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Orosanmälningar som gäller barn och unga ökar, vilket innebär ett ökat tryck på socialsekreterare som arbetar med förhandsbedömningar. Samtidigt pågår organisatoriska förändringar inom socialtjänsten i Sverige, där effektivisering, standardisering och nya metoder är centrala. IVO har vid granskningar av socialtjänstens enheter för barn och unga hittat brister i arbetet med förhandsbedömningar, som pågått under en längre tid. Denna uppsats bygger på en kvalitativ studie där har vi undersökt professionellas arbete med förhandsbedömningar för att få en förståelse för under vilka premisser detta arbete sker. Vi har även undersökt socialsekreterares upplevelser av arbetet med fokus på utmaningar och utvecklingsområden. Som datainsamlingsmetod har vi använt oss av fokusgruppsintervjuer med vinjetter, samt en semistrukturerad intervju, där vi intervjuat socialsekreterare som jobbar på socialtjänstens mottagningsenheter inom tre kommuner i norra Sverige. Resultaten visar att socialsekreterare använder olika tillvägagångssätt i arbetet med förhandsbedömningar, samt att det finns olika förutsättningar för hur arbetet med förhandsbedömningar kan bedrivas. Detta förklaras främst genom påverkan av politiska beslut, organisationens ramar, ärendets- och arbetets karaktär, och socialsekreterares handlingsutrymme. / Reports concerning children and young people's welfare are increasing, which means increased pressure on social secretaries who work with pre-assessments. At the same time, organizational changes are ongoing in social services in Sweden, where efficiency, standardization and new methods are central. IVO has, on reviews of the social service units for children and young people, found shortcomings in the work with pre-assessments, which have been going on for a long time. This exam is based on a qualitative study where we have examined the work of professionals with pre-assessments to get an understanding about under which premises this work takes place. We have also examined social secretaries' experiences of the work focusing on challenges and development areas. As a data collection method, we have used focus group interviews with vignettes, as well as a semi-structured interview, where we interviewed social secretaries working at the social services reception units in three municipalities in northern Sweden. The results shows are that social secretaries use different approaches in the work with pre-assessments, and that there are different conditions for how the work can be conducted. This is mainly explained by the influence of political decisions, the organization's frameworks, the nature of the case, the nature of the work and social workers discretion.

The aim of this study was to explore job-coaches and work consultant’s discretion in work with activation of social assistance recipients. Semistructured interviews have been conducted with 4 job-coaches and 4 work consultants within 2 different municipalities. The interviews have been analyzed using Lipsky's theory on street-level bureaucracy and new institutional organization theory. The results of the study showed that job-coaches and work consultant’s report having a large discretion in the work with activation. Further results show that their experienced discretion in their work is not assessed as being affected by the level of education and age but that the work experience is seen essential. On an organizational level a large supply of activation measures and routines giving support was viewed as important. On a political level political priorities was viewed as an important aspect in regards to the discretion. / Syftet med den föreliggande studien har varit att undersöka jobbcoachers och arbetskonsulenters handlingsutrymme i aktiveringsarbetet med socialbidragsklienter. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med 8 jobbcoacher och arbetskonsulenter i två kommuner. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats med hjälp av Lipsky´s teori om fornlinjebyråkrati och nyinstitutionell organisationsteori.  Studiens resultat visade att jobbcoacher och arbetskonsulenter upplever en stor handlingsfrihet i arbetet med aktivering. Vidare resultat visar att det upplevda handlingsutrymmet i arbetet bedöms inte påverkas av utbildningsnivå och ålder men att yrkeserfarenhet upplevs som betydelsefull. På organisationsnivå ansågs ett stort utbud av aktiveringsåtgärder och stöd inom verksamheten vara av vikt. På politisk nivå ansågs politiska prioriteringar som en viktig aspekt när det gäller handlingsutrymme.

The aim of this study is to understand from a professional perspective the importance of the biological children’s participation in the family home process and how family home social workers use their room for maneuver to involve the biological children in the family home process. The method used to answer the aim and the research questions was semi-structured interviews with seven women that work as family home social workers and the empirical material was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The theoretical framework we used to analyze the results was Lipsky's theory of Street-level bureaucracy and discretion. The main findings of this study were that family home social workers think that the participation of biological children is important both for the child's own wellbeing, for the whole family's dynamics and for the outcome of a family home placement. The most common methods used by family home social workers to involve biological children are relationship building and different types of conversations depending on the children's age and maturity. The study showsin the family home investigation, there are formalized guidelines that the family home social workers work according to but there are no general guidelines in the work with biological children in the further family home placement. That results in a discretion for the family home social workers. The study shows opportunities for improvement in making the biological children more involved in the family home process and that the biological children's participation is important for the work of family home social workers. Our results both confirm and contrast previous international and national research presented in the study.

Bakgrund: Ortopedingenjören har som uppgift att med sin kompetens och erfarenhet tillhandahålla en ortopedteknisk lösning som motsvarar patientens behov och önskemål. Handlingsutrymmet är det utrymme som en ortopedingenjör har till att ta självständiga beslut i sin yrkesutövning och är därmed summan av kompetens, bedömningar och rutiner inom verksamhetens ramar.  Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet är att öka kunskapen om ortopedingenjörens upplevda handlingsutrymme i Sverige och Norge i relation till förskrivningsregler för protes på nedre extremiteter.  Metod: Examensarbetet baserades på en enkätundersökning med frågor gällande ortopedingenjörens upplevda handlingsutrymme utifrån mixed method. Enkäten publicerades via SOIF, Facebook gruppen Ortopedteknik i Sverige och NITO ortopedi.  Resultat: Faktorer som formade handlingsutrymmet, i situationer när ortopedingenjören upplevde stort inflytande, var främst patientrelaterade. De faktorer som beskrevs forma handlingsutrymmet vid upplevelsen av mindre inflytande var främst ekonomi och lagar/riktlinjer. Majoriteten av ortopedingenjörerna upplevde att de ofta kunde uppfylla patientens önskemål med avseende på sitt handlingsutrymme. Det förekom en delad mening om en förändring i förskrivningsprocessen behövde ske eller ej. En stor del av ortopedingenjörerna upplevde att de alltid haft möjlighet att påverka ett beslut vid förskrivning av en protes eller proteskomponent, medan ett mindre antal ortopedingenjörer har upplevt en eller flera situationer där beslutet inte kunnat påverkats. Slutsats: Ortopedingenjörer har varierande upplevelser gällande sitt handlingsutrymme, faktorer som formar handlingsutrymmet och möjligheten att påverka handlingsutrymmet vid förskrivning av proteser för nedre extremiteter. / Background: The task of the prosthetist is to provide an orthopaedic solution that meets the patient´s needs and wishes with expertise and experience. The discretion of action is the space that a prosthetist must make independent decisions in his professional practice and are thus the sum of skills, assessments and procedures within the discretion of the business. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to increase knowledge of the prosthetist perceived discretion in Sweden and Norway in relation to the prescription rules for lower limb prosthetics.  Method: The study was based on a survey that addressed questions regarding prosthetist perceived discretion for action through a mixed method. The survey was published via SOIF, the Facebook group Orthopaedics in Sweden and NITO orthopaedics. Results: Factors that affected the action of discretion, in situations when the prosthetist experienced great influence, were mainly related to the patient. In opposite, when the prosthetist experienced less influence, the main factors that affected a decision regarding a prosthetic where economy and laws/guidelines. The majority of prosthetists felt that they were often able to fulfil the patient’s request regarding to their discretion of action. In consideration to if the prescription process were in need of change or not, the opinion was divided. Many of the prosthetists have always experienced that they’re in charge of decision making or at least have been able to affect the decision. While a small number of prosthetists have experienced one or multiple situations where they could not affect the decision.  Conclusion: Prosthetists have varying experiences regarding their discretion, factors that shape the discretion and the ability to influence the discretion when prescribing prosthetics for lower limb.

The purpose of this paper is to deeper understand Swedish school counselors’ work to build trustful relationships with pupils and the counselors’ possibilities to discover child sexual abuse. This will be studied, considering that the school holds many different professions. This paper will also look into the social workers opportunities and obstacles in the profession. The result of the study has developed from qualitative interviews with five school counselors where they were asked questions about their experiences and current work situation. The result showed that all of the school counselors had both suspected and discovered child sexual abuse among the pupils. They try their hardest to be as efficient as possible and to build relations, although they consider time to be their biggest obstacle. The economy and the interest principals and politicians take in the counsellors, turned out to have an impact on the priority the school counselors’ work will have.

There is a lack of studies about elderly with mental illness. Previous studies show that care managers tend to construct needs together with the client based on a standardized range of aid (Olaison, 2009; Jönson & Harnett, 2015; Dunér & Nordström, 2005). Further the social needs tend to disappear during the need investigation. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with care managers that work according to the Swedish Social Services Act towards elderly people in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to understand what strategies care managers have and use in the work alongside elderly with mental illness. The interviewed care managers come from different municipalities in the southern and middle Sweden. The interviews are analysed through the theoretical model of street-level bureaucracy (Lipsky, 2010; Johansson, 2007) and Agevall’s (2000) types of autonomy. The study indicates that care managers experience that they work a lot towards elder clients with mental illness of various kinds. The description of the profession however doesn’t say much about how to work with this clientele. Further the organization doesn't have guidelines specified for mental illness in older people, therefore the care managers need to create their own strategies in order to meet the mental needs in clients. The study shows that the care managers have different strategies in their work. For example, some of them describe how they go beyond the aid guidelines to meet mental needs in their clients.

Background: In Sweden the national labour market policies are administered by the Public Employment Service which is in charge of assessing job-seekers’ need for support in the process of reaching employment. Equality is a fundamental principle for the administration. Neither ethnicity nor the person’s economical situation should influence the assessment. At the same time job-seekers are entitled to an individual assessment. Although the state has a national responsibility for labour market policy since the 1990s different municipal labour market interventions have also developed.   Aim: To investigate the impact of different income support systems (unemployment benefit/activity support or social assistance) and ethnicity on the assessments made by public employment officers.   Method: The study used a quantitative method with a questionnaire in the form of a factorial vignette experiment with fictitious cases in which only one factor/variable changed. 118 respondents at eight employment offices completed the survey between 20 January and 1 April 2020. Correlation analyses were performed using crosstabs (Cramers V) and Chi2-tests. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare data at two different times (first and second phase of the survey).   Results: Employment officers advocated support at the employment service/external operator as their first choice in 86 per cent of cases, against municipal labour market interventions as first choice in 14 per cent of cases. There were statistically significant differences in the assessments based on the form of income support in all three vignettes. Unemployment benefit/activity support and social assistance resulted in statistically significant different assessments. Employment officers want to refer job-seekers with social assistance to municipal labour market interventions more often than they do with those with unemployment benefit or activity income. No significant differences in the assessments were observed regarding the ethnicity of job-seekers.   Conclusions: The study shows that in the process of labour market policy assessment not only the job-seeker's ability to work and the need for support to find a job is evaluated, but the income support system of the job-seeker plays a role. The differences in assessments based on the job-seekers' form of income may be due to categorisations. These categorisations may spring from stereotypical views of job-seekers benefiting from social assistance, or may be due to institutional factors with two different income support systems for the unemployed, or lastly spring from a lack of clarity regarding borders and distribution between national and municipal labour market policies. Regardless the reason, the categorisations might lead to significant consequences for job-seekers with social assistance, who in addition to a lower level of economical compensation also risk being referred to municipal labour market interventions. These are sometimes designed to be a demand for activity in return for receiving social assistance and do not always have as their primary purpose to strengthen working capacity. Based on the results of the study, Sweden thereby does not live up to being a universal welfare state with social citizenship, since social rights do not apply equally to all job seekers.

BISTÅNDSHANDLÄGGARENS RESPEKT FÖR DEN ENSKILDE – ETT ÖNSKETÄNKANDE? Författare: Francisco Mauricio De Leon Gonzalez, Maria Huynh Mälardalens Högskola Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd Socionomprogrammet Examensarbete inom socialt arbete, 15 högskolepoäng Vårtermin 2020     Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att beskriva biståndshandläggarnas handlingsutrymme och uppmärksamma dilemman som kan uppstå under biståndshandläggningen med äldre som har en demenssjukdom samt hur biståndshandläggarna uppfattar sitt handlingsutrymme. Författarna till studien önskade även belysa självbestämmanderättens roll under handläggningsprocessen mellan en biståndshandläggare och en äldre som har en demenssjukdom. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar använde sig författarna av en kvalitativ metod och genomförde sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna genomfördes bland fyra kommuner med sammanlagt sju biståndshandläggare inom äldreomsorgen som arbetar eller tidigare har arbetat med det. Författarna valde dessa informanter via ett målinriktat urval och använde de teoretiska perspektiven gräsrotsbyråkrati och konsekvensetik/utilitarismen. Resultatet visar att biståndshandläggare har skilda uppfattningar angående sitt handlingsutrymme och inställningar gentemot självbestämmanderätten. Olika dilemman kan uppstå i relation till den enskildes självbestämmanderätt och biståndshandläggarens handlingsutrymme, som biståndshandläggarna förhåller sig till på olika sätt. Vissa förhållningssätt riskerar att förbise den enskildes självbestämmanderätt mer än andra, i vilket anhöriga kan användas som stöd under biståndshandläggningen. / BISTÅNDSHANDLÄGGARENS RESPEKT FÖR DEN ENSKILDE – ETT ÖNSKETÄNKANDE? Authors: Francisco Mauricio De Leon Gonzalez, Maria Huynh Mälardalen University School of Health, Care and Social Welfare The Social Work Program Thesis in Social Work, 15 credits Spring term 2020     Abstract The aim of this study has been to describe care managers’ discretion and pay attention to dilemmas that can arise during the need assessment with an elderly who has dementia and how the care managers perceive their discretion. The authors of the study wished to illustrate the role of right to self-determination during the need’s assessment between a care manager and an elderly who has dementia. To answer the aim of this study as well as the research questions, a qualitative method with six semi-structured interviews has been carried out. The semi-structured interviews were held with seven care managers from elderly care who work or have previously worked with it, from four different municipalities. The authors chose the interviewees through a target selection and has used the theoretical perspectives of street-level-bureaucracy and consequence ethics/utilitarianism. The result indicates that the care manager has different perceptions regarding their discretion and attitudes towards the right to self-determination. Different dilemmas can arise in relation to the individuals´ right to self-determination and the care managers´ discretion, which the care managers´ relate to in different ways. Certain approaches risks disregarding the individual’s right to self-determination more than others, in which the individual’s relatives can be utilized as support during the need’s assessment.

Denna studie syftar till att utforska vilka förutsättningar och vilket handlingsutrymme som rektorer och lärare har för att implementera tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning i sina respektive grundskolor i Borås Stad. Dessutom avser studien att undersöka eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan olika grundskolor avseende implementeringen. Studien utgår från Lundquists (1992,76) teori om tre implementeringsvillkoren: att förstå, kunna och vilja. Studien är en fallstudie vars urval består av skolor inom Grundskoleförvaltningen i Borås Stad. En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer har tillämpats i studien för att besvara dess frågeställning. Totalt har sju personer från tre olika skolor inom Grundskoleförvaltningen intervjuats. Studiens resultat visar att rektorerna har möjligheten att utforma den inre organisationen och att allt fler beslut fattas gemensamt inom skolorna vilket är en god förutsättning. Vidare visar resultatet att rektorerna inte har fått något särskilt stöd såsom resurser eller tid samt handlingsutrymme från Grundskoleförvaltningen till följd av tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning. Istället upplever rektorerna ökade kontrollfunktioner och administrativa uppgifter i respektive skolor. Däremot har lärarna angett en samstämmig bild att de har fått ökad tillit från sina respektive rektorer samt handlingsutrymme utifrån skollagen och styrdokumentet för att utföra sitt läraruppdrag vilket de upplever har bidragit till en förbättrad arbetsmiljö i skolan. Studiens resultat visar också att skolorna har olika förutsättningar men samma handlingsutrymme för att implementera tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning. / This study aims to explore which prerequisites and what management space, a room for maneuver principals and teachers have to implement trust-based governance and management in their respective primary schools in the City of Borås. In addition, the study is intended to examine any similarities and differences between the different primary schools regarding the implementation. The study is based on Lundquist's (1992,76) theory of the three implementation conditions: to understand, be capable, and be willing. The study is a case study whose selection consists of schools within the primary school's administration (Grundskoleförvaltningen) in the City of Borås. A qualitative method with semistructured interviews has been applied in the study to answer its question. A total of seven people from three different schools within the primary school's administration were interviewed. The result of the study shows that the principals have the opportunity to shape the internal organization and that more and more decisions are made jointly within the schools, which is a good prerequisite. Furthermore, the result shows that the principals have not received any special support such as resources or time and management space, a room for maneuver from the primary school's administration as a result of trust-based governance and management. Instead, the principals experience increased control functions and administrative tasks inrespective schools. On the other hand, the teachers have given a consistent picture that they have received increased trust from their respective principals as well as room for maneuver based on the Education Act and the governing document for carrying out their teaching duties, which they feel has contributed to an improved working environment in the school. The results of the study also show that the schools have different prerequisites but the same management space to implement trust-based governance and management.