The growth of the Church in Africa, namely at numerical level, is tremendous. However, we notice that her impact on society and public life is not so visible as the growth is, since Christian values are embodied by Christians. Yet, the Church has huge human resources, pastors, missionaries, lay leaders and theologians. The challenge for the Church in Africa is to incarnate and inculturate these values and the living message of the Gospel. In this thesis we question the co-operation between the Church and mission agencies, between native pastors and western missionaries. We notice that since 150 years, there has been a huge gap between these two entities. This is due to the fact that Theology and Missiology look like two lines that never meet. This situation leads us to revisit not only the current paradigm Church-Mission but also the current link between Theology and Missiology. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

This study is intended to shed light on similarities and differences in terms of functional structure of the clause when modality is expressed by use of modal operators in Russian and English, in order to arrive at findings which inform, and are applicable to, the process of English language acquisition by the Russian learner. The need for the investigation was prompted by the author’s work experience in the field of English teaching, and the lack of explicit guidance in available textbooks currently used in Russian schools and institutions with regard to the particular issue highlighted. While learning the subject of Systemic Functional Linguistics, I drew parallels between the functional structures in the two languages, the purpose of which is to provide a roadmap which facilitates the learning and teaching of English modality to the Russian learner. The approach of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the metafunctions as the correspondence in the sociolinguistic message of the clause, is used as a basis for comparing the functional structures in both languages. The investigation of functional grammar features is carried out in order to spotlight  both the similarities and the differences inherent in expressing a degree of probability of an event or statement indicated, not only by the choice of an appropriate modal verb, but also its placement within the clause. The role of the social context in which the text is set is noted as significant for delivering the precise meaning of the message. Hence, the proposition will be pursued through further investigation in the field of modality, and viewed from perspectives of sociolinguistics.

La marque, une des plus vieilles institutions sociales, a pris une importance inégalée au XXe siècle devenant à la fois l’illustration de la globalisation moderne et un moyen d’expression tant culturelle que citoyenne. Aussi, depuis les années 1920, on s’interroge sur l’évolution des fonctions de la marque et du droit de marque. Les titulaires de droit ont notamment cherché à étendre leur protection au-delà des frontières initiales pour y inclure l’imaginaire de marque (brand) en se réappropriant indûment le langage de la propriété. Ce mélange des genres est venu perturber le difficile équilibre entre la protection des intérêts commerciaux et des libertés fondamentales. À la lumière de la littérature historique, sémiotique et marketing, nous soumettons que l’imaginaire de marque a pris de l’ampleur tout en se détachant de la notion de marque. La rationalité de la marque et du droit de marque est restée attachée à leurs racines originelles à savoir la référence du public à une source. C’est autour de celle-ci que la protection s’opère et que la construction du régime juridique du droit de marque devrait être réalisée. Il convient ainsi de refondre le régime juridique du droit de marque autour de cette fonction d’origine. Une reconstruction fonctionnelle de la notion de marque permet d’enligner le droit avec la diversité des marques dans la société moderne : tout ce qui est à même de référer le public à une origine devrait se qualifier au titre d’une marque. Cela permet notamment d’inclure de manière cohérente les hologrammes et les noms de domaine à l’édifice, outre les autres formes de marque encore inconnues. Cette approche fonctionnelle permettra de surcroît de recentrer le droit de marque sur la notion de confusion du public. Il s’agit notamment d’abandonner le critère de l’emploi, tout en sortant les marques de la sphère du mercantile. Cette rationalité retrouvée offrira une ligne de protection flexible répondant aux enjeux démocratiques de protection de la liberté d’expression mais également à ceux du numérique en lien par exemple avec la publicité ou les mots-clics. / Rethinking Trademark Rights: An Essay on a Functional Approach to Marks in a Global and Digital Economy – Trademarks, one of the oldest social institutions, rose to a unique standing in the 20th century to become the symbol of modern globalization as well as a means of expression and activism. Since the 1920s, the evolution of the function of marks and trademark rights is discussed. Rights holders sought to extend their protection beyond the initial boundaries to include the marketing concept of brand through erroneous language and rhetoric of property, ownership and theft. Such propositions have disrupted the fragile and dynamic equilibrium between commercial interests and civil liberties. Looking at History, Semiotics and Marketing, I argue that brands gained prominence, but took off from trademarks. The rationale for the latter and for trademark rights is still fundamentally rooted in the referential function to a source. The protection and the legal construction of trademark rights should only revolve around such a function. I therefore propose to recast trademarks’ legal framework upon this function of origin. Redelineating the concept of “mark” through a functional approach will align the law with the diversity and versatility of trademarks in modern societies: whatever serves a referential purpose should amount to a mark. This will notably offer a coherent scheme to include holograms or domain names, among future and unknown new means of reference. This functional approach will also refocus mark rights on the standard of public confusion. I argue that the law should deviate from the standard of use, and understand marks out of the trade sphere. This rationale would offer a stringent but flexible framework that addresses issues of freedom of expression as well as those arising out of the digital world, e.g. advertisement and hashtags.

With the advent of a new constitutional dispensation in South Africa, intimate relationships that were not formally recognised, such as customary marriages, became fully recognised through designated legislation. Domestic partnerships are, however, afforded only limited recognition despite compelling reasons that lead people to domestic partnerships. Domestic partners are also discriminated against based on marital status despite a Constitution that forbids discrimination based on equality, human dignity and marital status. The object of this study is to investigate whether there are sufficient grounds to afford domestic partnerships full recognition similar to that granted to civil marriage. This study includes arguments in favour and against the recognition of domestic partnerships and a discussion of the reasons that lead people into domestic partnerships. There will also be an analysis of the draft Domestic Partnership Bill 36 of 2008 to determine the suitability of the draft Bill to regulate domestic partnerships. This investigation is conducted with reference to relevant draft Bills, legislation, and case law. / Private Law / LLM

Dans les écosystèmes forestiers pauvres en nutriments, les minéraux du sol constituent la principale source de nutriments inorganiques nécessaires à leur bon fonctionnement. Néanmoins ces nutriments ne sont pas directement accessibles aux racines des arbres. C'est l'action conjointe de facteurs abiotiques, comme le pH ou la circulation de l'eau, et biotiques comme les racines ou les microorganismes du sol dont les bactéries, qui vont conduire à l'altération de ces minéraux. A ce jour, nos connaissances sur les communautés bactériennes impliquées dans le processus d'altération et leur distribution dans des sols forestiers restent limitées, notamment à des habitats tels que la rhizosphère et la mycorhizosphère. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de caractériser les communautés bactériennes colonisant les minéraux du sol et leur aptitude à altérer les minéraux et enfin d'identifier les gènes bactériens impliqués. La combinaison d'approches cultivable, non cultivable et de biogéochimie sur des minéraux enterrés pendant 4 ans dans un sol forestier, a démontré que leur surface était colonisée par des communautés bactériennes spécifiques, capables d'altérer les minéraux et présentant des capacités métaboliques limitées, suggérant que ce support pourrait être considéré comme un habitat : la minéralosphère. La relation minéral/bactéries a été testée in situ via un amendement minéral sur une plantation et a mis en évidence l'impact de la disponibilité en nutriments sur la structuration des communautés bactériennes capables d'altérer les minéraux. L'étude génétique réalisée sur la souche modèle PML1(12) a révélé l'implication de plusieurs mécanismes dans la fonction altération / In nutrient-poor forest ecosystems, minerals are the main source of inorganic nutrients for the long lasting functioning of the forests. However, these nutrients are not directly accessible to the tree roots. It is the joined action of abiotic factors, such as pH and water circulation, and biotic factors such as tree roots and soil microorganisms, and notably bacteria, which leads to the solubilisation of these minerals. To date, our knowledge of the bacterial communities involved in the mineral weathering process and their distribution in forest soils is very limited and remains restricted to habitats such as the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere. The goals of this PhD thesis were to characterise the mineral associated bacterial communities, their ability to weather minerals and finally to identify the bacterial genes involved in the mineral weathering process. The combination of geochemical, cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches applied on minerals grounded in a forest soil during 4 years, revealed that the mineral associated bacterial communities were specific, able to weather minerals and had restricted metabolic abilities. These results suggest that minerals could be considered as a true ecological habitat: the mineralosphere. The mineral/bacteria relationship was tested in situ through a mineral amendment applied on a small-scale plantation, which has highlighted that the nutrient availability impacted the functional structure of the mineral weathering bacterial communities. At least, random mutagenesis applied on a model mineral weathering bacterial strain revealed that its mineral weathering ability resulted from several molecular mechanisms

With the advent of a new constitutional dispensation in South Africa, intimate relationships that were not formally recognised, such as customary marriages, became fully recognised through designated legislation. Domestic partnerships are, however, afforded only limited recognition despite compelling reasons that lead people to domestic partnerships. Domestic partners are also discriminated against based on marital status despite a Constitution that forbids discrimination based on equality, human dignity and marital status. The object of this study is to investigate whether there are sufficient grounds to afford domestic partnerships full recognition similar to that granted to civil marriage. This study includes arguments in favour and against the recognition of domestic partnerships and a discussion of the reasons that lead people into domestic partnerships. There will also be an analysis of the draft Domestic Partnership Bill 36 of 2008 to determine the suitability of the draft Bill to regulate domestic partnerships. This investigation is conducted with reference to relevant draft Bills, legislation, and case law. / Private Law / LL. M.

Le droit des sûretés réelles a fait l’objet de profondes mutations à la suite de plusieurs réformes successives qui viennent de l’affecter. Si la matière s’est indubitablement modernisée, il reste qu’elle souffre d’un manque de cohérence globale qui tient tout à la fois à la trop grande offre de sûretés et à l’insuffisance de règles fédératrices venant régir l’ensemble. La question se pose alors de savoir s’il est possible et envisageable de dégager un socle de règles communes plus élaboré, voire même un droit commun, et selon quelles modalités. Il en ressort l’interrogation sur l’efficacité du droit ohada des sûretés réelles au regard de l’inadéquation entre les objectifs du législateur africain et les moyens qu’il a mis en oeuvre pour les atteindre. Au regard des expériences internationales, la réponse à ces questionnements réside à notre sens dans une réforme plus ambitieuse du droit ohada des sûretés réelles qui se traduirait par l’adoption d’une approche fonctionnelle telle qu’il nous a été donné de voir dans des pays appartenant à la même tradition juridique que la nôtre. Plus concrètement, il s’agira de redonner, à travers cette conception fonctionnelle des sûretés, de la cohérence, de la simplicité et de l’accessibilité, en somme de l’efficacité au droit ohada des sûretés réelles de manière à le rapprocher des populations et des réalités socio-économiques des États de l’ohada tout en n’occultant pas les enjeux économiques internationaux. / The real security interests law/secured transactions has gone through crucial changes following a series of several reforms which has affected it. If the subject matter has undoubtedly been modernized, it is obvious that the real security interests law/secured transactions is still lacking of general consistency which is linked simultaneously to the large numbers of proposal on security interests and to the insufficiency of federative rules which come to govern the whole. Actually, the problem poses the question to know if it is possible and conceivable to put forward a base of more sophisticated general rules, or even a general law, and according to what methods? The interrogation underlines the efficacy of ohada real securities law in regard to the inadequacy between the objectives of the African legislator and the means used by him to achieve them. In other words, it is admitted to question on the way of a reinforcement of the actual real securities law in sight of a greatest efficacy. In regard to the international experiences, the answer of these questioning is found, in our opinion, in a reform more ambitious of the ohada real securities law which is going to lead to the adoption of a functional approach as it was observed in States with the same juridical culture of ours. In concrete terms, it is important to give back, through this functional conception of securities interest, coherence, and simplicity, in sum, efficacy to ohada real securities law likewise to bring it closer to the population and to the socio-economic realities of ohada member States while revealing the international economic stakes.

This master’s thesis deals with a problems of value management as a comprehensive innovative tool designed to enable the company to achieve competitiveness in all its activities, increase productivity and maximize progress towards the objectives set by using minimum resources. Describes the use of values-based approach and its methods, disciplines and application tools. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to establish a common basis for company management, which could successfully implement and apply the value management in practice.

Samspelet mellan Försvarsmakten och FMV har förändrats. Före 2019 ansvarade FMV för de tekniska system de anskaffat på uppdrag av Försvarsmakten över hela dess livscykel. 2019 flyttades det tekniska designansvaret över till Försvarsmakten för system i användningfasen. Det innebar att Försvarsmakten och dess försvarsgrenar övertog ett ansvar för sina system de tidigare inte innehaft.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda vad det inneburit för armén att få det tekniska designansvaret för sina system och hur arbetet för att omhänderta detta ansvar kan utföras.  Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med representanter från Försvarsmakten. Studien genomfördes med en induktiv ansats.  Vi analyserade empirin som vi fick från intervjuerna med en anpassad grundad teori som analysmetod. Resultatet av analysen har granskats och jämförts med forskning av implementering och tvärfunktionellt arbete. Våra slutsatser är att vi har studerat en pågående implementering med mycket kvarstående arbete samt att en tvärfunktionell ansats har visats sig vara ett bra sätt för armén att hantera sina nya uppgifter. / The interaction between the Swedish Armed Forces and The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration has changed. Before 2019, The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration was responsible for the technical systems they acquired on behalf of the Swedish Armed Forces throughout its life cycle. In 2019, the responsibility for the technical design was transferred to the Swedish Armed Forces for systems in the user phase. This meant that the Swedish Armed Forces and its branches assumed a responsibility for their systems they had not previously held.  The purpose of this study is to investigate what it has meant for the Swedish Army to have the responsibility for the technical design of their systems and how to manage this responsibility. The thesis was conducted as a qualitative interview study with representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces. The study was conducted with an inductive approach.  We analyzed the empirical data received from the interviews using a custom grounded theory as an analytical method. The results of the analysis have been reviewed and compared with research of implementation and cross-functional work. Our conclusions are that we have studied an ongoing implementation with a lot of remaining work, a cross-functional approach has been shown to be an appropriate way for the Army to handle its new tasks.

As outer space becomes more commercialized, humans have invested more time and efforts into the use and exploration of the outer space domain. Captured by the display of opportunities, space is becoming increasingly overcrowded. Currently, the only framework fully embracing the exploration and use of outer space is the Outer Space Treaty (OST), put forward by the United Nations in 1967. While the OST is detailing how space faring nations ought to peacefully use outer space as a joint arena for technological development, the discourse on outer space governance still experience some serious definitional limitations. This paper examines two interconnected deficiencies in the literature on outer space; first, the insufficient research and development of a space power theory and; second, the absence of, and the challenges in constructing and all- encompassing definition and/or delimitation of outer space. To support the discussion and to reach some definitive conclusions of the current status of these issues, a selection of historical theories and contemporary cases have been applied to enrich the debate. By identifying gaps in the literature, this paper strives to highlight some of the controversies in the outer space discourse.