemented the semi-automatic promotion system, grade failing decreased, but learning failure increased because learners are promoted without achieving success in a prior grade. According to the literature study, the causes of learning failure are to be found in the home, the school, the environment, and the learner. Similarities regarding the causes of learning failure were found in the empirical investigation and the literature study. To counteract these causes • teachers should be better trained • parents should become more aware of their role in the learning success of their children • more school buildings and teachers are needed to limit class sizes. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Spesiale Behoeftes Onderwys)

No description available.

In abstract, it can be emphasized that the concrete industry influences and is significant based on the sustainability dimensions. The concrete industry is also an industry where actors with different backgrounds interact to achieve the different climate goals. To achieve the climate goals, climate-neutral and energy-smart concrete production is a major step that actor in the concrete industry want to fulfill and take. One way to achieve or develop the concrete industry or operations is to raise and further develop the current competence that exists in the main areas of climate impact, concrete recycling, renewable energy, and sustainability. In the main areas, specific and concrete solutions and calculations have been identified and compiled to present guidelines and recommendations to achieve the purpose of the study. This study was carried out in collaboration with Skanska AB.  By analytically quantifying and comparing the theoretical energy flow in concrete factories compared to the practical, concrete production is a resource- and energy intensive manufacturing process. In general, the manufacturing process of concrete is simple, as concrete is a mixture of product cement, water, aggregate (stone and gravel) and additives. The manufacturing process of concrete and the material flow is designed and carried out in a concrete factory where the materials are mixed and assembled to produce quantities of concrete. Cleaning and flushing of the concrete trucks take place at concrete factories and is also resource and energy intensive. Climate-improved concrete is a concrete concept that concrete actors have been further developed and commercialized to reduce the climate impact of standard concrete, where additives from residual products from industrial processes replace parts of the initial amount of cement. To analyze and compare the development of Skanska's Green Concrete and how significant the concrete types are based on the sustainability dimensions the assessment of environmental impact has been analyzed. The analysis is based on the environmental product declarations EPD, the environmental impact unit ELU and the EPS (Environment Priority Strategies) system. Based on the study's delimitations, the focus is mainly on the production and manufacturing phase, which based on LCA means that LCA phases A1-A3 are in focus, where LCA phase A3 stands for the manufacturing process. Although the manufacturing process of concrete is resource- and energy-intensive, the manufacturing process A3 stands for the smallest climate impact in comparison with LCA phases A1 and A2, where LCA phase A1, which is the raw material supply, stands for the largest climate impact. During the winter period when the temperature decreases less than 5 degrees Celsius, the manufacturing process of concrete becomes resource and energy demanding. The reason is because concrete is a temperature-sensitive material, whose properties vary and deteriorate at incorrect temperatures. In connection with concrete produced in concrete factories, a traditional heating system is used only during the winter period, which produces amounts of carbon dioxide through the combustion process of fuel oil. The purpose of the heating system and boiler is to heat an amount of water and aggregate, which is an energy-intensive process required only in the winter period because the outdoor temperature is not sufficient for concrete production. During the winter period, the manufactured concrete risks deteriorating the concrete characteristics, where the concrete can have a low formability and compressive strength. Purchased electricity from the electricity grid is also used or consumed in connection with heating processes, manufacturing processes or other sub-processes required for cleaning and flushing of concrete trucks. Based on this study’s result, the concrete factory in the Stockholm area consumes just over 16 kWh/m^3 during winter production. The results of this study consist of a compilation of results of Skanska's various environmental product declarations to emphasize how significant concrete production is based on the sustainability dimensions. Based on the result compilation of the ELU values, the manufacturing process (A3) - and the production of concrete (A1-A3) have the most significant impact on the ELU aspects YOLL and Cradle to gate GHG index. Based on Skanska's Green concrete types and the industry's reference concrete, the difference between the concrete types is 137 kg CO2 equivalent for Green Wall Concrete, 95 kg CO2 equivalent for Green Floor Concrete and 52 kg CO2 equivalent for Green Garage Concrete.  The cost analysis and assessment of potential and identified recycling- and energy systems is another part of the result, where the Circulus system is an identified recycling system, while solar cells and batteries connected to the electricity grid are an identified energy system. The purpose of the recycling system is to carry out circular concrete production, and in connection with the observations and interviews carried out, the design of recycling processes will be achieved through the implementation of the innovative recycling system. The recycling system Circulus, which is a combination of two products from the company’s Mapei and Allu, is a present example of how the concrete industry's transition to circular concrete production is to be achieved. Based on the cost assessment of the Circulus system, the total cost, including investment and maintenance costs, has been calculated at just over 1 250 000 SEK. Based on the concrete factory in the Stockholm area's handling of recycled concrete and the C3C-blocks, a payback period of 9 years has been calculated.  Regarding the energy system, the purpose is to present a new renewable energy source to the concrete plant and optimize the use of the energy system to minimize the costs of purchasing electricity from the electricity grid. Based on a sensitivity analysis of different optimization cases, an energy system of varying solar cell and battery sizes connected to the electricity grid is the most profitable structure of an energy system. The energy system with the solar cell power of 165 kW and the battery size of 330 kWh has a net cost of just over SEK 294 000, where the cost of buying electricity is just over SEK 373 000, and the income from selling electricity is just over SEK 72 000. Regardless of the energy system's structure or the construction of solar cells with or without a battery, the energy system's system operating costs will always be less than the cost of purchased electricity in 2021. In connection with electricity being the energy carrier in concrete factories, the use and implementation of solar cells is a long-term sustainable energy solution. / Sammanfattningsvis kan det betonas att betongbranschen är en bransch som påverkas och är betydande utifrån hållbarhetsdimensionerna. Betongbranschen är en bransch där aktörer med olika bakgrunder samspelar för att uppnå de skilda klimatmålen. För att uppnå klimatmålen är klimatneutral- och energismartbetongtillverkning ett stort steg aktörer inom betongbranschen vill uppfylla och ta. Ett sätt att uppnå eller utveckla betongbranschen eller betongverksamheter är att lyfta upp och viderutveckla den nuvarande kompetensen som existerar inom huvudområdena klimatpåverkan, återvinning, förnybar energi och hållbarhet. Inom huvudområdena har specifika och konkreta lösningar och beräkningar identifierats samt sammanställts i syfte att framföra riktlinjer och rekommendationer för att uppnå studiens syfte. Denna studie är genomförd i samarbete med Skanska AB.  Genom att analytisk kvantifiera och jämföra det teoretiska energiflödet i betongfabriker gentemot det praktiska är betongtillverkningen en resurs- och energikrävande tillverkningsprocess. Generellt sätt är tillverkningsprocessen av betong simpel, då betong är en sammanblandad produkt av cement, vatten, ballast (sten och grus) och tillsatsmedel. Tillverkningsprocessen av betong samt materialflödet är utformat och genomförs i en betongfabrik där man blandar materialen för att framställa betongmängder. Rengöring- och spolning av betonglastbilarna sker på betongfabriker och är resurs samt energikrävande.   Klimatförbättrad betong är ett koncept som betongaktörer har viderutvecklats och kommersialiserat för att reducera klimatpåverkan standardbetong, där tillsatsmaterial av restprodukter från industriprocesser ersätter delar av den initiala cementmängden. För att analysera och jämföra utvecklingen av Skanskas Grön betong och hur betydande betongtyperna är utifrån hållbarhets dimensionerna har bedömandet av miljöpåverkan analyserat utifrån miljövarudeklarationerna EPD, miljöbelastningsenheten ELU samt EPS (Environment Priority Strategies) systemet. Baserat på studiens avgränsningar är fokuset främst på produktion- och tillverkningsfasen, vilket utifrån LCA innebär att LCA faserna A1-A3 är i fokus, där LCA fasen A3 står för tillverkningsprocessen. Även om tillverkningsprocessen av betong är resurs- och energikrävande står tillverkningsprocessen A3 för den minsta klimatpåverkan. I förhållande till resterande LCA faserna A1 och A2 står LCA fasen A1 för den största klimatpåverkan, vilket står för råvaruförsörjningen. Under vinterperioden då temperaturen minskar mindre än 5 grader Celsius blir tillverkningsprocessen av betong resurs- och energikrävande, eftersom betong är ett temperaturkänsligt material vars egenskaper varierar samt försämras vid felaktiga temperaturer. I samband med betong som tillverkas i betongfabriker används ett traditionellt uppvärmningssystem endast under vinterperioden. Det traditionella uppvärmningssystemet framställer mängder av koldioxid genom förbränningsprocessen av eldningsolja. Syftet med uppvärmningssystemet och värmepannan är att uppvärma vatten- och ballast mängder, eftersom under vinterperioden är utomhustemperaturen inte tillräcklig för betongtillverkning. Under vinterperioden riskerar den tillverkade betongen att betongegenskapernas försämras, då betongen kan få en låg formbarhet och tryckhållfasthet. Även köpt elektricitet från elnätet används eller förbrukas i samband med uppvärmningsprocesser, tillverkningsprocesser eller andra delprocesser som krävs för exempelvis rengöring- och spolning av betonglastbilar. Utifrån det beräknande resultatet förbrukar betongfabriken i Stockholmsområdet drygt 16 kWh/m^3 vid vintertillverkning.  Resultatet i denna studie består av resultatsammanställning av Skanskas olika miljövarudeklarationerna för att betona hur betydande betongtillverkningen är utifrån hållbarhetsdimensionerna. Baserat på resultatsammanställningen av ELU värdena har verksamhetens tillverkning (A3) och produktionen av betong (A1-A3) den mest betydande påverkan på ELU aspekterna YOLL och Cradle to gate GHG index. Baserat på Skanskas Gröna betongtyper och branschens referensbetong är skillnaden mellan betongtyperna 137 kg CO2 -ekv för Grön Väggbetong, 95 kg CO2 -ekv för Grön Bjälklagsbetong och 52 kg CO2 -ekv för Grön Garagebetong. Kostnadsanalys och bedömning av potentiella samt identifierade återvinning- och energisystem är en annan del av resultatet, där Circulus systemet är ett identifierad återvinningssystemet, medan solceller och batteri sammankopplad med elnätet är ett identifierad energisystem. Syftet med återvinningssystemet är att framföra cirkulärbetongtillverkning. I samband med de genomförda observationerna och intervjun ska utformningen av återvinningsprocesser uppnås genom implementering av innovativa återvinningssystemet. Återvinningssystemet Circulus systemet som är en kombination av två produkter från Mapei samt Allu och är ett föreliggande exempel på hur betongbranschens omställning till cirkulärbetongtillverkning ska uppnå. Utifrån kostnadsbedömningen av Circulus systemet har den totala kostnaden inklusive investering- och underhåll kostnaden beräknats till drygt 1 250 000 kronor. Baserat på betongfabriken i Stockholmsområdets hantering av returbetong och C3C-blocken har en återbetalningstid på 9 år beräknats.  Vad gäller energisystemet är syftet att framföra en ny förnybar energikälla till betongfabriken och optimera användandet av energisystemet för att minimera kostnaderna av att köpa elektricitet från elnätet. Baserat på en känslighetsanalys av olika optimeringsfall är ett energisystem av varierande solcell- och batteristorlekar sammankopplad med elnätet den lönsammaste uppbyggnaden av ett energisystem. Ett energisystem med solcellseffekten på 165 kW och batteristorleken på 330 kWh har en nettokostnad på drygt 294 000 kronor, där kostnaden av att köpa elektricitet är drygt 373 000 kronor, och intäkterna av att sälja elektricitet är drygt 72 000 kronor. Oavsett energisystemets struktur och uppbyggnad av solceller med eller utan batteri kommer energisystemets systemoperationskostnader alltid vara mindre än kostnaden för köpt elektricitet år 2021. I samband med att elektricitet är energibäraren i betongfabriker är användningen och implementering av solceller en långsiktig hållbar energilösning.