Cette thèse comprend trois expériences et deux prétests (N = 1135) dans lesquelles sont étudiés trois aspects fondamentaux du design statique des messages sur internet : son format (infographie, audio ou texte), sa couleur et sa typographie, sur la thématique du recyclage des déchets électroniques (études 1 et 2) puis à propos de la migration humaine (étude 3).L’étude des aspects graphiques est pertinente si l’on veut augmenter la force persuasive d’un message. Le format joue un rôle prépondérant (étude 1a), permettant à la fois de changer les attitudes, mais aussi d’ancrer ce changement dans le temps. Les couleurs, par contre, ne semblent pas faire varier la force persuasive du message ou amener les lecteurs à agir en faveur du recyclage (étude 1b). La typographie ne semble pas non plus jouer de rôle dans la dynamique persuasive, qu’elle soit jugée lisible ou peu lisible (étude 2). Des pistes théoriques concernant la personnalité des typographies et leur cohérence avec le contexte sont développées.L’analyse des composantes de l’ELM a révélé, dans chaque étude, le fort lien entre l’attitude des individus et leur sentiment de responsabilité personnelle envers la thématique abordée ainsi que leurs connaissances a priori. Nous avons également vu que les leviers de persuasion ne sont pas systématiquement les mêmes selon le besoin de cognition.Globalement, nous suggérons que les messages persuasifs doivent adopter un format permettant une analyse centrale à faible coût cognitif, utilisant une couleur principale et une typographie toutes deux lisibles et cohérentes avec la thématique développée, avec un argumentaire qui renforce le sentiment de responsabilité des lecteurs. / This thesis includes three experiments and two pre-tests (N = 1135) in which three fundamental aspects of static message design on the Internet are studied: its format (infographics, audio or text), its colour and typography, on the theme of electronic waste recycling (studies 1 and 2) and then on human migration (study 3).The study of graphic aspects is relevant if we want to increase the persuasive power of a message. The format plays a major role (study 1a), making it possible to change attitudes and to anchor this change over time. Colours, on the other hand, do not seem to vary the persuasive force of the message or to lead readers to act in favour of recycling (study 1b). Nor does typography seem to play a role in the persuasive dynamic, whether it is considered legible or difficult to read (study 2). Theoretical approaches regarding the personality of typographies and their coherence with the context are developed.The analysis of the components of the ELM revealed, in each study, the strong link between the attitude of individuals and their sense of personal responsibility towards the theme addressed as well as their a priori knowledge. We have also seen that the levers of persuasion are not systematically the same according to the need for cognition.We suggest that persuasive messages should adopt a format that allows for central analysis at low cognitive cost, using a main colour and typography that are both readable and consistent with the theme developed, with arguments that reinforce readers' sense of responsibility.

A strong brand can help a company to be easier to recognize and be remembered by their customers. Part of branding is to create a visual appearance which is called a graphic profile and contains information on for instance a logo, colours or typography.The objective of this thesis was to create a graphic profile for Stjørdal Tannhelsesenter that could serve as a base for a brand work in the future. It was important to analyze how the clinic wants to be perceived and how it is perceived today. The methods used to carry out this study were questionnaires, researches and a focus group.The work resulted in the generation of a graphic profile that included a new logo, colours, decorative elements, fonts, templates for stationery, business card / badge, imagery, and examples of some publications.According to the test which was made to examine the results of the project showed that I was successful and that the new design meets all the requests from the previous questionnaires.

AbstractPresentation of the problem: The goal with this graduation project is to produce a new visual concept for the student newspaper Campus, this will be expressed in the form of page templates. The page templates will have a visual concept that appears through graphical elements. The client's wishes were that the student newspaper should be audience appropriate, attractive, inviting, reliable, modern and functional to work with.Theory: In order to implement the wishes and in a good way produce a consistent visual concept, we took a starting point in theory of graphic design. This theory has taken many of its principles from aesthetic theory, and therefore have we also used aesthetics to provide a deeper theoretical aspect. The principles we used in graphic design is; how to create a unity in the layout by using basic elements such as text, images, and white space. We have also looked at alignment-, form-, color-, contrast-, typography- and placement principles. The principles we have applied from aesthetics are color repetition, color contrasts, balance, visual harmony and depth.Method: The empirical studies consisted of a qualitative content analysis of student newspapers, followed by a focus-group study with respondents from the Campus newspaper target group. The purpose of the two studies was to, via a content analysis, get a general picture of the design language that is used on the market today. This, combined with theory, helped us to create a visual expression that stands outside the general form. It was done in four different dummies, these dummies were discussed by the focus-group.Results: Our first empirical study showed how student newspapers are designed today. With support of theory, the functioning principles was sorted out and used in the four dummies. During the focus-group analysis, opinions about the dummies were presented. We could therefore see what the respondents wanted in the page templates. Together with the client's wishes and analysis from the empirical studies, a new concept developed. It will be perceived as clean and structured together with attitude. / Campus

För att få drömjobbet inom en konkurrenskraftig bransch som grafiskdesign krävs det lilla extra. Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta redapå vad detta extra är och därigenom underlätta för arbetssökandegrafiska designers på vägen till drömjobbet.Genom tre djupgående intervjuer med anställda på medelstora byråer iMellansverige undersöktes vad arbetsgivare uppskattar och förväntar sigav en arbetssökande grafisk designer. Frågeställningen behandladeportfolions framtid med branschens digitalisering som bakgrund, samthur en arbetssökande fångar arbetsgivarens intresse.Resultatet visar att även om portfolion utgör en stor del av underlaget förrekrytering av personal, är personen bakom portfolion och vad den haratt berätta om innehållet det som är viktigast. En portfolio som intebeskriver sammanhang duger inte som marknadsföringsmaterial. Attvårda det personliga varumärket framstår som viktigt för framgång. Dendigitala portfolion dominerar marknaden, men fysiska arbetsproverupplevs som ett möjligt sätt att stå ut från mängden. Digitala nätverkmottas positivt av branschen, men webbplatser anses ha mer substans. / To get the job of your dreams in a competitive industry like graphicdesign you need that special something. The purpose of this survey is tofind out what that something is and thereby make it easier for jobseeking graphic designers on the road to their dream job.Through three in-depth interviews with employees at medium-sizedfirms in central Sweden investigations were made to find out what theemployers appreciate and expect from a job seeking graphic designer.The issues treated were the role of the portfolio with the industry'sdigitization as a background, and how a job seeker captures theemployer's interest.The results show that although the portfolio represents a large part of thebasis in recruitment of staff, the person behind the portfolio and what ithas to tell about the content is the most important. A portfolio that doesnot describe the context is no good as promotional material. To take careof the personal brand stands out as important to succeed. The digitalportfolio dominates the market, but physical work samples are seen as apossible way to stand out from the crowd. Digital networks arepositively received by the industry, but personal websites are consideredto have more substance.

Le sujet de recherche de ce mémoire est le design graphique. Nous donnons une définition de cette pratique. Observant un déficit théorique en design graphique, nous expliquons que le design graphique ne peut pleinement revendiquer le statut de discipline universitaire. La question n’était pas tant de savoir si le design graphique était une discipline ou non, elle semble en être une, de facto, grâce à son histoire. Mais il s’agit ici de montrer qu’à date, les modalités de disciplinarisation du design graphique n’ont pas encore été exposées. Par la suite, nous constatons le manque de « théories fortes » en design graphique et plus particulièrement le manque d’un cadre théorique expliquant la pratique du design graphique et le projet de communication visuelle, que nous qualifions d’objet d’étude du design graphique. Nous présentons par la suite un modèle-synthèse composé du modèles du wicked-problem de Hörst Rittel, du modèle de la réflexion-en-action de Donald Schön et du modèle herméneutique de Adrian Snodgrass et Richard Coyne ; trois modèles identifiant la nature inter-subjective de l’activité en design graphique. Nous confirmons, dans cette étude, ce modèle-synthèse par le biais d’un terrain d’étude auprès d’une agence de communication-marketing, terrain sur lequel nous avons déployé trois méthodes de collecte de données : le Protocol Analysis, des observations faites auprès de l’agence ainsi que des entretiens semi-dirigés avec la directrice de création de cette agence. La présentation des résultats permet de voir notre modèle-synthèse à l’oeuvre, dans l’action, en pleine pratique professionnelle. Nous affirmons, à la lumière de nos résultats, que notre modèle-synthèse peut être considéré comme une brique essentielle des « théories fortes » et c’est autour de cette brique que nous proposons une structure disciplinaire originale pour les « études en design graphique ». / The subject of this thesis is graphic design. We start our research project by giving a definition of graphic design as a practice. We observe that graphic design cannot be considered fully as a disciplinary field of study because of a lack of theory explaining its practice. As of now, the modalities of its disciplinarisation have not yet been exposed and discussed. One of these modalities is the identification of its research object: the visual communication project. We present afterwards a synthetical model based on the works of Hörst Rittel, Donald Schön, Adrian Snodgrass and Richard Coyne ; three theoretical models identifying the nature of graphic design activity as inter-subjective. We confirm this synthetical model by grounded research in a communication-marketing agency. We deploy three data collection methods in our research : Protocol Analysis, observations made in the agency and semi-directed interviews with the creative director of the agency. Our results allow us to observe our synthetical model as it operates in action in a real professionnal context. We then conclude that our theoretical model is an essential part of what we qualified as “strong theories” of graphic design. We propose afterwards a disciplinary structure for graphic design. / Les schémas en annexe ont été réalisés avec le logiciel Adobe Illustrator.

В исследовании Формы репрезентации повседневности в белорусском плакате 1966-1980 годов Пигальской Аллы, ставится цель выявить формы репрезентации повседневности в белорусских плакатах, в период наиболее массового их выпуска на территории Беларуси. Исследование базируется на антрополого-социологической трактовке повседневности Мишеля де Серто; анализе визуальной репрезентации, согласно конструктивистскому подходу визуальных исследований Стюарта Холла с элементами семиотического анализа фигуративного и пластического уровней визуального сообщения. Исследование культуры повседневности М. де Серто как одновременное существование устной и письменной парадигм, задающих логику выполнения разрозненных повседневных практик, позволил рассматривать белорусские плакаты в контексте устного и письменного типов коммуникаци. Письменный тип коммуникации актуализирует культурные механизмы, которые структурируются относительно “закона”, частной собственности, дифференциации пространства, техник индивидуализации. Устный тип коммуникации ориентирован на воспроизведение знакомого и понятного, поддерживающего целостность коллектива, в котором недопустимо нарушение “неписанных” правил и норм. Доминирование устной парадигмы в советской культуре позволяет реконструировать логику выполнения художественных практик. В исследовании показано, что использование в белорусском плакате 1966-1980-х фигуративных и пластических средств обусловлено доминированием устной парадигмой, поэтому характерны... [полный текст, см. далее] / Alos Pihalskayos tyrime Kasdienybės reprezentavimo formos Baltarusijos plakatuose 1966-1980 metais keliamas tikslas išryškinti kasdienybės reprezentavimo formas Baltarusijos plakatuose, aktyviausiu jų leidybos periodu Baltarusijos teritorijoje. Tyrimas yra tarpdisciplininio pobūdžio, nes remiasi Michelio de Certeau pasiūlyta antropologine-sociologine kasdienybės traktuote; vizualinio reprezentavimo analize, kuri atitinka Stuarto Hallo konstruktyvistinį požiūrį į vizualinius tyrimus, turintį semiotinės figūratyvinio ir plastiško vizualinio pranešimo lygmenų analizės elementų. M. de Certeau požiūris į kasdienybės kultūrą kaip į kartu egzistuojančias žodinę ir rašytinę paradigmas, lemiančias skirtingų kasdienybės praktikų įgyvendinimo logiką, leido pažvelgti į baltarusiškus plakatus žodinės ir rašytinės komunikacijos tipų kontekste. Rašytinės komunikacijos tipas aktualizuoja kultūrinius mechanizmus, kurie struktūriškai siejasi su „teise“, privačia nuosavybe, erdvės diferencijavimu, individualizacijos technikomis. Žodinis komunikacijos tipas orientuotas atkartoti tai, kas žinoma ir suprantama, kas palaiko kolektyvo vientisumą, jame neleistina pažeisti „nerašytų“ taisyklių bei normų. Žodinės paradigmos dominavimas sovietinėje kultūroje leidžia rekonstruoti meninių praktikų atlikimo logiką. Tyrime parodyta, kad figūratyvinių ir plastiškų priemonių 1966-1980 m. baltarusiškuose plakatuose naudojimą sąlygojo žodinės paradigmos dominavimas, todėl jiems būdingi nekintantys teksto ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the dissertation Forms of Everyday Representation in Belarus posters 1966-1980 completed by Ala Pihalskaya, is to identify forms of representation of the everyday in Belarusian posters, when they were most actively produced on a mass scale in Belarus. The research is interdisciplinary in nature, since it is based on the anthropological and sociological interpretation of the everyday proposed by Michel de Certeau, while the analysis of visual representation is made according to the constructivist approach in visual studies developed by Stuart Hall, with elements of the semiotic analysis of the figurative and plastic levels of the visual message. The analytical model of the investigation of everyday life proposed by Michel de Certeau, which posits the simultaneous existence of oral and written paradigms that explain the logic of disparate everyday practices, make it possible to study Belarusian posters in the context of oral and written types of communication. The written paradigm actualizes cultural mechanisms that are structured according to "law", private property, the "conquest" of space and individualization, while the oral paradigm is focused on the repetition of the familiar. In a culture where the oral type of communication dominates, "law" and private property do not matter, whereas everything that can maintain the integrity of the collective as a unity is highly appreciated. The study shows that the figurative and plastic properties conform to the oral... [to full text]

The thesis and exhibition, Interaction: Portraiture in a Digital World, seeks to analyze digital portraiture today. I choose to depict concepts and ideas, as they relate to digital portraiture, through four distinct series of work, which encompass similar ideas and themes, but come at them from different perspectives. The work within the exhibition is comprised of several portraits of personal friends, family, and acquaintances, which have all been appropriated from online sources such as Facebook, and online dating sites. Because the portraits consist of people that I know on a personal level, are a collection of portraits that are derived from my personal social media profile, and represent individuals with whom I have frequently interacted with online, one could assess that in addition to being a collection of unique individual portraits, the exhibition is also a self-portrait of me, the artist. The exhibition includes Facebook Text Portraits, Nightclub Portraits, Online Dating HTML Portraits, and a Crying Girl Portrait, all of which strive to blur the lines between art and digital design, while addressing the function and meaning of digital portraiture today.

E. Mervyn Taylor (1906-1964) was a pakeha artist whose prints drew influence from Maori culture and motif. He was one of a small number of artists who developed interest in Maori culture during the 1940s and 1950s. He expanded interest into detailed study of Maori culture, and interaction with Maori, and produced a significant body of prints on this subject during his career. Taylor's prints were acclaimed during his lifetime, but in the decades after his death, his reputation faded to the extent that he became relatively obscure. This persisted until the late 1980s, when art historical reassessment of his work began. This thesis forms a part of this continued re-evaluation. It focuses on Taylor's prints on Maori subjects, an area not sufficiently scrutinised in an academic context. It aims to reach deeper understanding of his prints through historical analysis of the factors that influenced him to choose Maori, and their culture as subjects for his artwork. The thesis also examines why Taylor's reputation was so emphatically based on his New Zealand heritage, as well as the quality of his craftsmanship, his beliefs about which formed the foundation of his philosophy. Nationalist and regionalist notions also figured in his aesthetic ideals. His prints are also placed in relation to the modern debate over cultural appropriation in art. Greater recognition and understanding of Taylor's oeuvre may be achieved by establishing why he chose Maori subjects, and what specific features they contributed to the character of his work.

Objective: The goal of this research was to determine whether alternate-line shading (zebra-striping) of grid-based displays affects the strategy (i.e., “visual flow”) and efficiency of serial search. Background: Grids, matrices, and tables are commonly used to organize information. A number of design techniques and psychological principles are relevant to how viewers’ eyes can be guided through such visual works. One common technique for grids, “zebra-striping,” is intended to guide eyes through the design, or “create visual flow” by alternating shaded and unshaded rows or columns. Method: 13 participants completed a visual serial search task. The target was embedded in a grid that had 1) no shading, 2) shading of alternating rows, or 3) shading of alternating columns. Response times and error rates were analyzed to determine search strategy and efficiency. Results: Our analysis found evidence supporting a weak effect of shading on search strategy. The direction of shading had an impact on which parts of the grid were responded to most rapidly. However, a left-to-right reading bias and middle-to-outside edge effect were also found. Overall performance was reliably better when the grid had no shading. Exploratory analyses suggest individual differences may be a factor. Conclusion: Shading seems to create visual flow that is relatively weak compared to search strategies related to the edge effect or left-to-right reading biases. In general, however, the presence of any type of shading reduced search performance. Application: Designers creating a grid-based display should not automatically assume that shading will change viewers search strategies. Furthermore, although strategic shading may be useful for tasks other than that studied here, our current data indicate that shading can actually be detrimental to visual search for complex (i.e., conjunctive) targets.

The thesis and exhibition, Interaction: Portraiture in a Digital World, seeks to analyze digital portraiture today. I choose to depict concepts and ideas, as they relate to digital portraiture, through four distinct series of work, which encompass similar ideas and themes, but come at them from different perspectives. The work within the exhibition is comprised of several portraits of personal friends, family, and acquaintances, which have all been appropriated from online sources such as Facebook, and online dating sites. Because the portraits consist of people that I know on a personal level, are a collection of portraits that are derived from my personal social media profile, and represent individuals with whom I have frequently interacted with online, one could assess that in addition to being a collection of unique individual portraits, the exhibition is also a self-portrait of me, the artist. The exhibition includes Facebook Text Portraits, Nightclub Portraits, Online Dating HTML Portraits, and a Crying Girl Portrait, all of which strive to blur the lines between art and digital design, while addressing the function and meaning of digital portraiture today.