This thesis investigates the topic of natural law in the Therav āda and Thomistic traditions by utilizing the methodology of comparative religious ethics. Approaches to the method such as ethical formalism, ethical naturalism, and narrative ethics are assessed with the author opting for a multidimensional approach that is religious and ethical. This multidimensional approach, as defined by William Schweiker, conducts natural law inquiry from a hermeneutical standpoint of moral diversity and democratic pluralism. The hermeneutical standpoint warrants a historicizing of natural law ethics that is compatible with modern secularity instead of a classicist metaphysical worldview. To achieve this task, the thought of moral philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre and Jewish theologian David Novak is used to formulate a concept of a natural law tradition. Three normative features define the natural law traditions in question: rationality as tradition- constituted, revelation as a historical phenomenon, and natural law as a cultural construct that is both comparative and ontological. The central claim of this thesis is that the Theravāda and Thomistic traditions provide a similar conceptual apparatus for rational discourse that can locate ethical commonalities and respect differences across traditions. The commonality between traditions is secured in natural law ethics because these traditions adhere to a constitutive truth that is the objective ground of all truths and of nature which designates a shared humanity. On the other hand, these natural law traditions are able to at least respect difference because they recognize the autonomy of other traditions outside of and pre- existing their own. Natural law ethics in these religious traditions therefore avoids the ethical challenges of relativism and authoritarianism. Both traditions define a concept of "nature" with a proper teleological orientation for the moral life. "Nature" is an open category in these traditions that can never be fully defined. This demonstrates how these natural law traditions avoid ontological violence. The overall claim is that natural law ethics, which are evident in the Therav āda and Thomistic traditions, offer something essential to a pluralistic secular democracy: an unconditioned view of human dignity that protects inalienable rights because it is secured by a higher law than civil laws.

Asmuo - vienintelis ir nepakartojamas, unikalus ir niekuo nepakeičiamas. Ir vis dėlto žmogus ir toliau yra didžiausia paslaptis pats sau ir kitiems.Šių dienų žmogus susiduria su daugybe iššūkių ir išbandymų, nuolat besikeičiančiame pasaulyje jis bando atrasti save. Ypatingas susvetimėjimas ir kultūros stoka, elementarių bendražmogiškų vertybių nepaisymas matomas valstybėje, mokykloje, šeimoje. Smurtas ir agresyvumas, tyčiojimasis ir kitoks nepagarbus elgesys kelia rimtų problemų ne tik Lietuvoje , bet ir visame pasaulyje. Krikščioniška asmens orumo samprata ir iš to kylanti pagarba kitam asmeniui gali padėti efektyviau spręsti agresyvumo mokykloje problemą. / The subject of this thesis is “Christian conception of human dignity and the respect to another person as foundation for the prevention of in the school”. The human person is unique, inimitable and irreplaceable. However can not be alone, because person needs another person. So being person is not easy in today's world, which is full of anger and anxiety and lack of respect. In the scientific literature there are a lot research of aggression and its manifestations. This study assess to evaluate the potential of new approaches and foundate this kind of school prevention of christian conception of human dignity and the respect to another person. For this purpose was done theoretical analysis of scientific literature, an empirical study, questionnaire and synthesis survey results. The survey approval the respect to another person is the most important factor in preventing aggression in the school.

This essay investigates whether Amartya Sen’s or Martha Nussbaum’s version of the capability approach is better suited to justify civil disobedience. The theoretical framework of my study is critical discourse analysis. This aims to establish the most significant conditions for the justification of civil disobedience. An interpretation of the conception of civil disobedience is presented. The investigation assumes that civil disobedience is justified when people advocate for a change in a policy or a law that limits the securing of basic capabilities. A major part of the essay is devoted to clarifying how the idea of basic capabilities relates to civil disobedience. I also emphasize the importance of human dignity as a universal value. I argue that this value is crucial to realizing why some capabilities are more basic than others. I show that Nussbaum is in a better position than Sen to explain when civil disobedience can be justified. This is because Sen lacks a framework of basic capabilities leaving it up to each nation to assess which capabilities ought to be secured.

Bakgrund: Att opereras sätter patienten i en utsatt situation där personliga och kroppsliga gränser överskrids. Då patienten sövs har hon ännu mindre kontroll över vad som sker och den perioperativa sjuksköterskan blir den som måste bevara hennes värdighet och integritet. På flera intensivvårdsavdelningar kommunicerar personalen med den sövda patienten då de utgår ifrån att hon kan höra och minnas det som sägs även under anestesi. Detta synsätt är till synes inte lika utbrett inom operationsvården. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av hur de upprätthåller den sövda patientens integritet och värdighet. Metod: Tre fokusgruppsintervjuer utfördes på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. I studien deltog 12 operationssjuksköterskor med arbetslivserfarenhet från ett halvår upp till 44 år. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades och datan analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra kategorier med underkategorier identifierades som beskrev operationssjuksköterskans bevarande av den sövda patientens integritet och värdighet. Dessa var: att bevara patientens kroppsliga integritet, att försvara patienten, att ha ett empatiskt förhållningssätt och att följa upp kränkningar mot patienter. Konklusion: Bevarandet av den sövda patientens värdighet och integritet är en komplex fråga, där den kroppsliga integriteten lätt tar överhanden. Implementeringen av ett arbetssätt där den sövda patienten antas kunna uppfatta en del av det som händer på operationssalen skulle kunna leda till att alla delar av värdigheten och integriteten lättare bevaras. Operationssjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att se till hela människan och hennes behov. Det är många faktorer som påverkar vilka strategier som används av sjuksköterskan och det krävs ett reflekterande förhållningssätt. Organisationen har ett ansvar för att främja arbetsmiljön och teamsamarbetet för att på bästa sätt möjliggöra bevarandet av patientens värdighet och integritet. / Background: Surgery puts the patient in a vulnerable situation where personal and physical limits are exceeded. An anesthetized patient has even less control over what is happening and the perioperative nurse has to maintain the dignity and integrity of the patient. In many intensive care units, the staff communicates with the anesthetized patient assuming she can hear and remember what is said even under sedation. This approach doesn’t seem to be as widespread in surgical care. Objective: The objective was to describe the surgical nurses' experiences of how they maintain the anesthetized patient integrity and dignity. Method: Three focus group interviews were conducted at two hospitals in southern Sweden. The study enrolled 12 operating theatre nurses with work experience from six months up to 44 years. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four categories with subcategories were identified that described how the operating theatre nurses maintained the integrity and dignity of the anesthetized patient. These were: to preserve the patients’ bodily integrity, defending the patient, to have an empathetic approach and to follow up on violations towards patients. Conclusion: Maintaining the anesthetized patient's dignity and integrity is a complex issue, where bodily integrity often takes precedence. The implementation of an approach where the anesthetized patient is assumed to be able to understand a part of what happens in the operating room could lead to the preservation of the patients’ dignity and integrity as a whole. The operating theatre nurse has an important role to care for the whole person and her needs. There are many factors that influences the strategies used by the nurses that also requires a reflective approach. The organization itself has a responsibility to promote the work environment and team collaboration to best enable the preservation of the patients’ dignity and integrity.

Introduktion: Den perioperativa sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i den perioperativa miljön, där hon med rätt fingertoppskänsla ska förhålla sig empatisk och se patienten som en individ genom att bevara patientens värdighet, autonomi och integritet. Som blivande operationssjuksköterskor har vi blivit medvetna om att arbetet i den perioperativa vården bedrivs med hög produktion och kostnadseffektivt tänkande. Vi har därför intresserat oss för att undersöka hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskan bevarar patientens värdighet i den högteknologiska miljön. Syftet: Att få en ökad förståelse om hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskan bevarar värdigheten hos patienten i den perioperativa vården. Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv empirisk forskningsmetod. Öppna frågor ställdes enskilt till 14 frivilliga perioperativa sjuksköterskor vid tre olika sjukhus i Sverige. Resultat: Efter en kvalitativ innehållsanalys blev två kategorier synliga i resultatet: Perioperativa sjuksköterskans handlande för att bevara värdigheten för patienten och När patienten inte sätts i fokus. För de två kategorierna blev dessutom åtta subkategorier synliga.  Den perioperativa sjuksköterskans egenskaper och professionella förhållningssätt är av stor betydelse för att värdigheten ska bevaras i den perioperativa miljön. Genom att föra en dialog med patienten skapas trygghet och förtroende. Teamet arbetar för att vården ska bli värdig och patientsäker. Om en oetisk handling uppkommer är det av vikt att den perioperativa sjuksköterskan står upp för sin patient och vågar konfrontera. Konklusion: Via intervjuer i denna studie framkom hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskans handlande bevarar patientens värdighet i den perioperativa vården samt hur hon använder sitt professionella förhållningssätt då patienten inte sätts i fokus. / Introduction: The perioperative nurse has an important role in the perioperative environment, where she with the right sensitivity should act empathetic and see the patient as an individual by keeping the patient's dignity, autonomy and integrity. As future theatre nurses we have become aware of that the work in the perioperative care is conducted with high production and a cost effective way of thinking. Therefore, we found it interesting to investigate how the perioperative nurse keeps the patient's dignity in the high technology environment. Aim: To achieve an increased understanding of how the perioperative nurse keeps the dignity of the patient in the perioperative care. Method: A qualitative inductive empirical research method. Open questions were asked individually to 14 voluntary perioperative nurses at three different hospitals in Sweden. Results: After a qualitative analysis of the content, two categories became visible in the results: The act of the perioperative nurse to keep the dignity of the patient and When the focus is not on the patient. For the two categories, also eight subcategories became visible. The characteristics and professional way to act of the perioperative nurse are of great importance for keeping the dignity in the perioperative environment. By having a dialouge with the patient a sense of safety and confidence is created. The team work towards a dignified and secure care for the patient. If an unethical act occurs it is of great importance that the perioperative nurse stands up for the patient and dares to take the confrontation. Conclusion: Interviews in this study showed how the acts of the perioperative nurse keep the dignity of the patient in the perioperative care and how she uses her professional approach when the focus is not on the patient.

The future of our world will largely be determined by our willingness and ability to address practices and beliefs that threaten human dignity, promote violence, and impoverish communities. This dissertation develops an African humanist theology as a basis for concrete engagement with social problems (dehumanization, violence, and poverty) by drawing from Kenneth Kaunda’s concept of Christian humanism. Relying on writings by Kenneth Kaunda housed at Boston University library (books, pamphlets, and unpublished speeches), this dissertation argues that his concept of Christian humanism is a valuable, multidimensional concept that, properly understood can serve as a critical resource for addressing the ethical challenges related to human dignity, nonviolence, and economic justice. This dissertation undertakes four main tasks. First, the dissertation’s critical examination of Christian humanism and African humanism exposes shared yet distinctive emphases on human dignity. Second, the dissertation studies Kaunda’s biography to explore the contextual influences on his life and the development of his thought. Kaunda was deeply influenced by his missionary parents and, later in life, by thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi. Third, the dissertation analyzes the theoretical bases of Kaunda’s Christian humanism with regard to the main themes of human dignity, nonviolence, and economic egalitarianism. Fourth, the dissertation proposes an African Christian humanist approach embodying the ideas espoused by Kaunda as a framework for addressing the ethical challenges in Africa related to violence and poverty. This study concludes that African Christian humanism in the sense proposed should be an important component of social ethics.

A presente dissertação de mestrado profissional trata da seguinte temática: a natureza desumanizadora do trabalho nas organizações de produção e consumo, no contexto da sociedade industrializada e tecnológica. A investigação se dá por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica circunscrevendo o objeto de pesquisa por meio de um recorte de análise histórica e sociológica do conceito de trabalho inserido nas transformações históricosociais das revoluções industriais e de pensamento moderno de progresso presente nos setores de produção e consumo. Para tanto, as perguntas pelo desenvolvimento do trabalho na sociedade capitalista, os fatores que indicam a desumanização do trabalho dentro das organizações, a influência da sociedade sobre os modelos organizacionais e os modelos gerenciais que têm sido propostos no decorrer da história das organizações fornecem a delineação metodológica da pesquisa. Decorrente deste quadro intentou-se algumas conclusões, dentre as quais destacamos: a influência do protestantismo. A partir deste a religiosidade ganha um novo sentido da relação pessoal com Deus, e a vida do cristão é para ser vivida e experimentada no mundo. O trabalho é um dever, um serviço a Deus e aos homens e o ócio deve ser rejeitado. Por outro lado, justamente na Revolução Industrial que o trabalho vai se consolidar como fator de sofrimento. Há todo um desenvolvimento histórico que, por exemplo, tira o trabalhador do campo e o coloca na indústria. E é na indústria que ele conhece o sofrimento. O sofrimento atinge o trabalhador em sua integralidade, proveniente de vários aspectos da vida nas indústrias e organizações de produção capitalistas: O ambiente de trabalho, a rotina e a repetição, omissão dos sofrimentos no espaço de trabalho por parte das empresas. Com isso, concluiu-se que a dignidade do ser humano transcende o seu ambiente de trabalho, e a sua felicidade envolve a vida inteira. / This professional Masters dissertation deals with the following theme: dehumanizing nature of work in organizations of production and consumption in the context of industrialized society and technology. The research is done by means of literature delineating the research object through a clipping historical and sociological analysis of the concept of work inserted in the historical and social transformations of the industrial revolutions of modern thought and progress in those sectors of production and consumption . Therefore, the questions for the development of work in capitalist society, the factors that indicate the dehumanization of work within organizations, the influence of society on organizational models and management models that have been proposed throughout history organizations provide delineation methodological research. Due to this framework brought some conclusions, among which we highlight: the influence of Protestantism. From this religiosity gains a new sense of personal relationship with God, and the Christian life is to be lived and experienced in the world. The work is a duty, a service to God and to men and laziness must be rejected. On the other hand, precisely in the Industrial Revolution that the work will be consolidated as a factor of suffering. There is a whole historical development, for example, takes the field worker and puts in the industry. And the industry is that he knows the suffering. Suffering reaches the worker in its entirety, from various aspects of life in the industries and organizations of capitalist production: The work environment, routine and repetition, omission of suffering in the workspace for companies. Thus, it was concluded that the human dignity transcends your desktop, and your happiness involves a lifetime.

Nos dias de hoje, novos desafios surgem entre os valores da sociedade como um todo e as novas descobertas tecnológicas. As conquistas trazidas pelo desenvolvimento na área das ciências biológicas revigoram e produzem esperanças na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população, porém é fundamental se questionar quais são os limites para essa ação. As novas biotecnologias fomentaram um debate que envolve a Bioética e provocou o surgimento do Biodireito, tudo com o intuito de promover a proteção da vida e a dignidade humana. Diante dessa realidade, o presente trabalho inicia sua fundamentação com o tema Bioética, tratando a parte conceitual e histórica, seus princípios basilares e a relação com o Biodireito. Em seguida, por estar diretamente interligado à Bioética, parte-se para a dignidade humana como categoria teológica, bem como se vislumbra a importante relação entre Bioética e Teologia. Por fim, finaliza-se o estudo tratando-se a evolução do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, consagrado constitucionalmente e pela fé cristã, como limite bioético e jurídico frente às inovações científicas, enfatizando o conceito de dignidade, o surgimento dos direitos fundamentais e sua positivação na Constituição de 1988. / Nowadays, new challenges arise between the values of society as a whole and the new technological discoveries. The achievements brought about by development in the field of biological sciences invigorate and produce hope in improving the quality of life, but it is crucial to question what the limits of this action are. New biotechnologies fueled a debate that involves bioethics and sparked the emergence of Biolaw, all aiming to promote the protection of human life and dignity. Given this reality, this paper begins its reasoning with the theme Bioethics, regarding the conceptual and historical part, its basic principles and the relationship with Biolaw. Then, because it is directly connected to Bioethics, we proceed to human dignity as a theological category, as well as to seeing the important relationship between bioethics and theology. Finally, the study ends up discussing the evolution of the principle of human dignity, enshrined in the Constitution and the Christian faith, as the bioethical and legal limit in regard to scientific progress, emphasizing the concept of dignity, the emergence of fundamental rights and its positivization in the 1988 Constitution.

Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, the attention is focused mainly on the physical aspect of a person and human dignity is less emphasized. The medical professionals should treat the patients with respect, dignity and understanding. This work points at the issues of maintaining patient autonomy and intimacy as the basic components of the preservation of human dignity. For the purposes of the thesis, the aim was to find to what extent the nurses find it possible to preserve patient autonomy, intimacy and the promotion of human dignity in the hospital environment. The thesis was handled by the qualitative research method with the use of interviews with the nurses and the patients of Department of Surgery and Department of Aftercare. The research file consisted of 10 general nurses, included 5 nurses from the Department of Surgery and 5 nurses from the Department of Aftercare. The research also addressed 10 patients from the Department of Surgery and 10 patients from the Department of Aftercare. Data collection was based on interview with prepared questions. The interviews which allowed the research to collect valuable information were recorded in two ways; either with the help of a voice recorder, or by a written record. Then the data processing itself occurred which consisted of a literal transcript of the information. The important data were emphasized and highlighted using the method called "a pencil and paper." By means of marking of individual words we used the method of "encoding" where the information has been grouped and which subsequently resulted in concepts as autonomy, intimacy and human dignity. The accomplished research brought different views of the nurses on the possibility of preserving the autonomy of the patients. The Department of Surgery offers more autonomy of the patients than those from the Department of Aftercare where patient autonomy is not sustained. The majority of patients (the Department of Surgery, the Department of Aftercare) is at least aware of the possibility to decide on their own, even under the circumstances where all the initiative is, as a result, conveyed by the doctors. Another concept that expressed our interest was the dignified care. Nurses show respect to patients through a humane approach, including information, interest, a quiet environment and a smile. This behaviour was also confirmed by the patients who mentioned only positive experience with the conservation and the promoting of their dignity. Many patients reported that this care is provided at the place where they are hospitalized. Unfortunately, according to the nurses, in some cases the lack of possibility to support patient dignity is caused by insufficient number of the staff, insufficient time and inappropriate facilities. The nurses are trying to maintain a professional approach which is based on decent behaviour focused on respect for human dignity. As the last concept, we present intimacy and privacy. The nurses evaluate the preservation of intimacy as possible and at the same time as an important aspect of the dignified care. Most often intimacy is maintained by means of roller blinds, doors and shutters. However, it is the number of people in the room that both the nurses and the patients see as a chief problem. The patients continue to highlight the efforts and the emphasis that the nurses put to maintain intimacy and privacy. According to the accomplished researched, it was found that the current nursing care may fulfil the rights for human dignity at an average level. The results of the current and potential further research could be available to the management of the hospital care to provide the employers with the information as a means for the identification and elimination of the identified barriers. This would increase the level of quality provided by nursing care and awareness of the fact that a person with all his/her needs remains the focus of our attention.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-22T13:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Vicente Passos Júnior 2.pdf: 919983 bytes, checksum: 43a5cfe617c4baebfdd60ca0f4ef51ec (MD5) Vicente Passos Júnior 1.pdf: 42711 bytes, checksum: 9bc58c0e3c3c634c1e72dbff4663cb2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:32:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Vicente Passos Júnior 2.pdf: 919983 bytes, checksum: 43a5cfe617c4baebfdd60ca0f4ef51ec (MD5) Vicente Passos Júnior 1.pdf: 42711 bytes, checksum: 9bc58c0e3c3c634c1e72dbff4663cb2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vicente Passos Júnior 2.pdf: 919983 bytes, checksum: 43a5cfe617c4baebfdd60ca0f4ef51ec (MD5) Vicente Passos Júnior 1.pdf: 42711 bytes, checksum: 9bc58c0e3c3c634c1e72dbff4663cb2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A tutela jurídica contra o superendividamento como aplicação do princípio da dignidade humana nas relações de crédito O tema da presente pesquisa é a tutela jurídica contra o superendividamento como aplicação do princípio da dignidade humana nas relações de crédito. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é demonstrar se há uma tutela jurídica no direito brasileiro para proteger as situações do superendividamento com fundamento no princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em quatro partes. Na primeira discorreu-se sobre as mudanças ocorridas no Direito Civil devido ao processo de constitucionalização e sua influência sobre matérias de cunho privado. Na mesma parte foi demonstrado como o princípio da dignidade humana influencia a legislação ordinária e em que extensão ela pode interferir nos acordos particulares. Na segunda parte foi estudado, especificamente, o crédito, sua regulamentação na legislação, as taxas de juros. No passo seguinte, houve uma discussão sobre as transformações que ocorreram nos elementos da teoria geral dos contratos e os novos princípios decorrentes do princípio da boa-fé. Na terceira parte, a pesquisa centrou-se no superendividamento propriamente dito, seu conceito, seus elementos caracterizadores, sua classificação, regulamentação legal em países estrangeiros e a quais institutos ele está associado no direito brasileiro. Finalmente, no último capítulo, foi mostrado que é assegurada uma tutela jurídica, embora não haja um dispositivo legal específico concernente ao superendividamento, carecendo, portanto, de uma adequada proteção jurídica através de uma legislação específica. / Salvador