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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-02T19:33:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by JOÃO EMMANUEL RIBEIRO GUIMARÃES (jerguimaraes@uol.com.br) on 2016-08-02T19:38:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-03T17:17:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_jer_dr_jabo.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T17:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_jer_dr_jabo.pdf: 2357812 bytes, checksum: aa12a27f8cac4f4de61f6f2ccb80c925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar produtos alternativos, considerados naturais, como o extrato de própolis verde e óleos essenciais, no controle pós-colheita da antracnose em mangas ‘Palmer’. Foram extraídos dez óleos essenciais de plantas e avaliados, inicialmente, quanto ao potencial antifúngico contra o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Dentre os óleos testados, os de Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus globulus foram selecionados pelos seus destacados efeitos inibitórios. Na etapa in vitro foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram testadas concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos óleos, utilizando seis repetições por tratamento. Na etapa in vivo, foram realizados quatro experimentos em que mangas ‘Palmer, foram imersas em cera associada a diferentes concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos três óleos essenciais selecionados na etapa anterior. Após a secagem e formação dos revestimentos, os frutos tratados com própolis foram armazenados 12 ºC por 12 dias e mais 3 dias em temperatura de ambiente (22± 2 ºC e 65± 5% UR), e os tratados com óleos essenciais por 14 dias sob refrigeração, e por mais 3 dias a temperatura de ambiente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito dos tratamentos, quando significativo, por meio do Teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O própolis verde a partir de 2%, o óleo de capim-limão a partir de 250 ppm e o de tomilho a partir de 10 ppm, se mostraram eficientes em controlar o crescimento do C. gloeosporioides in vitro. O óleo de eucalipto comum retardou, mas não inibiu o crescimento do C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Todos os óleos se mostraram eficientes em inibir a germinação de esporos de C. gloeosporioides. Os tratamentos com cera e cera associada aos óleos ou extrato de própolis reduziram o crescimento da lesão in vivo, sendo que a maior inibição (70%) do patógeno foi conseguida com o extrato de própolis verde na concentração de 2,5%. Todos os produtos testados se mostraram eficientes na manutenção da qualidade de frutos de mangas ‘Palmer’ inoculadas com C. gloeosporioides. / The objective was to evaluate alternative products, considered natural such as green propolis extract and essential oils, in the post-harvest control of anthracnose in 'Palmer' mangos. Ten essential oils from plants were extracted and evaluated, initially, for their potential as antifungal agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Among the oils tested, the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were selected for their outstanding inhibitory effects. In the in vitro stage four experiments were conducted, in which green propolis extract and oil concentrations were tested using six replicates per treatment. In the in vivo phase, four experiments were performed in which ‘Palmer’ mangos were dipped in wax associated with different concentrations of green propolis extract and the three essential oils selected in the previous step. After the drying process and formation of coatings, the fruits treated with propolis were stored at 12°C for 12 days and then another 3 days at room temperature (22 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH), and those treated with essential oils were stored for 14 days under refrigeration and for 3 days at room temperature. The results were subjected to variance analysis and a review of the effect of treatments, when significant, by test F. Means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The green propolis from 2%, lemongrass oil from 250 ppm and thyme from 10 ppm were effective in controlling the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Common eucalyptus oil was inhibited, but it did not inhibit the growth in vitro of C. gloeosporioides. The procedures with wax and associated wax with oil or propolis extract reduced the growth in vivo of the injury, and the greater inhibition (70%) of the pathogen was achieved with green propolis extract at 2,5% concentration. All products tested have proven effective in maintaining fruit quality of 'Palmer' mangos inoculated with C. gloeosporioides. / FAPESP: 2013/10397-5

Orientador: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Renata Moreira Leal / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Banca: Cristiane Maria Ascari Morgado / Banca: Juliana Sanches / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar produtos alternativos, considerados naturais, como o extrato de própolis verde e óleos essenciais, no controle pós-colheita da antracnose em mangas 'Palmer'. Foram extraídos dez óleos essenciais de plantas e avaliados, inicialmente, quanto ao potencial antifúngico contra o Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Dentre os óleos testados, os de Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus e Eucalyptus globulus foram selecionados pelos seus destacados efeitos inibitórios. Na etapa in vitro foram realizados quatro experimentos, em que foram testadas concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos óleos, utilizando seis repetições por tratamento. Na etapa in vivo, foram realizados quatro experimentos em que mangas 'Palmer, foram imersas em cera associada a diferentes concentrações de extrato de própolis verde e dos três óleos essenciais selecionados na etapa anterior. Após a secagem e formação dos revestimentos, os frutos tratados com própolis foram armazenados 12 ºC por 12 dias e mais 3 dias em temperatura de ambiente (22± 2 ºC e 65± 5% UR), e os tratados com óleos essenciais por 14 dias sob refrigeração, e por mais 3 dias a temperatura de ambiente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e o efeito dos tratamentos, quando significativo, por meio do Teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O própolis verde a partir de 2%, o óleo de capim-limão a partir de 250 ppm e o de tomilho a partir de 10 ppm, se mostraram e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate alternative products, considered natural such as green propolis extract and essential oils, in the post-harvest control of anthracnose in 'Palmer' mangos. Ten essential oils from plants were extracted and evaluated, initially, for their potential as antifungal agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro. Among the oils tested, the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were selected for their outstanding inhibitory effects. In the in vitro stage four experiments were conducted, in which green propolis extract and oil concentrations were tested using six replicates per treatment. In the in vivo phase, four experiments were performed in which 'Palmer' mangos were dipped in wax associated with different concentrations of green propolis extract and the three essential oils selected in the previous step. After the drying process and formation of coatings, the fruits treated with propolis were stored at 12°C for 12 days and then another 3 days at room temperature (22 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH), and those treated with essential oils were stored for 14 days under refrigeration and for 3 days at room temperature. The results were subjected to variance analysis and a review of the effect of treatments, when significant, by test F. Means were compared by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The green propolis from 2%, lemongrass oil from 250 ppm and thyme from 10 ppm were effective in controlling the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. Comm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: César Junior Bueno / Resumo: A família das anonáceas possui cerca de 40 gêneros e mais de 2.000 espécies, a maioria de regiões de clima tropical ou subtropical. Dessas, muitas possuem características importantes e são de interesse comercial, sendo que o consumo tem apresentado um franco crescimento. As anonáceas têm como característica o sabor adocicado pronunciado e perfume bem característico dos frutos, sendo seu uso voltado para o consumo in natura ou na forma de polpas processadas pela indústria. A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum spp., tem se destacado como umas das principais doenças na cultura da atemóia (Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa), ocasionando danos em várias partes da planta e em frutos jovens, e também na pós-colheita, o que tem preocupado produtores da região devido a agressividade apresentada no campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação das espécies de Colletotrichum spp., de isolados do fungo coletados de atemóia da região de Botucatu, por meio de estudos de caracterização patogênica, cultural e morfológica. Para auxiliar, espécies de Colletotrichum, devidamente identificadas, foram obtidas e inclusas também nos estudos de caracterização. O teste de patogenicidade e a inoculação cruzada dos isolados em diferentes frutos foi efetuada utilizando-se discos de 5mm de diâmetro de BDA contendo micélio de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. acutatum e Colletotrichum spp. e procedendose com a utilização de diferentes frutas tropicais e subtropicais. Foram também realizadas a caracterização enzimática, onde avaliou-se a produção das enzimas proteases, celulases, amilases e lipases através da mensuração do diâmetro do halo formado em torno das colônias, comparou-se a morfologia das colônias e largura de conídios, sua forma e a presença ou não de microescleródios. Culturalmente estudou-se a coloração das colônias assim ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Annonaceae family has approximately 40 genera and more than 2,000 species; most of which are from tropical and subtropical regions. Many of these plants are commercially important and have been increasingly consumed. They present highly sweet taste and their fruits have a typical aroma. The fruits are consumed in natura or as industrially processed pulps. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sp., has been one of the main diseases that affects atemoya (Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa) crop, leading to injuries in several plant parts, as well as in young and post-harvested fruits. This is a worrying fact for producers of Botucatu region due to the severity of this disease in the field. The present study aimed at identifying anthracnose causal agent through pathogenic and enzymatic assays, besides cultural and morphological characterization of isolates collected from Annonaceae plants in Botucatu region. In addition, fruit cross-infection potential of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates, already identified, from different tropical and subtropical species was evaluated to help in this identification. Enzymatic characterization consisted of analyzing the production of proteases, cellulases, amylases and lipases. The diameter of the halos formed around the colonies was measured in order to compare colony morphology and conidium width, shape and presence or absence of microsclerotia. Colonies were assessed as to coloration, growth rate at different temperatures, and growth in medium supplemented with Benomyl fungicide. Isolates were collected in the producing region of Botucatu. For the pathogenicity test, crossed inoculation was carried out in different ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Guava is cultivated in many parts of the world, but the high perishability and the incidence of diseases such as anthracnose limits its commercialization. The challenge to the method used to attempt to solve these problems, the use of chemicals, has instigated the conduct of research with products. Thus, plantas have been studied mant times have active substances with antimicrobial properties, among them aroeira that is widely used in folk medicine and its potencial for the use in agricultura are being targeted studies. Another alternative is the use of coatings based on polymers such as chitosan that in addition to prolonging the shelf-life also presents potencial antifungal. This study to determine the yeld of aqueous extract and hydrolate mastic and the main chemical compounds contained, to evaluate the antifungal effect of hydrodistillation byproducts on in vitro development of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and test biofilm-base chitosan for promote increased service life and control the attack of anthracnose in guavas Paluma . The aqueous extract end hydrolate were obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves and seeds at different times. For the in vitro antifungical power of aroeira in C. gloeosporioides concentrations used were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% aqueous extraxt, 10, 15, 20 and 25% hydrolate and 2μL fungicide. In vivo test, guavas were inoculated with the pathogen were for 1 minute in chitosan solutions 2, 3 and 4% and subjected to chemical and physical assessments every 4 days storage totaling 12. It was observed that the time of hydrodistillation did not influence the yeld of the aqueous extract and hydrolate, indicating 2,5h for extraction. Larger amounts of hidrolact were obtained from levaes of aroeira, while the yield of the extract was not influenced by the plant. Unable to determine the compounds existing in the hydrolate aroeira. The fungus developed in all treatments with respect cotonoso except in fungicide Captan® (2μL). The aqueous extract and hydrolate aroeira showed no fungicidal properties of inhibiting the development of in vitro concentrations used in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not recommended to control of this fungus. The guavas coated with chitosan 3 and 4% had delayed ripening being evidenced by the high firmness, color maintenance from the pulp and peel, slight increase of soluble solids and vitamin C in addition to having constant pH. A 2% chitosan was not as efficient when compared to other concentrations. The fruits control and fungicide were not fit for consumption for 12 days due to the rapid maruration and incidence of anthracnose. All concentrations of chitosan were efficient in controlling the fungus. / A goiaba é cultivada em várias partes do mundo, porém a alta perecibilidade e a incidência de doenças como a antracnose limitam a sua comercialização. A contestação do método mais utilizado para tentar solucionar tais problemas, o uso de produtos químicos, tem instigado a realização de pesquisas com produtos naturais. Assim, as plantas vêm sendo estudadas por muitas vezes possuírem substâncias ativas com propriedades antimicrobianas, dentre elas a aroeira que é amplamente utilizada na medicina popular e suas potencialidades quanto ao uso na agricultura estão sendo alvo de estudos. Outra alternativa é o uso de revestimentos a base de biopolímeros como a quitosana que além de prolongar a vida pós-colheita também apresenta potencial fungitóxico. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o rendimento do extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira e os principais compostos químicos contidos, avaliar o efeito fungitóxico destes subprodutos da hidrodestilação no desenvolvimento in vitro do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e testar biofilmes a base de quitosana para promover o aumento da vida útil e controlar o ataque da antracnose em goiabas Paluma . O extrato aquoso e o hidrolato foram obtidos por hidrodestilação de folhas e sementes em diferentes tempos. Para o ensaio in vitro do poder fungitóxico da aroeira em C. gloeosporioides foram utilizadas as concentrações 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% de extrato aquoso; 10, 15, 20 e 25% de hidrolato e 2μL de fungicida. No ensaio in vivo as goiabas foram inoculadas com o patógeno, imersas por 1 minuto em soluções de quitosana a 2, 3 e 4% e submetidas a avaliações físicas e químicas a cada 4 dias totalizando 12 de armazenamento. Observou-se que os tempos de hidrodestilação não influenciaram o rendimento do extrato aquoso e do hidrolato, indicando-se 2,5h para extração. Maiores quantidades de hidrolato foram obtidas a partir de folhas de aroeira, enquanto que o rendimento do extrato também não foi influenciado pela parte da planta. Não foi possível determinar os compostos existentes no hidrolato da aroeira. Os fungos desenvolveram-se em todos os tratamentos com aspecto cotonoso exceto no fungicida Captan® (2μL). O extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira não apresentaram propriedade fungicida para a inibição do desenvolvimento do in vitro do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides nas concentrações utilizadas não sendo recomendados para controle deste fungo. As goiabas revestidas com quitosana 3 e 4% tiveram seu amadurecimento retardado sendo evidenciado pela alta firmeza, manutenção da coloração tanto da polpa quanto da casca, leve incremento de sólidos solúveis e vitamina C além de apresentarem pH constante. Os frutos controle e fungicida não se encontravam aptos para o consumo aos 12 dias em função do rápido amadurecimento e incidência de antracnose. Todas as concentrações de quitosana foram eficientes no controle do fungo.

The first confirmation of the presence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on cashew in Mozambique was based on a combination of observed symptoms, isolation and identification using basic morphological and molecular techniques. Anthracnose is now the second most important in the country, after powdery mildew caused by Oidium anacardii Noack. The present thesis represents a broad overview of the disease in Mozambique. The main focus of this study was thus to gather scientific information on the relevance of this disease in the country and through experimentation, generate recommendations that help farmers and decision makers to mitigate the disease pressure. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: - Provide a distinctive description of anthracnose symptoms on leaves through hostpathogen interaction studies in the laboratory. - Enhance current knowledge on the identity of Mozambican pathogen isolates, using DNA tools. - Assess the current anthracnose management practices, both at nursery and field level with a view to formulate timely, local and adequate management strategies. - Conduct experimental trials to select economically effective fungicides spraying programs for anthracnose disease management. ii - Search for variability and germplasm tolerance among dwarf and common cashew plant populations in Mozambique. By analyzing and integrating existing published literature on the subject, we successfully separated issues that concerned previously inaccessible information from those that reflect insufficient scientific knowledge. A survey was initiated to determine, the status of cashew anthracnose disease management practices in Mozambique. Subsequently, the information obtained was used to develop a national strategic framework for research and extension in the country. Areas identified as gaps were aligned with the main goals of this thesis and include: - Areas where scientific information lacked were identified. - The symptoms of the disease on leaves were successfully and distinctively distinguished from other common leaf diseases that simultaneously occur in orchards. - The pathogen isolates were identified using PCR techniques. The presence of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was not confirmed at least not among the suspected and tested isolates. - Knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease was generated and its application for more effective disease management was successfully applied. - Effective fungicide applications and disease control programmes were developed for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.. - Appropriate nursery management strategies that reduce anthracnose disease development were developed. - Variability in germplasm reaction to the disease was demonstrated and therefore tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. - A technique for rapid and accurate evaluation of leaf anthracnose symptom grades was developed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / Unrestricted

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-16T14:45:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alice Maria Goncalves Santos.pdf: 828943 bytes, checksum: e2e058b935319e6ca5c5d01db52c323c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T14:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alice Maria Goncalves Santos.pdf: 828943 bytes, checksum: e2e058b935319e6ca5c5d01db52c323c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-25 / In postharvest, the mango is predisposed to several diseases, including the complex known as stem-end rot fungus that has Lasiodiplodia theobromae as a major player in addition to rot by fusicocco (Fusicoccum parvum) and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The mangicultura is of great economic importance for Brazil, but has been losing ground with the losses that occur in post-harvest disease incidence mainly during transportation and storage, there is need to develop technologies that demonstrate effectiveness in delaying the senescence of fruits improving the marketing capability. Among the technologies we highlight the physical methods such as the use of gamma irradiation, cold storage and use of modified atmosphere. This study aimed to evaluate the three methods of physical control over the development of post-harvest mango and on the physico-chemical properties held for the treatments. For this, the fruit were inoculated with different firopatógenos and after 24 hours applied to gamma radiation doses of 0, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 kGy, and as the Cobalt 60 source. The fruits were packed with PVC film with 380 mm x 10 microns in trays and kept under refrigeration at 13 º C for 15 days and after that period kept at room temperature, 25 ° C without the plastic film. We observed a reduction of disease development for the three fungi studied, reaching the full control of the disease when evaluating the development of anthracnose in mangoes that were subjected to higher dose of 0.45 kGy. Mangoes irradiated showed no significant differences for some parameters (ascorbic acid, total acidity (TTA), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), ratio (TSS / TTA), firmness and flesh color). Inoculated mangoes like C. gloeosporioides showed no significant changes to the physical and chemical properties, except for spots on the peel. The mangoes inoculated with L. theobromae and F. parvum showed no significant differences between the treatments that compromise the marketing thereof, thus demonstrating the efficiency of these technologies in disease control and not causing changes in properties of the sleeves / Na pós-colheita, a manga está predisposta a diversas doenças, entre elas o complexo conhecido como podridão peduncular que tem o fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae como um dos principais agentes, além da podridão por fusicoccum (Fusicoccum parvum) e a antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. A mangicultura é de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, mas vem perdendo espaço com as perdas que acontecem na pós-colheita, principalmente pela incidência de doenças durante o transporte e armazenamento, havendo necessidade de desenvolver tecnologias que demonstrem eficiência em retardar a senescência das frutas, melhorando a capacidade de comercialização. Entre as tecnologias destacam-se os métodos físicos como a utilização da radiação gama, o armazenamento refrigerado e o uso da atmosfera modificada. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os três métodos de controle físico sobre o desenvolvimento pós-colheita de manga e sobre as características físico-químicas conservadas durante os tratamentos. Para isso, as frutas foram inoculadas com os diferentes firopatógenos, e após 24 horas aplicada a radiação gama nas doses de 0; 0,25; 0,35; 0,45 kGy, tendo como fonte o Cobalto60. As frutas foram embaladas com filme plástico de PVC com 380 mm x 10 microns em bandejas de isopor e mantidas sob refrigeração a 13ºC por 15 dias e após esse período conservadas sob temperatura ambiente, de 25ºC sem o filme plástico. Foi observada uma redução do desenvolvimento da doença para os três fungos avaliados, chegando ao controle total da doença quando avaliado o desenvolvimento da antracnose nas mangas que foram submetidas à dose mais alta de 0,45 kGy. As mangas irradiadas não demonstraram diferenças significativas para alguns dos parâmetros avaliados (ácido ascórbico, acidez titulável total (ATT), pH, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), razão (STT/ATT), firmeza e cor da polpa). As mangas inoculadas como o C. gloeosporioides não apresentaram alterações significativas para as propriedades físico-químicas, exceto manchas nas cascas. As mangas inoculadas com L. theobromae e F. parvum não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre ao tratamentos aplicados que comprometesse a comercialização das mesmas, demonstrando assim a eficiência dessas tecnologias no controle das doenças e não causando alterações das propriedades das mangas.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-20T15:13:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cordeiro de Almeida.pdf: 752265 bytes, checksum: 0b51cc544b4a3c3490d349aa5cd97677 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T15:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cordeiro de Almeida.pdf: 752265 bytes, checksum: 0b51cc544b4a3c3490d349aa5cd97677 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum sp., is the most important post harvest disease on the yellow passion fruit. The disease management measures have not been satisfactory ever during the pre or post harvest period. Aiming to contribute to the program of cultivar resistance, 33 isolates were obtained from three producing regions of Pernambuco State, to: i) identify specie with genetic marker (PCR primer); ii) to know the pathogen aggressiveness on post harvested yellow passion fruits; iii) aggressiveness characterization using: biochemical (extra cellular enzymatic activity on specific solid media), physiological (micelial growth on PDA) and genetic (RAPD primer)markers. Also, it was studied anthracnose control on post harvested yellow passion fruit using acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), DL -amine-n-butyric acid (BABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) chemical inducers. None DNA extracted from isolates reacted with C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum PCR primers markers, but 18 DNAs reacted with Colletotrichum of Passiflora PCR primermarker, although isolates not identified genetically showed morphological characteristics similar to C. gloeosporioides. Yellow passion fruits inoculations showed two isolate groups for aggressiveness: high (AG-1) and low (AG-2), but aggressiveness did not correlate with origin and teleomorphic and anamorphic morphotype. The biochemical (amilolytic, celullolytic, lypolytic and proteolytic enzymatic activities) and physiological (micelial growth) markers separated isolates in groups, but they were not a satisfactory makers to aggressiveness. It was not detected pectinolytic enzymatic activity by isolates because the used method it was not appropriated. Bands produced by reaction of 33 DNAs with 18 primers showed that AG-1 isolates are more related to each other than AG-2 isolates, being possible to separate isolates in two genetic groups,which not totality related with AG-1 and AG-2 isolates. The reactions of the RAPD OPA-9 primer with isolates DNA produced bands in position 14, on agarose gel, which allowed characterization of the 85.7 % of AG-1 isolates, showing error of 15.7 % by including three isolates from AG-2 into AG-1, but without technique importance. Study with the chemical ASM, BABA e MJ inducers showed that ASM and MJ, at 12.5; 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 ppm concentrations, and BABA, at 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations, did not reduce Colletotrichum conidia germination, but BABA and JM stimulate this physiological process. ASM and JM reduced mycelium growth and BABA showed contrary effect. Yellow passion fruits immersed in ASM (100ppm), BABA (1000 ppm) and MJ (100 ppm) suspension and water (control), followed by Colletotrichum inoculation 24 hours after treatment, did not show anthracnose control. / A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Colletotrichum sp. é uma das doenças em pós-colheita mais importantes do maracujazeiro amarelo. Apesar da existência de medidas de manejo tanto para a pré-colheita como para a pós-colheita, o controle não é satisfatório. Visando contribuir com um programa para aumentar a resistência da planta, foram coletados 33 isolados de Colletotrichum, obtidos de três regiões produtoras do estado de Pernambuco, para: i) identificação específica com marcadores genéticos primers de PCR; ii) conhecer agressividades em maracujá amarelo; iii) caracterizá-la com marcador bioquímico, pela produção de enzimas hidrolíticas extra celulares em meios sólidos específicos, fisiológico, pelo crescimento micelial em meio de BDA e genético, com primers de RAPD. Também se estudou o controle da antracnose em maracujá amarelo com uso dos indutores químicosacibenzolar-S-metil (ASM), ácido LD -amino–n–butírico (BABA) e jasmonato metílico (JM). Nenhum DNA dos isolados reagiu com os primers de PCR marcadores para C. gloeosporioides e C. acutatum, mas 18 reagiram com o primer de PCR marcador para Colletotrichum de Passiflora, embora os isolados não identificados geneticamente apresentassem características morfológicas semelhantes às de C. gloeosporioides. Inoculações em maracujá amarelo permitiram separar os isolados em dois grupos de agressividade: alta (GA-1) e baixa (GA-2), embora a agressividade não tenha se correlacionado com a origem e os morfotipos teleomorfo e anamorfo. Os marcadores bioquímico (atividade enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica e proteolítica) e o marcador fisiológico (crescimento micelial) separaram os isolados em grupos, mas não se mostraram satisfatórios como marcadores para agressividade. Nãofoi detectada atividade enzimática pectinolítica devido ao método ter sido inadequado.As bandas geradas pelas reações de 18 primers com os DNAs dos isolados permitiram observar que os isolados do GA-1 são mais próximos geneticamente entre si do que os isolados do GA-2, sendo possível dividi-los em dois grupos genéticos que não se relacionaram totalmente com os isolados do GA-1 e GA-2. O marcador banda na posição 14 em gel de agarose, resultante das reações dos DNAs dos isolados com o primer de RAPD OPA-9, possibilitou a caracterização de 85,7 % dos isolados do GA-1, com um erro de 15,7 % ao caracterizar como do GA-1 três isolados do GA-2, mas sem importância técnica. Os estudos com os indutores ASM, BABA e JM, evidenciaram que ASM e JM, nas concentrações 12,5; 25,0; 50,0; e 100,0 ppm, e BABA, nas concentrações 50; 100; 500; e 1000 ppm, não reduziram a germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum sp., mas BABA e JM estimularam este processo fisiológico. Os indutores ASM e JM reduziram o crescimento micelial e BABA apresentou efeito contrário. A imersão de maracujá amarelo em suspensão de ASM (100 ppm), JM (100 ppm), BABA (1000 ppm) e em água (testemunha) seguida de inoculação feita 24 h após com Colletotrichum sp. não resultou em controle da doença.

Avocados are one of the major food sources in tropical and subtropical regions and are an important horticultural crop in South Africa. Avocados are exported over long distances and may have storage times of up to 30 or more days at temperatures of about 5.5oC. This procedure increases the risk of poor fruit quality, including physiological disorders, early softening and postharvest disease incidence. A major component of the postharvest diseases is Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anthracnose infects unripe fruit and once infected, the fungus remains dormant in the fruit until ripening begins. This leads to a problem for producers and packers, as the presence of the disease cannot be detected on the pack line, and fruit is not removed. Anthracnose control is normally done through pre-harvest treatment with copper-based fungicides. While effective such treatment needs to be repeated frequently, resulting in copper residues on the avocados. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphoric acid and potassium silicate on known antifungal compounds and critical enzymes of the pathways elemental for systemic resistance inducers, so as to evaluate the potential for using them as alternatives to or in conjunction with, copper fungicides in the control of Anthracnose in avocado fruit. The study included storage temperature and time variations, to take account of the logistics in shipping avocado fruit to distant markets. Pre- and postharvest applications of phosphoric acid and potassium silicate were used, and after harvest, fruit were either ripened at room temperature (22oC) without storage or stored for 28 days at temperatures of 5.5oC or 2oC before analysis. Concentrations of phenolics, activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and a known antifungal diene were determined in the fruit exocarp. Pre-harvest treatments of phosphoric acid showed that the highest phenolic concentration was found in fruit harvested 14 days after application for fruit stored at room temperature. For fruit stored at 5.5°C it was seen that as fruit softened, phenolic concentrations increased compared with hard fruit immediately after storage, with the highest increase noted for fruit harvested 7 days after application. When comparing the three storage temperatures, phenolic concentrations were enhanced most when fruit was stored at 2°C. Postharvest treatments showed a significant increase in phenolic concentrations for potassium silicate treated fruit stored at room temperature and 2°C when determined immediately after storage. Fruit stored at 5.5°C showed an increase in phenolic concentrations as it became softer. When considering PAL enzyme activity, it was found that postharvest treatments of both potassium silicate and phosphoric acid influenced enzyme activity, with potassium silicate having greater effects. Similarly, an increase in PAL activity was noted in the pre-harvest phosphoric acid treatment harvested 14 days after application for fruit ripened immediately as well as fruit stored at 5.5°C. Fruit stored at 2°C showed the highest PAL activity for fruit harvested 7 days after application. No results were obtained in the analysis of antifungal compounds for both pre- and postharvest treatments. However, it is suggested that the antifungal diene could follow similar trends to those found for phenolics. It is concluded that applications of both phosphoric acid and potassium silicate do create changes in phenolic concentrations and the activity of the enzyme PAL which is involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds known to possess antifungal properties. It is therefore possible that phosphoric acid and potassium silicate may be used as part of an integrated programme for Anthracnose control, and should be tested as potential alternatives for high volume copper-based fungicides. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE FAGNER.pdf: 234473 bytes, checksum: 5420749a8c2e87f6e7ab26164467f3ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anthracnosis is a serious disease that limits the production of healthy and marketable mangos (Mangifera indica). Due to the serious nature of this disease, a study was undertaken to test the efficacy of azoxystrobin as compared to different fungicides commonly utilized for the control of this disease, in two experiments. Each experiment consisted of ten treatments with four replicates. The plots were consisted of three plants of cv. Tommy Atkins. The products tested were azoxystrobin + difenoconazole WG (200; 300; 400 e 600 mL ha-1p.c.); azoxystrobin (120 mL ha-1p.c.); chlorothalonil WP (1500 e 2000 mL ha-1p.c.); difenoconazole (300 e 500 mL ha-1p.c.), and an unsprayed control. A total of four applications were performed at 15 days intervals, the first one performed at panicle plain flux. 40 days after the last application were collected 25 fruits for plot. The same ones were conditioned in cardboard boxes and stored at ambient temperature during 15 days, when the evaluated of anthracnosis incidence was accomplished. In the first experiment, the with azoxystrobin in its composition didn t differ between then. In the second experiment, the treatments with fungicides were similars, althought these had differed from the unsprayed control. The analysis of regression pointed azoxystrobin + difenoconazole 600 mL ha-1p.c. as the most efficient in the control of anthracnosis in both experiments / A antracnose da mangueira (Mangifera indica), causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, é um dos fatores limitantes à produção de frutos sadios e comercializáveis. Conhecendo-se o problema e consciente das perdas resultantes do ataque do fungo na cultura, avaliou-se a eficiência de diferentes fungicidas no manejo da antracnose da manga, em dois ensaios. Cada ensaio constou de dez tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Sendo que as unidades experimentais foram constituídas por três plantas de manga da cv. Tommy Atkins. Os produtos utilizados foram Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole SC 200 + 125 (200; 300; 400 e 600 mL.ha-1p.c.) Azoxystrobin GrDa 500 (120 mL.ha-1p.c.); Chlorothalonil SC 720 (1.500 e 2.000 mL.ha-1p.c.); Difenoconazole CE 250 (300 e 500 mL.ha-1p.c.), e uma testemunha absoluta. Foi realizado um total de quatro aplicações com intervalos de 15 dias, sendo estas iniciadas no momento da floração plena da panícula. Aos 40 dias após a última pulverização foram coletados 25 frutos por parcela. Os mesmos foram acondicionados em caixas de papelão e armazenados a temperatura ambiente durante 15 dias, quando foi realizada a avaliação de incidência de antracnose. No primeiro ensaio os tratamentos que apresentaram azoxystrobin na sua composição não diferem entre si, já no segundo ensaio não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com aplicação de fungicidas, tendo estes diferido datestemunha. A análise de regressão apontou Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole na dosagem 600 mL.ha-1p.c. como o mais eficiente no controle da antracnose nos dois ensaios

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE FAGNER.pdf: 234473 bytes, checksum: 5420749a8c2e87f6e7ab26164467f3ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anthracnosis is a serious disease that limits the production of healthy and marketable mangos (Mangifera indica). Due to the serious nature of this disease, a study was undertaken to test the efficacy of azoxystrobin as compared to different fungicides commonly utilized for the control of this disease, in two experiments. Each experiment consisted of ten treatments with four replicates. The plots were consisted of three plants of cv. Tommy Atkins. The products tested were azoxystrobin + difenoconazole WG (200; 300; 400 e 600 mL ha-1p.c.); azoxystrobin (120 mL ha-1p.c.); chlorothalonil WP (1500 e 2000 mL ha-1p.c.); difenoconazole (300 e 500 mL ha-1p.c.), and an unsprayed control. A total of four applications were performed at 15 days intervals, the first one performed at panicle plain flux. 40 days after the last application were collected 25 fruits for plot. The same ones were conditioned in cardboard boxes and stored at ambient temperature during 15 days, when the evaluated of anthracnosis incidence was accomplished. In the first experiment, the with azoxystrobin in its composition didn t differ between then. In the second experiment, the treatments with fungicides were similars, althought these had differed from the unsprayed control. The analysis of regression pointed azoxystrobin + difenoconazole 600 mL ha-1p.c. as the most efficient in the control of anthracnosis in both experiments / A antracnose da mangueira (Mangifera indica), causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, é um dos fatores limitantes à produção de frutos sadios e comercializáveis. Conhecendo-se o problema e consciente das perdas resultantes do ataque do fungo na cultura, avaliou-se a eficiência de diferentes fungicidas no manejo da antracnose da manga, em dois ensaios. Cada ensaio constou de dez tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Sendo que as unidades experimentais foram constituídas por três plantas de manga da cv. Tommy Atkins. Os produtos utilizados foram Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole SC 200 + 125 (200; 300; 400 e 600 mL.ha-1p.c.) Azoxystrobin GrDa 500 (120 mL.ha-1p.c.); Chlorothalonil SC 720 (1.500 e 2.000 mL.ha-1p.c.); Difenoconazole CE 250 (300 e 500 mL.ha-1p.c.), e uma testemunha absoluta. Foi realizado um total de quatro aplicações com intervalos de 15 dias, sendo estas iniciadas no momento da floração plena da panícula. Aos 40 dias após a última pulverização foram coletados 25 frutos por parcela. Os mesmos foram acondicionados em caixas de papelão e armazenados a temperatura ambiente durante 15 dias, quando foi realizada a avaliação de incidência de antracnose. No primeiro ensaio os tratamentos que apresentaram azoxystrobin na sua composição não diferem entre si, já no segundo ensaio não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com aplicação de fungicidas, tendo estes diferido datestemunha. A análise de regressão apontou Azoxystrobin + difenoconazole na dosagem 600 mL.ha-1p.c. como o mais eficiente no controle da antracnose nos dois ensaios