La thèse analyse les recompositions de la citoyenneté dans un contexte de rééchelonnement de l’État en France et au Québec. L’argument est que, dans un tel contexte, la citoyenneté nationale se rééchelonne. Le cadre théorique consiste en une relecture institutionnelle du concept de rééchelonnement de l’État développé par N. Brenner ainsi que certains apports des travaux de J. Jenson et S. Phillips sur les régimes de citoyenneté. La thèse compare les évolutions de politiques de gestion de la diversité ethnique - centrales dans l’analyse de la citoyenneté - à Marseille et Montréal au travers des reconfigurations des rapports entre acteurs institutionnels prenant place à l’échelle locale. Nous montrons que l’État national reste un acteur important de la régulation de la citoyenneté et que les villes et les échelons locaux de l’État ont acquis une marge de manœuvre par rapport à l’État central dans la mise en place de politiques régulant la citoyenneté à l’échelle locale. Néanmoins, à l’issue de la comparaison, des différences se font jour. Au Québec, l’État central conserve un contrôle important sur les politiques instaurées à l’échelle locale alors que ceci est moins le cas en France. Ces résultats indiquent que le rééchelonnement de l’État est plus fortement institutionnalisé en France qu’au Québec. Les apports de la thèse sont triples. En premier lieu, nous montrons que l’approche institutionnelle du rééchelonnement de l’État permet de mieux décrire les processus à l’œuvre dans différents contextes nationaux que ne le permet la perspective de N. Brenner. En second lieu, nous démontrons que le concept de citoyenneté urbaine ne permet pas de rendre compte des mutations actuelles de la citoyenneté. Enfin, nous montrons que le rééchelonnement de la citoyenneté s’est institutionnalisé en France, dans un État où la conception de la citoyenneté est traditionnellement considérée comme « unitaire », nuançant ainsi cette catégorie classique en science politique. / This doctoral dissertation aims at analyzing the current reconfigurations of citizenship in a context of state rescaling in France and Québec. In opposition to urban citizenship theories, we contend that in an era of globalization national citizenship is being rescaled. We use a theoretical framework based on an institutional version of N. Brenner’s state rescaling perspective and some arguments made by J. Jenson and S. Phillips in their works about citizenship regimes. The empirical analysis draws on a comparison between the policies of ethnic diversity management - which lie at the core of citizenship models - taking place in Marseille and Montreal. Through a study of the reconfigurations taking place in the relations between institutional actors at the local scale, we show first that in a context of state rescaling, national states’ regulatory capacities over citizenship are important and, second, that cities and local state services have gained room of manoeuvre vis-à-vis the central state in regulating citizenship while implementing policies at the local scale. Though we show that in both cases citizenship has been rescaled, differences have also been found. In Québec the central state has more control over the policies implemented at the local scale than in France. These results indicate that the process of citizenship rescaling is far more institutionalised in France than in Québec. The thesis makes contribution first to the literature on state rescaling in showing that an institutional perspective is best suited for the analysis of state rescaling processes in different countries. Second, regarding the literature about citizenship and globalization, we establish that the concept of urban citizenship cannot grasp the current transformations undergone by the institution of citizenship. Third, we show that citizenship rescaling processes are being institutionalised in a country known for its “Unitary” and “Republican” conception of citizenship. This last finding destabilizes a well-established category in the political science literature.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2008 Sammanfattning jämte 5 uppsatser</p>

La thèse analyse les recompositions de la citoyenneté dans un contexte de rééchelonnement de l’État en France et au Québec. L’argument est que, dans un tel contexte, la citoyenneté nationale se rééchelonne. Le cadre théorique consiste en une relecture institutionnelle du concept de rééchelonnement de l’État développé par N. Brenner ainsi que certains apports des travaux de J. Jenson et S. Phillips sur les régimes de citoyenneté. La thèse compare les évolutions de politiques de gestion de la diversité ethnique - centrales dans l’analyse de la citoyenneté - à Marseille et Montréal au travers des reconfigurations des rapports entre acteurs institutionnels prenant place à l’échelle locale. Nous montrons que l’État national reste un acteur important de la régulation de la citoyenneté et que les villes et les échelons locaux de l’État ont acquis une marge de manœuvre par rapport à l’État central dans la mise en place de politiques régulant la citoyenneté à l’échelle locale. Néanmoins, à l’issue de la comparaison, des différences se font jour. Au Québec, l’État central conserve un contrôle important sur les politiques instaurées à l’échelle locale alors que ceci est moins le cas en France. Ces résultats indiquent que le rééchelonnement de l’État est plus fortement institutionnalisé en France qu’au Québec. Les apports de la thèse sont triples. En premier lieu, nous montrons que l’approche institutionnelle du rééchelonnement de l’État permet de mieux décrire les processus à l’œuvre dans différents contextes nationaux que ne le permet la perspective de N. Brenner. En second lieu, nous démontrons que le concept de citoyenneté urbaine ne permet pas de rendre compte des mutations actuelles de la citoyenneté. Enfin, nous montrons que le rééchelonnement de la citoyenneté s’est institutionnalisé en France, dans un État où la conception de la citoyenneté est traditionnellement considérée comme « unitaire », nuançant ainsi cette catégorie classique en science politique. / This doctoral dissertation aims at analyzing the current reconfigurations of citizenship in a context of state rescaling in France and Québec. In opposition to urban citizenship theories, we contend that in an era of globalization national citizenship is being rescaled. We use a theoretical framework based on an institutional version of N. Brenner’s state rescaling perspective and some arguments made by J. Jenson and S. Phillips in their works about citizenship regimes. The empirical analysis draws on a comparison between the policies of ethnic diversity management - which lie at the core of citizenship models - taking place in Marseille and Montreal. Through a study of the reconfigurations taking place in the relations between institutional actors at the local scale, we show first that in a context of state rescaling, national states’ regulatory capacities over citizenship are important and, second, that cities and local state services have gained room of manoeuvre vis-à-vis the central state in regulating citizenship while implementing policies at the local scale. Though we show that in both cases citizenship has been rescaled, differences have also been found. In Québec the central state has more control over the policies implemented at the local scale than in France. These results indicate that the process of citizenship rescaling is far more institutionalised in France than in Québec. The thesis makes contribution first to the literature on state rescaling in showing that an institutional perspective is best suited for the analysis of state rescaling processes in different countries. Second, regarding the literature about citizenship and globalization, we establish that the concept of urban citizenship cannot grasp the current transformations undergone by the institution of citizenship. Third, we show that citizenship rescaling processes are being institutionalised in a country known for its “Unitary” and “Republican” conception of citizenship. This last finding destabilizes a well-established category in the political science literature.

近幾年來，在國際場合或在我國政治運作中，「族群融和」議題常被提出做為討論。觀察世界各國族群分化的狀況，我們發現社會存在族群分化問題會造成資源使用的不效率、經濟成長緩慢、政府政策效能低落等。其中，就公共政策來看，主要問題為公共財提供的數量及型態，會產生扭曲的現象。Bridgman（2004）利用租稅制度的選擇，解釋在族群互動下，公共財總量提供的問題。該文提出，只要允許族群有政策工具的選擇空間，則優勢族群必會剝奪其他族群資源以追求自身利益最大，導致公共財提供的扭曲與不效率，造成社會分化與公共財之間的問題。 本文以Bridgman（2004）文章為基礎，將「不同族群對公共財有不同的偏好反應」的因子，納入基本模型中。利用「公共財型態選擇機制」顯示不同族群面對相同公共財數量時，主觀的偏好反應在公共財效用差異上，使模型更臻完整。本文利用兩階段賽局方式，分別求取公共財型態均衡解與公共財數量及租稅政策的均衡解。透過均衡解的分析可發現，當族群對公共財型態有偏好差異時，公共財數量受到社會分化程度的衝擊愈大，亦即數量減少幅度較Bridgman（2004）模型結果更大，族群支付租稅的意願更低。而且，透過均衡解也可發現，當族群對公共財型態存在偏好差異，會更進一步的使公共財數量下降。此乃因族群偏好的差異透過族群間不公平的制度對待，加深了社會分化程度，更進一步減少公共財提供與資源使用效率。故政府制定相關政策時，應將族群問題納入考量，以期有更完善、公平的族群融和、社會穩定的發展。

A distinguishing characteristic of the current world economy is the decline in the number of industrial job opportunities which is also affecting South Mrica. The multi-ethnical and multicultural society of South Africa is also experiencing low economic growth rates, high population growth rates and an unacceptably high unemployment rate. Entrepreneurship currently plays an important role in the successful economies of the world. The small business can make important contributions to economic growth, job creation and social development. For this reason it is important that entrepreneurial behaviour be promoted in South Mrica. In previous research studies, researchers isolated different variables of entrepreneurial behaviour such as the environment, personal characteristics, values and personal background of individuals. Of these variables, only personal characteristics may be manipulated to advance entrepreneurial behaviour. The objectives of this study were to indicate whether certain biographical and demographical factors are related to an individual's behaviour towards the formation of a new enterprise and to indicate whether certain personal characteristics, namely achievement motivation and locus of control, are related to an individual's behaviour in the formation of a new enterprise. It was decided to compare four groups, namely white non-entrepreneurs, black nonentrepreneurs, white entrepreneurs and black entrepreneurs. Three factors of achievement motivation and three factors of locus of control were identified by means of factor analysis, and statistical analyses were done on the four different groups. To establish the above-mentioned relationships, the researcher made use of sophisticated statistical analyses. The following conclusion were drawn from the results: The models of achievement motivation and locus of control seem to predict membership of the group black entrepreneurs better than the group white entrepreneurs. Using the locus of control scales, membership of the group black entrepreneurs can be predicted well. The study revealed that there are differences between black groups and white groups (entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs) in South Africa. It is clear from the present study that there have to be additional factors, other than achievement motivation and locus of control, that influence entrepreneurial behaviour. The ethnic and cultural situation in South Africa also influences entrepreneurial behaviour in this country. / Business Management / D.Com. (Business Management)

Cette thèse se compose de trois essais sur l’éducation et la cohésion sociale dans les pays en développement, et plus particulièrement en Égypte et en Indonésie. Le premier chapitre analyse les comportements des ménages en Égypte, notamment l’investissement pour l’éducation et la santé, suite à la révolution de 2011, que nous interprétons ici comme un environnement instable. Pour étudier les effets du déclenchement de la révolution Égyptienne, nous combinons l’enquête représentative des ménages avec un enregistrement statistique unique de toutes les personnes arrêtées, blessées ou tuées lors des manifestations politiques dans le pays. Nos résultats montrent que les ménages adaptent considérablement leur comportement dans un contexte politique instable. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les conséquences des tremblements de terre sur l’éducation et les mesures de santé des enfants en Indonésie. Nous constatons que les résultats en matière d’éducation et de santé des enfants sont négativement affectées lorsqu’un ménage subit un tremblement de terre, avec une certaine hétérogénéité selon l’âge et le sexe de l’enfant. Le troisième chapitre analyse les effets du favoritisme ethnique dans l’attribution des transferts gouvernementaux aux ménages suite à une catastrophe naturelle Les résultats suggèrent que bien que tous les ménages d’un même village soient affectées, les ménages les plus susceptibles de recevoir des transferts gouvernementaux sont ceux qui partagent la même origine ethnique que le leader de la communauté. Mes conclusions démontrent également que dans les villages ou le favoritisme ethnique est répandu, la confiance entre groupes ethniques s’est réduite entre 2007 et 2014. / This thesis is a collection of three independent essays in empirical development economics, with a particular focus on the study of mechanisms that impact education and social cohesion in Egypt and Indonesia. The first chapter analyses the effects of the Egyptian Revolution on education and health spendings as well as savings. We construct a new measure of revolution intensity and match a representative household panel survey data with a unique statistical record that documents the number of arrested, injured and deaths during the uprisings in Egypt. We find that households significantly adapt their behaviour in a politically unstable environment. The second chapter analyses the short and long-term effects of earthquakes on children’s education and health outcomes. Findings rely on individual-level panel data from large-scale household surveys combined with precise measures of local ground tremors obtained from a US Geological Survey database. Results suggest that children’s education and health out-comes decrease with some heterogeneity by age and gender. The third chapter identifies ethnic favouritism in the distribution of post-disaster aid at household level in the context of Indonesia. Results show that co-ethnic households are more likely to receive post-disaster relief transfers than households that were equally affected by a natural disaster, but do not share the same ethnicity as the community leader. Results also suggest that ethnic favouritism significantly reduces social cohesion measured by trust in affected communities.Keywords: Education; Health; Cognitive skills; Critical age; Post-disaster aid; Household savings; Trust; Natural disaster; Political instability; Ethnic diversity; Ethnic favouritism; Egypt; Indonesia.

Chapter 1: The Impact of Culture on the Second-Generation Immigrants’ Level of Trust in Canada Trust is one of the main elements of social capital; it determines the extent to which an individual cooperates with others. In this chapter, I assess whether cultural factors influence the level of trust in the population of second-generation immigrants in Canada. This paper is related to two strands of empirical literature. The first analyses the determinants of trust and the second studies the cultural transmission of values, attitudes and beliefs. I follow closely the literature on the cultural transmission and use an epidemiological approach to assess whether trust of second-generation immigrants is affected by their cultural heritage. This approach consists of comparing information about the outcomes of second-generation immigrants with that of the country of origin of their ancestry. We apply this approach using the Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS), the World Value Survey (WVS) and the European Value Survey (EVS). Estimation results show that the average level of trust in the countries of origin of the ancestors of the second-generation immigrants has a strong significant impact on their level of trust. Thus, individual whose country of ancestry displays a high level of trust, tend to have a high level of trust. This provides evidence that individuals’ level of trust is not only explained by their personal experiences, characteristics, and the environment in which they live; but also by the culture in their country of ancestry. This means that culture does matter! I find that the results remain robust even if certain key countries are omitted or a different data set is used. Chapter 2: Decomposing Health Achievement and Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Presence of Multiple Categorical Information This chapter presents a decomposition of the health achievement and the socioeconomic health inequality indices by multiple categorical variables and by regions. I adopt Makdissi and Yazbeck's (2014) counting approach to deal with the ordinal nature of the data of the United States National Health Interview Survey 2010. The findings suggest that the attributes that contribute the most to the deviation from perfect health in the United States are: anxiety, depression and exhaustion. Also, I find that the attributes that contribute the most to the total socioeconomic health inequality are ambulation, depression and pain. The regional decomposition results suggest that, if the aversion to socioeconomic health inequality is high enough, socioeconomic health inequalities between regions are the main contributors to the total socioeconomic health inequality in the United States. Chapter 3: Accounting for Freedom and Economic Resources in the Assessment of Changes in Women Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa This chapter assesses the importance of freedom in women’s wellbeing in twelve Sub-Saharan Africa countries by using data from Demographic Health Surveys. This paper presents a poverty comparison by using the stochastic dominance approach and relies on the economic resources and freedom as the two aspects of wellbeing which evokes the multidimensionality of poverty. This study is related to the following three pieces of literature: the sequential stochastic dominance, the multidimensional poverty, the Sen’s capability approach which is based on freedom. This paper is built on Makdissi et al. (2014) but differs from it in a number of respects. First, it focuses on poverty instead of welfare. Secondly, it applies the Shapley decomposition to determine the contributions of the economic resource distribution and the incidence of the threat of domestic violence to poverty changes over time. Consistent with previous work on the importance of freedom, I find that more freedom, i.e. less threat of domestic violence, affects women’s wellbeing positively since it decreases women’s poverty. The results indicate that women’s wellbeing has improved in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zimbabwe and deteriorated in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania.