Information is a significant asset to organizations, and a data breach from a cyberattack harms reputations and may result in a massive financial loss. Many senior managers lack the competencies to implement an enterprise risk management system and align organizational resources such as people, processes, and technology to prevent cyberattacks on enterprise assets. The purpose of this Delphi study was to explore how the managerial competencies for information security and risk management senior managers help in managing security objectives and practices to mitigate security risks. The National Institute of Standards and Technology framework served as the foundation for this study. The sample was made up of 12 information security practitioners, information security experts, and managers responsible for the enterprise information security management. Participants were from Fortune 500 companies in the United States. Selection was based on their level of experience and knowledge of the topic being studied. Data were collected using a 3 round Delphi study of 12 experts in information security and risk management. Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data during a 3 round Delphi study. The mean, standard deviation, majority agreement, and ranges were used to determine the final concensus for this research study. Findings of this study included the need for managerial support, risk management strategies, and developling the managerial and technical talent to mitigate and respond to cyberattacks. Findings may result in a positive social change by providing information that helps managers to reduce the number of data breaches from cyberattacks, which benefits companies, employees, and customers.

Business leaders lack consistent information to make and support strategic budgetary decisions while supporting corporate social responsibility initiatives. Grounded in stakeholder and contract theory, this correlation study examined the relationship between Fortune reputation scores and return on asset, return on equity, and earnings per share, while controlling for total assets. Archival data were collected from 25 corporate websites of U.S. banks included in Fortune Most Admired Companies listing from 2011 to 2013. For 2011 there was a moderate positive partial correlation between Fortune reputation index (FRI) and return on equity (ROE) while controlling for total assets, r = .47, p < .05, with higher levels of FRI associated with higher levels of ROE. For 2012 there was a moderate positive partial correlation between FRI and ROE while controlling for total assets, r = .48, p < .05, with higher levels of FRI associated with higher levels of ROE. Correspondingly, there was a moderate positive partial correlation between FRI and EPS, r = .56, p < 0.5 with higher levels of FRI associated with higher levels of ROE in 2012. For 2013, there was also a moderate positive, but not statistically significant, partial correlation between FRI and EPS, r = .41, p > .05, with higher levels of FRI associated with higher levels of EPS. The implications for positive social change include greater support for socially responsible business strategies to promote sustainability and more business leaders promoting the provision of social benefits for stakeholders.

A negative relationship exists between unmanaged IT risk and financial performance of institutions of varying sizes. The purpose for this quantitative correlation study was to examine the relationship between IT risk management, institution size, and the financial performance of credit unions in Jamaica. Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) risk IT model provided the theoretical framework for the study. Audited financial statements and a web-based survey provided data for this study. One hundred and thirty employees from 13 credit unions in Jamaica participated in the study. Results of the multiple regression tests confirmed a statistically significant relationship between IT risk management, institution size, and the financial performance of Jamaican credit unions, F (2, 99) = 46.861, p = 0.000, R2 = .486. Institution size was a statistically significant predictor of financial performance (beta = -.637, p = .000). IT risk management initiatives did not provide any significant variation (beta = .139, p = .074) in financial performance. Research findings may lead to more effective and efficient operations of Jamaican credit unions and improvement in their financial performance, which could result in positive social change through the increases in corporate social contributions, the payment of dividends, and the offer of affordable product and services for over 1 million Jamaican credit union members.

Cette thèse se compose de trois essais empiriques qui étudient le rôle de l’attention des investisseurs comme étant un déterminant de la relation entre la performance sociale de l’entreprise (PSE) et sa performance financière (PFE). Notre objectif étant de repenser la littérature controversée sur les répercussions financières des activités de l’entreprise en matière de RSE, nous émettons un nouveau postulat – l’attention des investisseurs joue un rôle important dans la relation PSE-PFE. En effet, en complément à l’attrait de l’attention des investisseurs sur les marchés financiers tel que suggéré par un bon nombre d’articles académiques, une littérature émergente mais conséquente a récemment souligné le rôle de la visibilité de l’entreprise ainsi que celui de l’attention des différentes parties prenantes comme étant des facteurs pertinents de la relation entre la PSE et la PFE. Par conséquent, nous avons jugé utile de revisiter les retours sur investissements de la PSE, tout en intégrant l’effet de l’attention des investisseurs.Un important courant de la littérature empirique sur la PSE témoigne d’une forte cohésion entre l’entreprise socialement responsable et ses différentes parties prenantes telles que les consommateurs, les employés, les fournisseurs, les investisseurs les analystes financiers ainsi que les militants et activistes, cette cohésion étant encore plus forte, pour les entreprises bénéficiant d’une attention plus accrue de la part des différentes parties prenantes. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous poursuivons dans une telle logique et plus particulièrement, nous mettons en œuvre une analyse plus fine de ce constat, à savoir, nous évaluons le rôle de l’attention des investisseurs, en tant que ressource cognitive rare et limitée, dans la relation PSE-PFE. Cette thèse comporte quatre chapitres. Un chapitre préliminaire passe en revue la littérature existante sur la valeur marché de la PSE. En particulier, nous identifions trois courants de recherche principaux portant sur cette question et discutons du rôle des mécanismes internes et externes qui affectent la réaction des marchés financiers à la performance sociale. Plus important encore, nous accordons une attention particulière à la littérature sur le rôle de la visibilité de l’entreprise pour traduire la PSE en PFE. Ce dernier constat ouvre le débat sur la pertinence probable de l’attention de l’investisseur comme un déterminant clé de la relation PSE-PFE. Ainsi, dans une deuxième partie, nous portons un intérêt particulier à la littérature antérieure sur l’attention, le traitement de l’information et la prise de décision sur les marchés financiers. Puis, après avoir correctement défini l’attention et présenté son rôle sur les marchés financiers, nous essayons dans la dernière section de ce chapitre, d’établir le lien entre la littérature sur l’attention des investisseurs et celle sur l’impact financier de la PSE afin de déceler les perspectives de recherche futures. En dernier lieu, nous concluons et donnons le ton à la question de recherche complexe et stimulante que nous essayons d’élucider tout au long des trois essais de cette thèse à savoir, comment l’attention des investisseurs transforme la PSE en PFE. [...] / This thesis consists of three empirical essays investigating the role of investor attention as a determinant of the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and financial performance. Our aim is to rethink the controversial literature on the financial implications of CSR activities by exploring a new premise – investor attention may shape the financial returns on corporate social impact. Since a growing stream of literature has highlighted the role of firm visibility as well as stakeholder attention to connect CSP to financial performance in addition to the complementary literature of investor attention and stock prices, we expect that controlling for firm-specific investor attention would provide novel insights to the literature on the potential financial effects of CSP.A consistent strand of literature has provided interesting evidence of a strong relationship between the firm CSP and its stakeholders such as consumers, employees, suppliers, investors, analysts, activists and communities, and regulators, with the benefits being stronger, the greater the attention to and salience of social activities among stakeholders. We complement and extend this literature by implementing a more granular analysis and particularly we focus on the relevance of investors’ attention, a scarce and limited cognitive resource.This research is divided in four chapters. The first chapter is a survey of prior theoretical and empirical literature on the controversial debate of the relation between CSR and financial outcomes. We have particularly reviewed potential mechanisms that allow CSP to translate into CFP. Most importantly, we rely on studies claiming that firm visibility is a crucial factor to connect social impact to financial performance. Another argument of great appeal is the stakeholder attention theory as proposed by Madsen and Rodgers (2015) from which our research question draws its full legitimacy. Then, we have connected the literatures on attention, information, decision making and CSR to remake the CSP-CFP puzzle and highlight potential research hypotheses. A more readable view is provided by Figure 1 (later in this document) which integrates and synthesizes key predictors, outcomes, mediators, and moderators of the CSP-CFP relation by focusing on studies related to CSR and firm visibility thereby introducing the role of investor attention. Figure 1 is not an exhaustive conceptualization of all the intervening variables in this relationship but rather meant as a multilevel lens and guiding framework to which other variables can be added in the future. However, despite all the advancements in assessing the returns on CSR investments, this debate remains unsettled and has yielded conflicting results. Thus, we conducted three empirical essays on the relation between CSP and financial performance and particularly provide new and unique evidence on the role of investor attention to shape this controversial empirical issue. Therefore, in the first essay, we conduct a multi-country event study and investigate the impact of environmental, social and governance (ESG) news headlines on the shareholder wealth. We find that investors do not value positive ESG news headlines but negatively react to negative ESG news headlines. This result is consistent with the idea that social responsibility and irresponsibility are not the two sides of the same coin. Furthermore, evidence reveals that shareholders only react to negative corporate governance related headlines. This suggests that investors may be especially prone to attend to corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives that directly impact their own interests as previously suggested by T. M. Jones et al. (2007). Most importantly, investor attention was found to shape the punishment and reward of CSP, after controlling for the additional role of firm’s internal moderators such as firm size and advertising expenditure. [...]

L’industrie de l’assurance engage actuellement différentes réformesréglementaires au niveau européen. Celles-ci visent à améliorer le fonctionnement desassureurs et à garantir la stabilité dans les marchés financiers. Les compagnies d’assurancedoivent respecter des nouvelles exigences en fonds propres ainsi que des règlementationsconcernant la transparence dans la communication financière. Dans ce contexte, les assureursont besoin de déterminer les indicateurs qui peuvent leurs servir comme outils pour atteindreune performance financière qui répond aux attentes de toutes les parties concernées.L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir les déterminants de la performance financière enassurance, leurs indicateurs et leurs rôles dans l’aboutissement de celle-ci. Cette thèse proposeun modèle conceptuel de la performance financière des compagnies d’assurance françaisesdurant la période (2000-2009) selon une démarche quantitative. Les résultats empiriquesdémontrent que la structure de capital, la solvabilité ainsi que la rentabilité d’une compagnied’assurance sont les principaux déterminants de sa performance financière. / The insurance industry currently witnesses various regulatory reforms at the Europeanlevel. These reforms aim to improve the functioning of insurers and to guarantee the stability in thefinancial markets. Insurance companies must comply with these new regulations such as capitalrequirements and the financial reporting transparency regulations. In this context, insurers need toidentify the indicators that can help to achieve a financial performance that meets the expectations ofall stakeholders. The aim of this thesis is to define the determinants of financial performance ininsurance, their indicators and their role in it. This thesis proposes a conceptual model for the financialperformance of French insurance companies in the period of (2000-2009) through a quantitativemethod. The empirical results show that the capital structure, the solvency and the profitability of aninsurance company are the main determinants of its financial performance.

<p>Disertacija se bavi utvrđivanjem smera i intenziteta<br />uticaja informacionih tehnologija na pojedine<br />organizacione i poslovne performanse u preduzećima<br />u Srbiji. Pri tme su posmatrane sledeće performanse:<br />zadovoljstvo poslom, zadovoljstvo komunikacijom, organizaciona posvećenost, međusobno poverenje na<br />poslu, organizacionoo učenje, finansijske<br />performanse i profesionalni respekt prema lideru.<br />Istraživanje je realizovano u preduzećima u Srbiji,<br />tako &scaron;to su ispitanici (srednji menadžeri) popunili<br />upitnike. Za istraživanje su kori&scaron;ćeni odgovori od<br />ukupno N = 380 srednjih menadžera iz 102<br />preduzeća. Najvažniji rezultati istraživanja su sledeći:<br />1. Utvrđen je postojeći nivo savremenosti i primene<br />informacionih tehnologija, kao i nivo pažnje koja se<br />poklanja informacionim tehnologijama, u<br />preduzećima u Srbiji. 2. Utvrđeno je stanje<br />informacionih tehnologija u zavisnosti od nekoliko<br />kriterijuma: pol CEO, godine CEO, vlasnička<br />struktura preduzeća, finansijske performanse, profesionalni respekt prema lideru i poverenje u<br />akcije menadžmenta. 3. Utvrđeno je da su<br />informacione tehnologije pokazatelj nivoa<br />posmatranih organizacionih i poslovnih performansi.<br />4. Utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajan uticaj<br />informacionih tehnologija na posmatrane<br />organizacione i poslovne performanse. 5. Ispitana su i<br />definisana moderatorna dejstva tri moderatora:<br />Profesionalni respekt prema lideru, Poverenje u<br />akcije menadžmenta i Vlasnička struktura preduzeća, na odnos informacionih tehnologija i zadovoljstva<br />komunikacijom i organizacionog učenja. 6. Definisane su preporuke za lidere i menadžere u vezi<br />sa tim kako unaprediti performanse preduzeća,<br />posmatrano iz perspektive informacionih tehnologija<br />i njihove primene.</p> / <p>The dissertation deals with determining the direction<br />and intensity of the impact of information<br />technologies on individual and organizational<br />performance of companies in Serbia. Observed are<br />the following performances: job satisfaction,<br />communication satisfaction, organizational<br />commitment, mutual trust at work, organizational<br />learning, financial performance and professional<br />respect for the leader. The survey was conducted in<br />companies in Serbia, by the respondents (middle<br />managers) completing questionnaires. For the study<br />there were used responses from a total of N = 380<br />middle managers from 102 companies. The most<br />important results of the research are as follows: 1.<br />Defined is the current level of modernity and<br />application of information technologies, as well as the<br />level of attention paid to information technologies in<br />companies in Serbia. 2. Defined is the situation of<br />information technologies depending on several<br />criteria: gender of the CEO, age of the CEO, the<br />ownership structure of the company, financial<br />performance, professional respect for the leader and<br />trust in the actions of management. 3. It is found that<br />information technologies are an indicator of the level<br />of the observed organizational and business<br />performance. 4. It is found that there is a statistically<br />significant impact of information technologies on the<br />observed organizational and business performance. 5. Tested and defined are the moderating effects of three<br />moderators: professional respect for the leader, trust<br />in the action of management and ownership structure<br />of the company, on the relationship of information<br />technologies and communication satisfaction and<br />organizational learning. 6. There are defined<br />recommendations for leaders and managers in this<br />regard to improve the performance of the company,<br />from the perspective of information technologies and<br />their application.</p>

For management to perform its functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling effectively, a control process has to be in place. This control process should incorporate a target or standard measures and compares performance with the standard, evaluates results and takes any necessary corrective action. Hence, the introduction of the control process, including the measurement and evaluation of performance, has been recognized as a significant progression to ensure organizations achieve their objectives and goals.There are a number of performance measurement tools for management to select but one that stands out as possibly the preferred method is Value-based management (VBM). Value-based management, a relatively new concept, offers management a better way to measure performance in today’s business environment. The application of VBM links business strategy, finance, performance measurement and management processes all together to create value. VBM tells how the value of an organization is maximized, while developing corporate value is the best long-term measure to show how good the present management is doing its job. Therefore, VBM indicates the current situation as well as future prospects of an organization. Further, VBM helps managers and employees to obtain a sharper focus of the corporate vision and objectives based on one leading measurement indicator – that is to enhance corporate value. Unlike many performance measurement tools that may focus on many objectives, which may cause the lack of single focus for accountability for shareholder value, VBM provides a clearer objective focusing on the financial objectives across the organization. More importantly, VBM includes the cost of all capital required, while many performance measurement tools still provide incomplete information about cost.The purpose of this research is to study what organization factors influence the choice of performance measurement tools, such as VBM selected by management. This research also studies the manner in which the selection and the use of VBM might affect the performance of organizations in Thailand. A number of studies were made in the past dealing with the effectiveness of VBM.These studies analyzed how VBM assisted management in their administration and measurement of organizational activities. These researches add significantly to the body of knowledge and advance the concept of VBM. However, most researchers ignored an important aspect and that is, what factors influence the management to select and utilize VBM tools in their organization. This research attempts to address this knowledge gap, and answer the following questions: • What are the organization factors that could influence the selection and the use of VBM tools to measure organization performance? Then importantly,• Do the selection and the use of VBM tools improve organization performance?To examine and to properly evaluate the above questions, this research study identifies four key objectives. First, factors that influence management in selecting value based management tools to measure performance and set standards are to be identified. Second, identify the relationship between organization performance, the use of VBM and certain organization factors such as organization size, market share position and product life cycle stages. Third, study the impact of VBM on organization performance in the Thai environment. Fourth, provide information on how VBM is selected and used in the electrical and electronic industry in Thailand.The following three hypotheses were proposed to study the behaviour of variables:Hypothesis 1: Organization factors are not the determining factors for selecting and using VBM tools for performance measurement.Hypothesis 2: VBM tool selected and used by an organization do not influence its organization performance.Hypothesis 3: The relationship between organization factors and organization performance are not mediated by the VBM tools selected and used by an organization to measure organization performance.To test the hypotheses empirically, a mailed-survey questionnaire was used to collect data. A stratified sampling technique on a population of 462 Head of Finance/Accounting Departments of the Electrical and Electronics Industry of Thailand was employed. The above hypotheses were tested using several analytical techniques including regression model, correlation coefficient and factor analysis.The result of this research indicates that none of the chosen organization factors studied directly influences the selection and the use of VBM tools. In addition, the findings indicated a significant relationship between independent variables, which are organization size and market share position. But these two factors do not establish significantly relationship with the VBM or an organization performance. Further, although the product life cycle stage was not a factor that influenced the selection and the use of VBM tools, it showed a significant negative relationship with organization performance. This was regardless of whether or not the organization selected and used VBM tools. This indicates that the selection and the use of VBM tools are less preferable when the product of an organization is at the early stages such as emerging and growth stages. On the other hand, VBM tools are more preferred by an organization when its product reaches maturity. Finally, these research findings demonstrate that the selection and the use of VBM tools are significantly related to an improvement in organization performance. In other words, the performance of an organization improved with the use of the VBM tool.It is believed that this research is a first attempt to delineate factors that influence management to select and utilize VBM tools in their organizations. One nation, Thailand and one Industry, the electrical and electronic industry were used as the laboratory to test the hypotheses. It is hoped that future research will replicate this study in other industries and countries that would help to confirm the results of this study. Such studies will not only substantiate this research but also offer new insights into understanding the factors influencing the selection and the use of VBM tools. Different organizational factors, different performance measurement tools, and/or different methodologies in conducting the research showed further contribute to knowledge in this area. The research opportunities are considerable, especially in relation to cross-country comparisons based on performance measurements, using VBM tools and it is this type of research that will improve our understanding of the subject and lead to adoption of these measures in organizations.

因應全世界電信自由化潮流，台灣自1997年開始解禁電信事業，開放民營，其相關產業－通訊產業更因此而相繼頭角崢嶸、蓬勃發展，通訊產業已然繼半導體產業之後成為二十一世紀的明星產業。 　本研究採取個案訪談方式，探討台灣地區通訊產業的技術創新策略與績效表現間的關聯性，以及外部環境如何影響廠商對技術創新策略組合的選擇與績效表現。由於通訊產業涵蓋範圍極廣，因此根據有線、無線傳輸方式、其間子產業的特性以及上、下游廠商可能的關聯性，將其細分為通訊原料、微波通訊、行動通訊、寬頻通訊、光纖通訊、電信服務等六大類，因行動通訊部份無法找到配合訪談廠商因此作罷，然因此部份研究近來亦頗為盛行，讀者或可從其他相關文獻一窺端倪。除實際深度探訪九家個案公司之外，亦蒐集相關產業資料以資比對，因而歸納、推導出以下結論： 　一、個案公司因分屬不同子產業別而採行不同的技術創新策略組合，明顯地可以劃分出三種組合，分別是「冒險型」、「積極型」與「穩健型」，另有一種「模仿跟進型」，通常於成熟期產業可發現，並未出現在本研究個案中。訪談結果發現當企業採行冒險或積極型態的策略組合時，其績效表現會優於同類型產業的平均水準。 　二、個案公司因分屬不同子產業別，具有不同的子產業特性，因而具有不盡相同的外部環境，明顯地可以劃分出四種類型的外部環境。分別是第一類的高度動態、高度競爭與高度異質性；第二類的高度動態、高度競爭與中度異質性；第三類的高度動態、中度競爭與中度異質性；第四類的中度動態、中度競爭與中度異質性。 　三、個案公司因分屬不同子產業別，或為因應身處不同類型的外部環境，因而採取不同積極程度的技術創新策略組合，以求取最佳績效表現。訪談結果發現在第一類與第三類環境下採取冒險型的策略組合，以及在第二類與第四類環境下採取積極型態的策略組合，皆具有不錯的績效表現。 　綜上所述，我們可看出通訊產業內廠商除應瞭解本身所屬專業領域特質、所處子產業細部環境的變動情況，更應慎選合適的技術創新策略組合，以為企業謀取最大、最佳的績效表現。 / Communication Industry has become the leading industry in 21st century in Taiwan ever since the deregulation of telecommunication in Taiwan. In order to investigate the relationship between the technology innovation strategy conducted by the Communication Industry and firm's performance, as well as the impact of environment as a moderator to the relationship between technology innovation strategy and performance, we have conducted the research by case study. As the widespread coverage of Communication Industry, we roughly classify the industry into six categories including communication chip, microwave communication, mobile communication, broadband communication, fiber communication and telecommunication service based on the way of transmission and vertical relationship in industry. However, mobile communication was not interviewed due to reasons. In addition to the findings from case study, we also collect the specific industry information for cross reference. Research findings are described as follows： 1. Case companies belonging to different sub-industry conduct numerous portfolio of technology innovation strategy. There are three types of portfolio formed, which are adventurous, aggressive and conservative type. The findings show that the financial performance will be better than the industry average when companies adopt adventurous or aggressive portfolio. 　2. Case companies belonging to different sub-industry face various types of competitive environment; we find four types of environment formed. The environment are measured by three dimensions including dynamism, hostility, and heterogeneity which impact are distinguished into three levels, high, moderate, and low separately. The first type is high in three dimensions. The second is the same as the first one except its heterogeneity is moderate. The third is high in dynamism, moderate in hostility and in heterogeneity. The fourth is all-moderate. 　3. Case companies belonging to different sub-industry have various types of competitive environment;therefore they have to conduct different portfolio of technology innovation strategy for best performance. The findings show that companies adopt the adventurous portfolio under the first and the third type of environment, and companies adopt the aggressive portfolio under the second and fourth type will have better financial performance. 　To sum up, we suggest the Communication Industry know clearly about the competitive environment and its characteristics before conducting an appropriate portfolio of technology innovation strategy to acquire the best financial performance.

透過知識管理幫助智慧資本之衡量、管理已成為企業不容忽略的管理議題。學者專家建議良好的企業文化是成功推行知識管理的關鍵要素，而企業文化也顯著影響組織效能。因此，企業文化、知識管理、智慧資本與企業績效之關係即為重要的實證議題。本論文主要以國內上市櫃公司為研究對象，採用問卷調查方式，以較完整的架構探討企業文化類型、知識管理類型、智慧資本與財務績效相互間的關聯性。 　　本研究發現企業文化與知識管理間存在顯著的關聯性，且企業文化類型與知識管理類型，分別對智慧資本各構面及其組成要素的重要程度有顯著的影響。主要實證結果顯示企業文化類型越強烈鮮明，越重視人力資源發展、創新與市場競爭的企業，則知識管理程度相對的越高，且同時重視資訊科技運用與鼓勵組織內成員間知識的交流和衝擊。高效率支持型企業文化相較於低創新官僚型企業文化，更重視人力資本、創新資本以及流程資本組成要素。 　　彈性式高度知識管理類型相較於其他知識管理類型，在員工專業與自主、創新管理、流程成果以及顧客滿意與忠誠等資本智慧資本組成要素上的重視程度上明顯較高。彈性式高度知識管理類型相較於控制式低度知識管理類型，在人力資本、創新資本、流程資本之各項組成要素以及顧客投資與成果等顧客資本組成要素等的重視程度上明顯較高。人性化中度知識管理類型相較於控制式低度知識管理類型，在員工專業與自主等人力資本組成要素與創新資本各項組成要素的重視程度上明顯較高。 　　研究結果亦顯示企業文化及人力資本、創新資本均與財務績效有顯著的關聯性。本研究結果所發現企業文化、知識管理、智慧資本以及財務績效四者間的關係，隱喻企業文化是企業推行知識管理及提昇經營效能的關鍵，亦即企業在推行知識管理前應先檢視本身的企業文化。此外，揭露具認知重要性之智慧資本各構面衡量指標似有助於傳遞企業隱藏價值給投資人。 / Measuring and managing intellectual capital through knowledge management (KM) has been perceived the most important issue in knowledge-intensive companies. It has been suggested that a supportive corporate culture cornerstones not only a successful implementation of KM system but also the effectiveness of an organization. It is essential therefore to enhance our knowledge in interrelationships among corporate culture, KM, intellectual capital and operating performance. Using a sample of firms listed in TSE and OTC and a questionnaire as research tool, this thesis explores the typologies of corporate culture and KM, and their impacts on intellectual capital and financial performance. 　　The empirical evidence indicates that the attributes of corporate culture are significantly associated with the attributes of KM activities. Both corporate culture and KM shed significant impacts on cognitive importance of intellectual capitals. Firms with distinct corporate culture, placing more foci on human resource development, innovation and market competition tend to have more intensive knowledge management activities, information technology utilization, and exchange and lash of knowledge between the members of the organization. Compared to firms with low innovative-bureaucratic culture, firms with high effective-supportive culture concentrate more on all aspects related to human capital and innovation capital. 　　Compared to other firms in the sample, firms with high flexibility-high degree of knowledge management activities focus more on human capital, innovation capital, and process capital. Compared to firms with high control-low degree knowledge management activities, companies characterized with humanistic-medium degree knowledge management activities emphasize more on innovation capital. 　　The findings also show that both corporate culture attributes and components of human capital and innovation capital are significantly associated with financial performance. The results thus suggest that corporate culture is important to company success in implementing knowledge management system and business performance. It implies that companies may need to nurture a more supportive corporate culture prior to implementing a knowledge management system. The intellectual capital indicators suggested in the study may also be helpful in disclosing the hidden value of the firm to their investors.

隨著資訊科技的技術進步一日千里，資訊科技在企業營運的過程中扮演著越來越重要的角色，企業對資訊科技軟體、硬體的投資支出在近幾年內亦以驚人的速度成長。然而，資訊科技是否能為企業帶來實質的效益，過去的研究存在相當不一致的看法：部分研究的結果肯定資訊科技對組織的貢獻，但也有部分研究顯示資訊科技未能為企業的生產力或財務績效帶來正面的幫助，甚至還有負面的影響，因而有「資訊科技的生產力弔詭」(IT productivity paradox)之說出現。 　　本研究為求對資訊科技的效益有更深入、更全面的瞭解，以282家台灣上市公司為研究對象，從生產力變動、生產效率以及財務績效這三個不同的觀點，探討資訊科技對企業所能產生的效益。 　　一、資訊科技對企業生產力變動的影響 　　此部分研究以生產經濟學中的Cobb-Douglas生產函數為理論基礎，將資訊科技投資視為企業生產投入要素之一，探討其對企業生產力變動是否具有正向的影響。研究結果發現：資訊科技投資不論對企業產出變動、或者單位勞動成本生產力之變動，均具有顯著正向的影響。 　　二、資訊科技對企業生產效率的影響 　　此部分研究分為兩階段：首先以資料包絡分析法(DEA)計算樣本企業之相對技術效率，再以Tobit迴歸模型探討資訊科技與資訊人員密度對企業技術效率是否具有正向的影響。研究結果發現：資訊科技投資與資訊人員密度，二者對企業的生產效率均具有顯著正向的影響。 　　吾人取樣本公司次年之資料計算其次年之相對技術效率，並進行實證研究。發現資訊科技投資對次年的生產效率亦具有顯著正向的影響，顯示資訊科技投資對企業之生產效率，其影響力將可持續一年以上。 　　三、資訊科技對企業財務績效的影響 　　此部分研究係以迴歸模型，探討資訊科技投資與資訊人員密度對企業之資產報酬率、淨值報酬率及常續性利益率等三項財務績效指標的影響。研究結果發現：資訊科技投資與資訊人員密度，二者對企業之各項財務績效指標均具有顯著正向的影響。 　　吾人以次年之財務績效指標資料進行實證研究，發現資訊科技投資對企業次年之資產報酬率、常續性利益率仍然具有顯著正向的影響，對淨值報酬率則無顯著影響，此結果顯示資訊科技投資對企業之財務績效，具有持續一年以上之影響力。 　　歸納以上所述，本研究發現：資訊科技投資與資訊人員之密度對企業之生產力變動、生產效率及財務績效均有顯著正向的影響，且資訊科技投資能對企業持續發揮一年以上之效益。 　　此外，吾人在敏感性分析中以149家台灣的上櫃公司為研究對象，發現多數假說在上櫃公司群組中均未能獲得支持，與上市公司群組之實證結果存在極大的差異。其原因可能為資訊科技投資具有規模效應，必須達一定之規模方能發揮效果；亦有可能因為上櫃公司之組織成熟度、生產設備完備程度均相對不足，導致無法使資訊科技投資發揮其應有之功能。惟此現象真正的原因，仍有待未來研究者之深入探討。 / This study examines the impacts of information technology (IT) investment on firm's productivity growth, production efficiency and financial performances. Cobb-Douglas production function is used to examine whether IT has positive contribution on firm's productivity growth. The study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate firm's production efficiency. Then we use Tobit regression to test the relationship between IT investment and production efficiency. Finally, a set of financial performance indicators, which includes return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and return on sales (ROS), is chosen to examine the impact of IT investment on firm's financial performances. The sample includes 282 listed companies in Taiwan. The result shows that IT investment is positively related to firm's productivity growth, production efficiency and financial performance. The benefit can remain longer than one year. 　　The sensitivity analysis uses 149 OTC companies as samples to test the relationship between IT investment and business performances. It is found that most of the relationships existing in the listed companies group are not significant in the OTC companies group. Maybe there exists scale effect or learning effect in IT application field, which makes the result so different. It needs further studies to distinguish the real reason.