The thesis´ aim is to deepen the understanding about what shapes and characterises the purchase process for management advice services. Such externally, acquired services have increased substantially, and in relation to the services´ impact on management decisions the theoretical and practical understanding of the purchase process is lagging behind. The thesis´ analyses, interpretations and conclusions are founded on empirical data collected by use of focus groups, and based on activity theory. The findings show that the purchase process is influenced by many actors who see themselves as subject in the process. They have similar but also conflicting objects that they want to fulfil. The outcome of the purchase process is influenced by contradictory opinions among the actors about how to organize and supervise the process. The main contradictions are influenced by the actors´ different objects and how they interpret the context of the purchase process. The context is shaped by such as leadership style, social rules regarding management of change and opinions about division of labour in the purchase process. The impression of the purchase process´s character is that commonly used supply chain models do not work as a characterization. The purchase process´s phases do not follow on each other and the glue that links the phases is not a rational procedure following one, firm route. The findings show that procurement, integration and follow-up phases overlap, are concurrent and integrated in each other. The purchase process reproduces the execution of polyphonic music in which different voices, each with its own melody, create a rich texture of sounds. In a similar way the purchase process is coined by actors who bring their own objects and competence into the process. It produces dissonance, as in polyphonic music. It mirrors the services character of competence development and shapes the purchase process as polyphonic rather than a rational, step by step process.

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Tidigare forskning pekar på försämrad kommunikationsförmåga som ett av de mest uppmärksammade symtomen vid demenssjukdom. För att förmedla ett budskap till sin omgivning använder dementa som alla andra människor både verbala och icke-verbala signaler. Med tiden försämras deras verbala uttrycksätt och de börjar istället att i allt högre grad använda sig av de icke-verbala signalerna, som till exempel ansiktsuttryck, kroppsspråk, gester, paraspråk och liknande. Eftersom dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt ibland kan vara väldigt svåra att tolka av andra i deras närhet, är det av stor betydelse att ta reda på de förutsättningar som påverkar detta. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån vårdpersonalens berättelser belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar deras tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt under omvårdnadsmötet. För att svara på detta syfte har jag använt mig av fokusgruppsintervjuer som metod för att samla in data, vilken sedan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att de faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt är (1) kunskap, (2) yrkeskompetens och (3) institutionella aspekter som psykosocial miljö och tid. Den föreliggande studiens resultat kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till en bättre kommunikation mellan dementa och vårdpersonal.

The purpose of this study was to examine high school students conceptions of young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes. Earlier research shows that this group of young people often come from families were physical, psychological and sexual abuse is reappearing factors. They often face a life of homelessness, drug abuse and prostitution. Still there is little research done about this phenomenon and what kind of help and support these young people could need. This study was done in a qualitative approach with the use of focus groups. The results were analyzed through the theoretical views of socialconstructivism and theorizing childhood and were also compared with earlier research. The results showed that about half of the participants had in some point in their life run away from home. They expressed that they thought that there are many young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes each year and that many of them probably don´t come to the knowledge of the social services. Their thoughts of what risks youths may encounter on the streets accord with results from earlier research. They also think that friends are the most valuable in terms of help and support.

Tediousness, fear and boredom are all part of everyday’s life for a student. How can a teacher counteract these feelings of boredom and replace them with a feeling of pleasure of learning? Students have to be motivated and want to go to school every day. By comparing student’s experiences of motivation this essays purpose is to create a theory about factors for motivation in education. However, the concept of motivation is far from easy to understand. Understanding what a student is motivated by is no less complex, and in relation to everyday’s teaching the situation is hard to grasp. A theory in this area is useful as a model of how to analyze a student’s motivation. After using focus groups the result was categorized into five categories. Strain, interest, the teacher, social and the future. By analyzing the results and the five categories a theory was formulated in which students were grouped by two criteria’s: motivation and prerequisites. Prerequisites are internal factors for motivation, motivation meaning external factors. Group 1 consists of students with less than average prerequisites and low motivation. Students in group 2 have good prerequisites but low motivation. Group 3 has bad prerequisites but are motivated. Thus group 4 students are motivated and have good prerequisites. To create motivation in education, a teacher could use this theory to better understand how a student is motivated. Thus creating a better understanding for how to motivate that student. / Leda, rädsla och långtråkighet utgör stora delar av elevens vardag. Hur kan en lärare verka för att byta dessa känslor mot mer lust att lära? Motivationen och viljan att komma till skolan varje dag måste finnas. Genom att jämföra elevers erfarenhet av motivation är syftet med denna uppsats att skapa en modell om motivationsfaktorer för undervisningen. Begreppet motivation är så komplext att det är svårt att finna dess kärna. Vad är en elev motiverad till? Motivation i undervisningen är inte mindre komplext. En modell inom detta område kan alltså användas för att analysera en elevs motivation. Genom fokusgrupper kategoriserades resultatet i fem kategorier, press, intresse, läraren, socialt och framtiden. Ur en analys av resultatet och dessa fem kategorier formulerades en modell där eleverna grupperas i fyra grupper efter två skalor: motivation och förutsättningar. Förutsättningar är interna faktorer till motivation och motivation innebär externa faktorer. I grupp 1 befinner sig elever med dåliga förutsättningar och låg motivation. Grupp 2 är elever med bra förutsättningar och låg motivation. De i grupp 3 har dåliga förutsättningar men bra motivation. Grupp 4 har både bra förutsättningar och är motiverade. För att skapa motivation i undervisningen kan en lärare använda sig av modellen för att förstå hur en elev ska motiveras. Därmed kan en lärare bättre förstå hur en elev ska motiveras.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.

Studier har visat att höga bullernivåer kan vara skadliga för såväl röst, hörsel och språkliginlärning som andra kognitiva förmågor. Höga ljudnivåer kan bidra till ett hyperfunktionelltröstbeteende som kan ge kroniska besvär. Barns röstorgan kan vara särskilt sårbara då de ännuinte är fullt utvecklade. På många förskolor är bullernivån hög och ogynnsam för både barn ochpersonal och därmed utgör de båda en riskgrupp för att utveckla röstbesvär och hörselskador.Föreliggande studie består av ljudnivåmätningar av två förskolors lokaler samtfokusgruppsintervjuer av 16 femåriga barn. Syftet var att kartlägga hur barnen upplever bulleroch kommunikation på förskola samt relatera det till uppmätta ljudnivåer. Studien ingår i ettstörre nordiskt projekt.Resultatet visar att barnen förefaller ha viss kunskap om bullrets påverkan på hörseln men intealls på rösten. Barnens utsagor speglar att de har viss kunskap om att buller försvårarkommunikation och att de föredrar lägre ljudnivåer. Barnen uttrycker även egna erfarenheter avatt det ibland är svårt att kommunicera på förskolorna. Resultatet av bullermätningarna indikerarockså detta. Utifrån föreliggande studies intervjuer framkommer följande tre teman och sexunderkategorier; egna upplevelser (kroppsliga, emotionella), miljöfaktorer (rumsliga, buller)samt strategier (röst, hörsel). Bullervärden mättes i samtliga rum både med och utan barn ochpersonal närvarande. Ljudnivåer förekom från 60 till 93 dB(A) med barn och personal i rummen.Bullernivåerna låg ofta över 70 dB(A) och det högsta uppmätta värdet var 93 dB(A) i lekrummetvid en gemensam fri lek. / Studies have shown that high levels of background noise are damaging on voice, hearing andlanguage learning skills but also affects other cognitive skills. High sound pressure can lead to ahyperfunctional and faulty voice use. This can cause chronic voice disorders. The voice organs inchildren may be particularly vulnerable since they are not yet fully developed. The noise level ishigh in many preschools and therefore both children and teachers are at risk for developing voicedisorders and hearing impairment.The study consists of sound pressure level measurements and focus group interviews of 16 fiveyear-old children in two different preschools. The purpose was to find out how five-year-oldchildren experience noise and communication in preschools and relate their opinions to themeasured sound pressure levels. The study is included in a bigger Nordic project.The result showed that the children seem to have some knowledge of the effects of noise onhearing but not at all of the effects on voice. The statements reflect that they seem to have someknowledge about negative effects of noise on communication. The children also express that theyprefer lower levels of background noise rather than high. The children expressed that they hadexperiences of occasionally having difficulties to communicate in their preschool due to highbackground noise. These statements are supported by the high levels of background noisemeasured in the study. Three themes and six categories were identified from the interviews, theywere: Own Experiences (Physical, Emotional), Environmental Factors (Spatial, Noise) andStrategies (Voice, Hearing).Sound pressure levels were measured in all rooms with and without the children and teacher’sattendance. With children and teachers present noise levels were ranging from 60 to 93 dB(A).The noise levels were frequently over 70 dB(A) and the highest noise value was 93 dB(A) in the playing room when free play occurred. / “How does it Work? Voice, Speech and Communication”

Syftet med studien är att få en bild av vad ungdomar i västra Sverige har för drömjobb samt vilka faktorer de upplever påverkar dem att nå det. Empirin i denna kvalitativa studie har samlats in genom fem fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt 22 deltagare. Studien har utgått ifrån tredjeårselever på gymnasiet och deras tankar om framtiden med fokus på drömjobbet. Dessa ungdomar står inför val som kommer att ha betydelse i deras liv. Resultatet visar att ungdomarna i studien värdesätter trivsel högst i ett arbete, detta i kombination med en bra lön. De ville ha råd att kunna göra det de vill, fritiden och familjen värdesätts högt. Vad drömjobbet var varierade bland ungdomarna, några arbeten som nämndes var personalchef, psykolog, frisör och byggnadsingenjör. För att nå sina drömjobb ansåg de flesta att de behöver en utbildning. Något som ungdomarna upplevde kan hindra dem att nå drömjobbet är att de tar en paus i studerandet vilket kan leda till att de fastnar på en arbetsplats eller inte orkar ta tag i studierna igen. En anledning till att inte studera vidare direkt efter gymnasiet var att de inte visste vad de ville arbeta med. Många av ungdomarna nämnde att de ville arbeta med något som passar deras personlighet och att arbetet skall kännas meningsfullt för dem. / The purpose of this study is identify aspects of  young peoples’ in Western Sweden dream jobs looks and which describe the factors that respondents think will affect their ability to reach these dream jobs. This is a qualitative study, using information from five focus groups, involving 22 students. This study identified the various factors that youths in the third year in high school think are important when they think about their future employment. The young people described in this study are faced with decisions regarding education and employment that will have consequences throughout their lives. This study’s results show that the young participants described here value ​​the feeling of enjoying the social aspects of work as most important, along with a good salary. Respondents want to earn enough to afford to do what they like to do, and say that their spare time and family are highly valued. The descriptions of dream jobs vary widely, including personnel manager, psychologist, hairdresser and construction engineer. In order to obtain their dream jobs, most respondents believe that they need additional education. Some of the respondents feel that a break from studying can prevent them from reaching their dream jobs, as they feel that employment would be a hindrance to returning to school. On the other hand some of the respondents felt that a break between gymnasium and higher education might be a good idea, as they are not able to identify their dream job yet. Most respondents set high priorities on finding work that fits their own personalities and making sure that their work was meaningful for them.

The overall aim of this thesis was to examine beliefs about human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention, especially vaccination, among parents, immigrant women, adolescents and school nurses, and to promote primary prevention among adolescents. The methods used in the thesis were focus group interviews, individual interviews, a web-based questionnaire, and finally, a randomised controlled intervention study. The immigrant women were largely in favour of HPV prevention, although barriers, such as logistic difficulties, and cultural or gender norms were found. Parents’ decision concerning vaccination of their daughters depended on several factors. Regardless of their final choice, they made the decision they believed was in the best interest of their daughter. The benefits outweighed the risks for parents choosing to vaccinate while parents declining made the opposite judgement. The majority of the school nurses reported that the governmental financial support given because of the vaccination programme had not been used for the intended purpose. Three out of four nurses had been contacted by parents who raised questions regarding the vaccine; most were related to side effects. The educational intervention had favourable effects on the adolescents’ beliefs regarding HPV prevention, especially among those with an immigrant background. Furthermore, the intention to use condom as well as actual vaccination rates among girls was slightly increased by the intervention. Trust in the governmental recommendations and the amounts of information given are important factors in the complex decision about HPV vaccination. Attention given to specific needs and cultural norms, as well as the possibility to discuss HPV vaccination with the school nurse and provision of extra vaccination opportunities at a later time are all strategies that might facilitate participation in the school-based HPV vaccination programme. School nurses need sufficient resources, knowledge and time to meet parents’ questions and concerns. The vaccinations are time-consuming and the governmental financial support needs to be used as intended, for managing the vaccination programme. A school-based intervention can have favourable effects on the beliefs and actual actions of young people and may possibly thus, in the long term, decrease the risk for HPV-related cancer.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ledare beskriver de processer som uppstår in en multikulturell ledningsgrupp. Studien är designad som en fallstudie omfattande en multikulturell ledningsgrupp, med tio personer från sju olika nationaliteter. Teorier om ledarskap, multikulturalitet och gruppdynamik används för att visa på de komplexa grupp-processer som antogs kunna framträda. Forskningsfrågan som besvaras är: ”Vilka inomgruppsliga processer framträder i en multikulturell ledningsgrupp när gruppen samtalar om ledarskapet, multikulturaliteten och gruppdynamiken i den egna gruppen?” Huvudsaklig metod har varit fokusgruppmetoden. Materialet har analyserats med fenomenologisk hermeneutisk ansats. Resultatet visar tre processer som framträder: Identitetskapande, lärande och interaktion samt förhållningssätt till skillnader. Diskussionen behandlar dessa tre processer som intimt förknippade med varandra, och mynnar ut i några nycklar som kan användas för att öka förståelsen för arbete i multikulturella ledningsgrupper. / The purpose of this thesis is to study how leaders describe the processes that emerge in a multicultural management team. The study was designed as a case study of a ten person multicultural team of leaders from seven different nationalities. Theorys of leadership, multiculturality and group dynamics are used to show the complexity of the group processes that would eventually emerge. The research question that is answered is:”What in-group processes are emerging in a multicultural team of leaders, as they talk about leadership, group dynamics and multicultural issues within the group?” The method used is focus groups and the material has been analyzed with a hermeneutic and phenomenologic approach. The result shows three main processes that emerges within the group: identity building, deep learning interaction and attitude keeping to differences. The discussion treats these three processes as intimately connected to each other and some keys are suggested that can be used to increase understanding of work in multicultural teams of leaders.