School evaluation has increased in importance in recent years, particularly at the level of the whole school. It is the process which assesses the worth and merits of the institution. Due to the fact that, in most cases, evaluation is judgemental, the notion of Whole School Evaluation (WSE) was introduced into the South African education system by the national Department of Education after the 1994 democratic election. WSE has since then became the official evaluation system in South Africa. In WSE schools undergo internal as well as external evaluation. The results of the evaluation are then used by schools to draw the School Improvement Plans which are aimed at school improvement. This study explores the implementation of WSE in rural primary schools in Limpopo Province. A literature study investigated school evaluation within the international and the South African context, the provision of education in Limpopo Province and existing models of WSE. Against the background of the conceptual framework provided by the literature, a qualitative investigation was done in four primary schools in the Vhembe district in Limpopo Province. Data were gathered by means of in-depth interviews with principals of schools and supervisors. The researcher also conducted focus group interviews with School Management Team (SMT) members from participating schools. Data was analysed, discussed and synthesized. Analysed data revealed the following findings: schools experience difficulties in conducting self-evaluation, educator development in rural primary schools in Limpopo is a problem and the district and the Department of Education do not assist schools concerning development after WSE has been conducted. As a result of these findings, there is a need to assist schools in their development endeavours after WSE. The district officials as well as supervisors should find ways and means of assisting schools in the route to development. Areas for further investigation that would enhance WSE in rural primary schools have been identified. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that schools need to be rehabilitated after WSE. This will assist in developing the whole institution and improving the level of education in South African schools. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Education Management)

e-Learning, defined as the use of information and communications technology (ICT) for supporting the educational process, has motivated Tanzania to apply ICT in its education systems. Tanzanian secondary schools which are geographically and socially isolated face a number of problems, including a way to get learning materials. The impact of these problems is poor performance in National Examinations. This poor performance however is most noted in science and mathematics. The problem in get- ting learning materials can be reduced by employing ICT. This research developed an interactive e-learning management system (e-LMS) to be used by Tanzanian secondary schools. Tanzania Secondary Schools e-Learning (TanSSe-L) system is the name adopted for an interactive e-LMS developed. The re- search is aimed at supporting teaching and learning functions by allowing for the creation and storage of learning materials, making them available, easily accessed and sharable by students from different secondary schools in Tanzania. It is a context- driven research work of knowledge production in a specific context for application. Initially, the research work focused on two selected pilot schools; Kibaha Secondary School and Wali-ul-Asr Girls’ Seminary in Kibaha town, Pwani region. Features of the TanSSe-L system represent the standard form of any secondary school registered by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. The development of the TanSSe-L system made use of software engineering discipline. The research used Unified Modelling Language (UML) and integrated Object-Orient- ed System Analysis and Design (OOSA&D) and Model Driven Architecture (MDA) to address the System Development Life Cycle (SLDC) in a systemic way. UML design class diagram (DCD) is a Platform Independent Model (PIM) that was transformed into a Platform Specific Model (PSM) in MDA for implementation. Implementation made use of open source LMS to help generate a timely solution to TanSSe-L system development. In this specific context, focus group discussion as inspired by action re- search methodology was used. The research evolved into a triple helix process in close cooperation with other stakeholders. Finally, it is considered that replication and mirroring will make learning materials highly available to end-users.

The effective use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in devel-oping countries like Tanzania is crucial in order to overcome the challenges that are faced countrywide in many sectors, and to reduce the digital divide and improve the economy. ICT is becoming more and more integrated in societies worldwide, its effects are clearly seen in people’s lives as well as on countries’ economy as it opens doors for new opportunities and change the attitude of people towards learning. Secondary schools in Tanzania are facing many problems which hamper students’ learning. This in turn affects their performance in the National examinations hence reducing the growth of a learned society. This research specifically addresses the prob- lem of lack of learning and teaching materials by using ICT tools for the development and delivery of e-Learning content. The research focused on two secondary schools, namely, the Wali-Ul-Asr Seminary and Kibaha Secondary School as pilot schools in Kibaha district Pwani region. The research used courseware engineering methodology which integrated instructional design and software engineering. The research was also inspired by the concepts of participatory action research, Mode 2 knowledge production and triple helix, which incorporated stakeholders’ participation throughout the research. The main stakeholders are researchers, students, teachers, head teachers, and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training officials. This is an applied type of research addressing a practical problem in society. The out- come is a pilot package of e-Learning material comprised of sample chapters of Mathematics form III at the pilot site. Blended mode of delivery has been considered using Compact Disc/Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory, the Tanzania Secondary Schools e-Learning (TanSS-L) System, a customized Moodle platform and by using face to face learning.

行動電話早已成為大多數人日常生活中的必需品。在台灣，幾年前行動電話普及率便已超過100％，手機市場是一個非常成熟和相當競爭的市場。手機供應商在市場上提供不同平台（作業系統）產品，來滿足消費者的需求和與其他手機製造商競爭。任何新的公司誰想要進入這個飽和的手機市場，並與其他供應商競爭，將是一個很大的挑戰。 ABC是一個國外品牌的手機供應商，自行開發Windows Mobile平台的手機產品在世界很多地區和國家行銷多年。該公司決定進入台灣市場，第一階段選定一款PDA手機作為進入市場的先驅產品。這項研究的目的是想要瞭解這一外國品牌如何來進入這個成熟的市場，研究者將運用一般行銷人員廣泛採用的行銷計劃相關過程，來進行分析與建議。 這個新品牌理想的行銷策略是什麼？如何區分市場和選定目標市場？什麼樣的定位最適合這的產品？要找什麼樣的銷售管道？研究者在做了相關的分析包含消費者分析、競爭者分析、SWOT分析和STP分析後，建議此新品牌應該在較小市場採取”焦點差異”策略的目標行銷、只選定兩個市場、並定位該研究產品為商業人士的手機。研究者也依據所建議的策略和STP結果，提供行銷4P的作法。希望這些建議可作為該新品牌規劃行銷計畫的參考。除此，這份研究也可做為其他任何對於在台灣銷售行動電話業務有興趣的公司來參考。 / Mobile phone has been in our daily life for the majority of the people. In Taiwan, the penetration rate had been over 100% a few years ago. The mobile phone market is very mature and competitive. Phone suppliers in the market provide different platform (operating system) products to meet consumer needs and compete with other phone manufacturers. Any new player who wants to get into this saturated phone market and compete with other suppliers would be a big challenge. ABC is a brand phone supplier being designing Window Mobile products and selling them in many countries for years. The company decided to enter Taiwan market with a selected PDA phone for the first phase of the entry. This study is aimed to realize how this foreign brand can penetrate into this mature market by going through most of the processes of preparing a marketing plan which is widely used by markers. What strategy is ideal for this new brand to adopt? What segments should be targeted and how the brand should position the studied product? What channel partner should be considered? After going through customer analysis, competitor analysis, SWOT analysis, and STP process, the researcher suggested this new brand pursue “differentiation focus” strategy to differentiate the studied product with competing products in a narrower market, target only two selected segments, and position the studied product as a business user device. The researcher also suggested suitable marketing mix based on the recommended strategy and STP to penetrate this market. This study result can be a good reference to the new brand company and any other companies who might be interested in the same business in the industry.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

Syftet Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka bilden av svarta barn i UNICEF:s och SOS Barnbyar: s reklamkampanjfilmer och hur barnen framställs i filmerna. Jag vill också undersöka hur UNICEF:s och SOS Barnbyar: s reklamkampanjfilmer uppfattas och påverkar människor med olika etnisk bakgrund.   Metod En semiotisk analys av rörliga bilder i denna uppsats gjorts för att undersöka hur UNICEF:s och SOS Barnbyar: s framställer svarta barn i sina reklamkampanjfilmer. En strukturerad gruppintervju har gjorts för att studera människors attityd. Materialet som används är, två reklamkampanjfilmer med rörliga bilder, och en intervju med en fokus grupp som består av sju personer från olika etniska bakgrunder.   Resultat Resultaten visar att de bilder som används i reklamkampanjfilmerna framställer svarta barn som djur, som barbarer och som aggressiva. Resultaten från fokusgruppen visar att icke-vita människorna i gruppen är arga för att reklamen framställer svarta barn i filmerna på ett sätt som visar barnen som icke mänskliga. De vita människorna i gruppen är arga, inte bara för att organisationerna använder barnen till sin fördel, men de menar också att på grund av de här organisationerna, kommer de ständigt att bli påminda om och ses som rasister. / Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the image of black children in UNICEF’s and SOS Children’s Villages campaign films. And as well to find out how UNICEF’s and SOS Children’s Villages campaign films received by differnt people in Sweden and, in which way these advertising films could influence these people.   Method A semiotics analysis of moving images have been done in this paper, in a way to examine how black children have been portrayed in those advertising films. And also a structured interview have been done in this paper to investigate the attitude that people in Sweden have towards those moving images that show on those advertising films. The Materials that used for this investigation are, two advertising films with moving images and an interview with a focus group composed of seven people from different ethnics background.   Results The results have shown that those moving images using on those advertising films portrayed black children as animals, as barbarians, as aggressive. And the results of the focus group interview have shown that non-white people living in Sweden are angry because those campaigns films using black children in a way that show them as non-human. While white people living in Sweden in the group are angry because not only that these organizations using these children to their own benefits, but they also think that because of these organizations, they will be constantly reminded and seen as racists.

Introduktion: I dagens intensivvård hålls patienter som vårdas i respirator mer ytligt sederade. Patienterna blir berövade sitt verbala tal och behandlas i en miljö som kan upplevas som skrämmande. Detta ställer högre krav på sjuksköterskan, att bemöta patientens psykosociala behov på ett bra sätt och etablera en vårdande relation. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att skapa en vårdande relation med en vaken eller lätt sederad patient som vårdas i respirator på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv design användes och data insamlades med hjälp av fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer, med totalt 14 kvinnliga sjuksköterskor med minst två års yrkeserfarenhet av intensivvård. Studien utgick från tre intensivvårdsenheter i västra Sverige. Den insamlade datan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att skapa en vårdande relation med en vaken eller lätt sederad patient som vårdas i respirator, tolkades utifrån följande teman för att belysa olika faktorer som är av vikt: kommunikation i mötet, att lyfta fram personen bakom patienten, det vårdande rummet och när relationen försvåras. Slutsats: Att med hjälp av kommunikation skapa en gemensam förståelse, att lära känna patienten och orientera patienten i nuet, att vårda med respekt och trygghet och slutligen att sträva efter att lösa eventuella hinder som uppstår på vägen, var alla centrala faktorer i skapandet av en vårdande relation. Som blivande intensivvårdssjuksköterskor anser författarna att studien ger viktiga infallsvinklar i problemområdet som kan vara användbara i deras kommande yrkesroll. / Introduction: In today's intensive care, patients who are mechanically ventilated are more often lightly sedated. Patients are deprived of their verbal communication and treated in an environment that they can find frightening. This puts greater demands on the nurse, in order to respond to the patient's psychosocial needs in a positive way and establish a caring relationship. Aim: To illuminate nurses’ experience of creating a caring relationship with an awake or lightly sedated patient undergoing mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Method: A qualitative inductive design was used and data was collected with four focus groups, with a total of 14 female registered nurses with at least two years professional experience of intensive care. The study was conducted at three intensive care units in western Sweden. Data was analysed with a qualitative content analysis.   Result: Nurses' experience of creating a caring relationship with an awake or lightly sedated patient undergoing mechanical ventilation, was interpreted on the basis of the following themes to highlight the various factors that are of importance; communication in the meeting, to highlight the person behind the patient, the room of caring and when the relationship is complicated. Conclusion: Using communication to create a common understanding, to get to know the patient and orient the patient in the present, to provide care with respect and impart a sense of comfort, and finally strive to resolve any challenges that may arise along the way, were all key factors in creating a caring relationship. As future intensive care nurses, the authors consider that the study provides important insights into the problem area that may be useful in their future profession.

Purpose: to understand the tasks that health care aides (HCAs) are responsible for in a nursing home setting, and to understand which of these tasks HCAs feel are more important. Methods: In Phase 1, focus groups were conducted to validate the list of tasks and ensure HCAs could differentiate between them, according to task urgency, quality of care, and quality of life. During Phase 2, HCAs participated in a Delphi process to reach consensus on the relative importance of these tasks. Results: Participants reached consensus that 12 of 31 tasks were highly important according to task urgency. Of these, 10 were from the medical domain (e.g., skin care). Similar results were reached for the other definitions of importance. Conclusions: This study provides a framework for classifying HCA tasks into three domains (medical, social and indirect). Irrespective of the definition of importance used, medical tasks are consistently deemed as more important. / October 2016

Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la stratégie d’utilisation de critères de base, d’un point de vue éthique, dans l’allocation d’une quantité limitée d’antiviraux pour une utilisation préventive, lors d’une pandémie. Il est entendu qu’une réserve publique pour la prévention n’est pas présentement en vue. Ainsi un des objectifs de cette recherche est de servir de guide aux personnes ressources en positions décisionnelles, à savoir si l’acquisition d’une telle réserve est justifiée, et dans l’affirmatif, à qui elle serait destinée. La perspective spécifique de deux groupes de professionnels de la santé œuvrant en première ligne est considérée. Le premier groupe est constitué de professionnels provenant des hôpitaux de la région de Toronto qui ont vécu l’expérience du SRAS en 2003. Le second groupe est composé de travailleurs en santé de la région de Montréal qui n’auront pas vécu cette crise sanitaire. Les deux groupes sont analysés ensemble sur leur discours verbal et sur leurs réponses à un questionnaire bâti afin d’évaluer quel poids les participants donnent aux critères proposés. / The goal of this study is to assess the use of criteria as a means of deciding who might be priority recipients of an antiviral stockpile, aimed specifically at prevention, during an influenza pandemic. It is understood that a public antiviral stockpile for prevention is not available at this time. Thus one of the objectives of this research is to provide guidance to decision-makers in terms of feedback from healthcare workers on the issue of whether it is necessary to acquire such a stockpile and, if so, for whom. The specific perspectives of two groups of front-line healthcare workers are considered. One group consists of healthcare workers from Toronto hospitals who have experienced the 2003 SARS outbreak. The other group consists of healthcare workers from hospitals in Montreal who did not experience the SARS outbreak. The two groups analyses are based on verbal comments and their responses to a questionnaire designed to evaluate how participants with different background experiences will view and rank the proposed criteria.

La présente étude vise à décrire les représentations sociales que des jeunes francophones en santé au Nouveau-Brunswick ont à l’égard du diabète. Cette étude découle d’un partenariat, initié entre l’Université de Moncton et divers organismes et collèges communautaires du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui ont identifié l’importance d’intervenir auprès des jeunes francophones en milieu scolaire pour prévenir le diabète. La théorie des représentations sociales est le cadre théorique utilisé pour décrire la vision que les jeunes ont du diabète, de son origine et des facteurs associés à sa prévention. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à examiner le concept du diabète chez des adolescents non atteints de diabète. Hypothèse principale: étant donné que l’expérience que les adolescents ont du diabète est limitée à leur environnement social et qu’ils ont de la difficulté à définir les concepts de santé et de maladie, ils ne seront pas capables de décrire le diabète en profondeur. Pour ce faire, des groupes de discussion, incluant une technique d’association libre, ont été réalisés, entre novembre et décembre 2005, auprès d’adolescents de 5e, 8e et 10e année recrutés dans quatre écoles francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick (Districts 1 et 11). Les réponses des élèves aux groupes de discussion et à l’association libre ont été classées dans des catégories et sous-catégories (analyse de contenu), et des tests de Khi-deux et de «Fisher» ont permis de déterminer les différences entre les sexes et les niveaux scolaires. Cent-trente adolescents (70 filles et 60 garçons) de 5e (n=44), 8e (n=46) et 10e année (n=40) ont participé à 19 groupes de discussion. Lors de l’activité d’association libre, les catégories les plus fréquemment mentionnées étaient : sucre (cité par 66% des participants), traitement (48%), nature du diabète (45%), nutrition (41%), sang (38%), complications (18%), manifestations physiologiques (11%), obésité (6%) et activité physique (6%). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les sexes mais les élèves de 10e année ont cité plus fréquemment les catégories «traitement», «sang» et «obésité». Lors des groupes de discussion, les adolescents ont décrit le diabète comme une maladie (13/19 groupes) reliée au sucre (15/19 groupes) et au sang (13/19 groupes). Cependant, seulement quelques groupes ont discuté en profondeur de la nature du diabète (ex.: rôle de l’insuline et pancréas), des types de diabète (types 1 et 2) et des symptômes et des complications. Ils ont aussi cité ce que les gens atteints de diabète devaient faire pour traiter leur diabète (ex.: manger bien: 18 groupes; se piquer: 17 groupes; prendre des pilules: 5 groupes; et faire de l’activité physique: 5 groupes), mais ils n’ont pas discuté des stratégies à entreprendre pour y arriver. Les représentations de l’origine du diabète incluaient l’hérédité et l’âge (13/19 groupes), l’obésité et l’alimentation (12/19 groupes) et l’activité physique (13/19 groupes). Dans la moitié des groupes, les adolescents ont mentionné se sentir à risque de diabète; les filles plus que les garçons. Treize groupes ont fait référence aux comportements observés chez des diabétiques connus, ce qui démontre l’importance de l’environnement social sur les représentations. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse que les adolescents sont limités dans leur description du diabète en matière de définitions, origines et prévention du diabète. Ces résultats fournissent des pistes de réflexion aux professionnels de la santé pour identifier le contenu et les stratégies que devraient contenir les programmes éducatifs en matière de prévention du diabète chez les jeunes. / The purpose of this study is to describe healthy francophone adolescents’ social representations of diabetes. This study stems from a partnership, initiated between the University of Moncton and various college and community organizations in New Brunswick, which identified the importance of intervening among young francophone students to prevent diabetes. The theory of social representations is the conceptual framework used to describe adolescents’ vision about diabetes, its origin and factors associated with its prevention. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the concept of diabetes among adolescents without diabetes. Principal hypothesis: given that the experience adolescents have with diabetes is limited to their social environment and given that they have difficulty in defining the concepts of health and disease, they will not be able to describe diabetes in an in depth fashion. Focus groups, which included an activity using the Free Association technique, were conducted, between November and December 2005, with adolescents in grade 5, 8 and 10, recruited in four francophone schools in New Brunswick (Districts 1 and 11). Students’ responses, obtained during the focus groups and the Free Association activity, were classified into categories and sub-categories (content analysis); Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests were used to determine differences between sex and grade levels. One hundred and thirty adolescents (70 girls and 60 boys) in grade 5 (n=44), 8 (n=46) and 10 (n=40) participated in 19 focus group discussions. During the Free Association activity, the categories most frequently mentioned were: sugar (cited by 66% of participants), treatment (48%), nature of diabetes (45%), nutrition (41%), blood (38%), complications (18%), physiological manifestations (11%), obesity (6%), and physical activity (6%). No significant differences were observed between boys and girls but students in grade 10 were more likely to cite the categories of ‘treatment’, ‘blood’ and ‘obesity’. During the focus group discussions, adolescents described diabetes as a disease (13/19 groups) related to sugar (15/19 groups) and blood (13/19 groups). However, only a few groups discussed, in detail, the nature of diabetes (e.g.: role of insulin and pancreas), the types of diabetes (type 1 and 2), and the symptoms and complications of diabetes. They also cited what individuals with diabetes should do to treat their disease (e.g.: eat well: 18 groups; have injections: 17 groups; take pills: 5 groups; and be physically active: 5 groups), but they did not discuss the strategies to manage these behaviours. Representations of diabetes related to the origin of the disease included heredity and age (13/19 groups), obesity and nutrition (12/19 groups) and physical activity (13/19 groups). In half of the groups, adolescents mentioned feeling at risk for diabetes; girls more likely than boys. Thirteen groups referred to behaviours which they had observed among diabetics they knew, demonstrating the importance of the social environment in their representations. The results of this study support the hypothesis that adolescents are limited in their description of diabetes with respect to its definition, origins and prevention. These results provide direction for health professionals in identifying the content and strategies that should be included in diabetes prevention programs for youth.