Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) s’est fait le promoteur d’une écologie humaine en géographie. De sa thèse Les Pyrénées méditerranéennes. Étude de géographie biologique (1913) à son ouvrage Les fondements biologiques de la géographie humaine. Essai d’une écologie de l’homme (1943), il porte une attention particulière aux relations entre l’homme et le milieu vivant. Ainsi, il se distingue des autres géographes par la diversité et l’originalité de ses préoccupations : les genres de vie, les maladies, l’alimentation, le climat urbain, les «milieux artificiels», etc. Ce faisant, il s’inscrit dans de multiples réseaux savants — de biologistes, médecins, sociologues et psychologues. Ses écrits se démarquent également par une dimension généraliste et spéculative, quand ses contemporains privilégient souvent une approche régionale. Pour autant, le savant participe pleinement aux lieux disciplinaires de son temps. Professeur à l’université de Lille dans l’entre-deux-guerres, auteur de volumes pour la Géographie Universelle, puis titulaire d’une chaire à la Sorbonne et directeur des Annales de Géographie dans les années 1940, Maximilien Sorre finit sa carrière comme directeur du Centre d’Études Sociologiques. Le caractère brillant, mais somme toute traditionnel, de sa trajectoire contraste avec la relative singularité de ses centres d’intérêts. Cette étude biographique cherche donc à ressaisir la tension ou la coexistence entre ces différentes inscriptions savantes, à penser l’articulation, au sein d’une même vie, entre un principe de conformation — ou de reproduction — et un principe de singularisation permettant l’innovation scientifique. / Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) promoted human ecology in geography. From his thesis, entitled Les Pyrénées méditerranéennes. Étude de géographie biologique (1913), to his 1943 essay Les fondements biologiques de la géographie humaine. Essai d’une écologie de l’homme, his work focuses on the relationships between human beings and the living environment. Thus he distinguishes himself from other geographers because of the diversity and originality of his preoccupations: lifestyles (“genres de vie”), illnesses, diet, urban climate, “artificial environments”, etc. In doing so, he is part of numerous learned networks – of biologists, doctors, sociologists and psychologists. His written works also differentiate themselves because they have a general and speculative dimension, while his contemporaries often favour a regional approach. Nevertheless, the scholar is fully involved in the places of knowledge of his time. He is a professor at the university of Lille between the wars, the author of some volumes for Géographie Universelle, he then holds a chair at the Sorbonne and directs Annales de Géographie in the 1940s, Maximilien Sorre ends his career as the head of Centre of Sociological Research. The brilliant, yet traditional nature of his path contrasts with the relative singularity of his interests. Therefore this biographical study attempts to grasp the tension or the coexistence between these different learned inscriptions, to reflect on the articulation, during his lifetime, between a principle of conformation – or reproduction – and a principle of wishing to stand out, thus enabling scientific innovation.

What motivates extreme pro-group action, such as heroism and self-sacrifice on the battlefield? Despite much scholarly attention in recent years, the question is yet to be fully explained. Recent research suggests that shared dysphoric experiences are one way of generating identity fusion, a visceral sense of 'oneness' between individual and group that has been shown to motivate willingness to fight and die for the group. Using two special populations - British and Brazilian football fans - this thesis investigates the causes and consequences of fusion. Football fan cultures are diverse, globally popular, and ripe for examining intergroup conflict. This thesis focuses on two related components of the 'shared dysphoria pathway' to fusion: emotional arousal (e.g. watching one's team suffer a particularly bitter defeat) and the sense of 'self-transformativeness' that ensues from intense, shared experiences. Across four studies, it is shown that for some individuals, sharing the agony of defeat can be emotionally and physiologically arousing to such a degree so as to transform their sense of personal identity. In turn, this leads to a more porous boundary between group and individual identities, i.e. individuals become 'fused' with their groups. Fused people are documented as engaging in some of the most extreme and potentially dangerous social behaviours we know. Two related consequences of fusion are examined: extreme pro-group action and outgroup hostility. Football hooliganism is a persistent, global problem, which is addressed in a fifth study. This thesis refutes past work suggesting that hooligans are social misfits, instead contending that hooligans are especially fused to their group and motivated to defend their 'brothers-in-arms', which results in outgroup violence. These findings suggest that a more thorough understanding of the causes and consequences of fusion could conceivably impact a great many areas, perhaps most importantly conflict resolution and policies relating to intergroup conflict.

A la fin du XIXe siècle, dans le contexte de la mise en place de la société salariale en Europe, émerge un projet positiviste d’étude du travail humain que l’on n’a pas hésité à appeler « ergologie ». Ce projet, qui traversera différentes sciences humaines, cherchait à définir et à encadrer normativement le travail humain en partant de l’étude des potentialités et des limites psycho-physiologiques de l’activité corporelle (fatigue, aptitudes psychomotrices, monotonie, attention..). En ce sens, l’étude psycho-physiologique s’inscrivait dans un projet plus large d’« optimisation » de l’activité humaine (hygiénisme, paix sociale, eugénisme...), en ce sens la connaissance du corps au travail apparaissait comme une partie de la rationalisation de son « usage ». C’est dans cette perspective que certains historiens ont interprété le programme ergologique comme une tentative de « chosification » du corps dont le but serait de le transformer en instrument au service du profit capitaliste et/ou en support du contrôle disciplinaire de l’Etat (Rabinbach, 1992). Or, en observant le développement épistémologique et politique de ce projet « ergologique », on peut s’apercevoir que les tentatives de mesurer et de gérer le corps entendu comme instrument de la production montrent en continuation la nécessité de prendre en compte le choix volontaire par laquelle l’homme définit le but pour de son activité corporelle. En effet, si le travail humain ne peut être défini que comme une activité instrumentale pour atteindre un but « voulu », l’homme serait donc celui qui fait usage de son propre corps pour réaliser un « projet ». Ainsi, mesurer et gouverner les hommes par le travail du corps, tel que cherche à le faire « l’ergologie », n’équivaut pas simplement à réduire celui-ci à un objet malléable, mais également à penser l’activité corporelle instrumentale comme le moment où l’homme définit les objectif de son action en fonctions des différentes contraintes qui déterminent son action vitale. / At the end of the nineteenth century, in the context of the implementation of the “wage society” in Europe, appears a positivist project for studying human labor, which does not hesitate to define "ergology." This project, that cross different human sciences, sought to define and guide the normatively human work on the basis of the study of the psycho-physiological potentiality and limits of body’s activity (fatigue, attitudes, monotony, attention ...). In this sense, the study of psycho-physiological motions is part of a project about the "optimization" of human activities (hygienism, social peace, eugenics ...). From this perspective, some historians have interpreted the “ergology” as a form of "mechanization" of the body that would transform it into an instrument at the service of the capitalist profit and/or into a support of the disciplinary control of the State (Rabinbach, 1992) . However, observing the epistemological and political development of the "ergological project ", we can see that to measure and to management the man as an instrument of the production it need to take into account the voluntary action by which man defines the goal that his bodily activity. If human labor can be defined as an activity instrumental to achieve a goal "desired", so the man appears as the “master” of his body for the accomplishment of a “project”. So, measure and govern men through the work of the body does not just mean reducing the latter to object malleable, but also think the work as the action through the organic activity can be the support for a “human” realization.

De Roland Barthes à Pascal Quignard, ce que l’on observe c’est la recherche d’une hétérologie du savoir ; l’accentuation d’un discours « autre » sur le savoir ou plutôt la spectacularisation d’une forme hétérodoxe de l’écriture du savoir. Cela passe par le mélange des registres narratifs et argumentatifs, par le choix d’une forme plus fragmentaire que dissertative, par l’ouverture aux jeux énonciatifs comme par l’accueil de courts passages fictionnels dans les marges de la prose d’idées, par le souci enfin de la dimension figurale qui travaille en profondeur l’écriture du texte théorique. En engageant une comparaison entre ces deux générations d’écrivains, nous avons tenté une approche généalogique de cette ressaisie « hétérologique » des savoirs par la littérature. La question a été la suivante : qu’est-ce que l’insistance de la littérarisation du discours savant par les littéraires nous dit, en retour, de l’idée que la littérature se fait d’elle-même ? Derrière toutes ces annexions des disciplines savantes dans le domaine de la littérature – d’ailleurs exclusivement menées depuis la littérature, dans une indifférence quasi unanime de la « science » dont l’émancipation n’a plus à être revendiquée – n’y-a-t-il pas toute une stratégie de redressement symbolique du pouvoir et de la figure du littéraire ? Il ne s’agit pas ici d’une contribution à l’histoire de la littérature – dont le plan, souvent trop vaste, finit par essentialiser l’objet qu’elle se propose précisément d’historiciser –, mais plutôt d’une participation à l’histoire de l’idée de littérature ; et à l’intérieur de celle-ci, de façon plus resserrée encore, la tentative d’éclairer l’histoire de l’idée selon laquelle la littérature récente s’est voulue (de nouveau) souveraine dans l’ordre des discours. / The thing one observes moving from Roland Barthes to Pascal Quignard is the search for a sort of heterology of knowledge; the emphasis of an “other” discourse on knowledge or rather the spectacular display of a heterodox form for the writing of knowledge. This takes place by means of the intertwinement of both narrative and argumentative registers, as well as by the choice of a more fragmented rather than dissertational form, by a sort of openness to enunciation games but also by the incorporation of short fictional excerpts within the margins of such prose of ideas and finally by pondering the figural dimension deeply operating the writing of the theoretical text. The comparison initiated herewith between these two generations of writers has led us to put forward a genealogical approach of such “heterological” restoration of knowledge by literature. The question was outlined as follows: what does the insistence of the use by the literary of a scholar discourse literalization tell us, in its own way, concerning the very idea literature projects of itself? Underlying all the annexations of scholarly disciplines within the field of literature — indeed exclusively conducted from literature's point of view, in an almost unanimous indifference towards “science” whose emancipation no longer needs to be claimed — one asks whether there would not be a complete symbolic turnaround strategy of both the power and the figure of the literary. We do not aim at contributing to the history of literature — whose plan, often too wide, ends by essentializing the precise object it seeks to historicize — but rather to participating in the history of an idea of literature itself; and herewith, in a more strict manner, attempting to enlighten the history of the idea that recent literature has (once again) sought sovereignty within the order of discourse.

Orientador: Tamas Joszef Marton Karoly Szmrecsanyi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_MariaAliceRebellodo_D.pdf: 1633347 bytes, checksum: 281f84c8a6a81f711150b1fc495ad81d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A comunicação científica, qualquer que seja o ângulo pelo qual for examinada, constitui parte essencial do processo de investigação científica. Contudo, essa comunicação sempre enfrentou a mudança e a diversidade. Os principais veículos utilizados no passado, de maneira preponderante, em suas mais variadas modalidades de divulgação: inscrições, manuscritos, conferências, livros impressos, agora subsistem com novos meios de divulgação criados pela tecnologia da comunicação, que se incumbe de ¿apagar¿ a distinção tradicional entre a comunicação formal e a informal. O que parece haver se mantido durante todo esse tempo é a noção de que apenas os próprios cientistas podem avaliar o trabalho de seus colegas ¿ os seus pares. Para tentar entender todo esse enredamento, a pesquisa teórica se embasou nos preceitos teóricos de funcionamento da ciência descritos por Robert Merton, nas análises quantitativas da ciência empregadas por Derek de Solla Price e na contribuição de Eugene Garfield que criou os índices de citações bibliográficas. Do ponto de vista da pesquisa empírica, examinou-se a produção científica e o ¿fazer¿ dos pesquisadores brasileiros no campo da Antropologia, a partir da análise dos currículos destes antropólogos, disponíveis no CV-Lattes e de entrevistas estruturadas encaminhadas aos principais atores desta pesquisa. O conjunto destes resultados permitiu evidenciar que a comunicação científica em Antropologia é veiculada em periódicos, mas principalmente em outras modalidades de publicação, a despeito do crescente emprego de instrumentos internacionais de medição da produção da ciência que elegeram os periódicos e seus artigos. Essa mudança cultural, vinda do exterior, vem se refletindo nas agências de fomento à pesquisa do Brasil. Porém, essa crescente importância dos periódicos internacionais, de maneira indiscriminada, imposta em todos os ramos da ciência, tem trazido enormes prejuízos, no que tange ao desempenho da produção científica visível da Antropologia brasileira e no financiamento de suas pesquisas / Abstract: The scientific communication, no matter from which angle it will be examined, constitutes an essential part of the scientific investigation process. Nevertheless, this communication has always faced change and diversity. The main means used in the past, in a preponderant way, in its most varied kinds of disclosure, were: inscriptions, manuscripts, conferences, printed books, subsist now with new means of disclosure created by the communication technology, which undertakes to ¿abolish¿ the traditional distinction between formal and informal communication. One thing that seems to have been maintained for all this period is the notion that only scientists themselves can evaluate the work of their colleagues ¿ or their peers. In order to understand all this entanglement, the theoretical research was based on the theoretical rules of functioning of science described by Robert Merton, on the quantitative analysis of science applied by Derek de Solla Price as well as on the contribution done by Eugene Garfield who created the indexes for biographical quotations. From the empirical research point of view, the scientific production and the ¿doing¿ of the Brazilian researchers in the Anthropological field were examined on the basis of the curricula analysis of these anthropologists, available in the CV-Lattes, as well as structured interviews submitted to the main actors of this research. The set of these results has allowed to evidence that the scientific communication in Anthropology is transmitted through journals, but mainly through other ways of publishing, in spite of the increasing usage of international instruments of measurements of the scientific production that elected the scientific journals and their articles. This cultural change, originated from abroad, has been reflecting upon the agencies that are encouraging the research in the Brazil. However, the increasing importance of the international reviews, indiscriminately imposed on all branches of the science, has brought considerable damages in relation to the development of the visible scientific production of Brazilian Anthropology and the financial help for its researches / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

À partir des années 1890, la construction de l’identité nationale américaine et d’un citoyen moderne mobilise différentes définitions de la notion de folk music, issues de différents milieux intellectuels et fondées sur une multiplication des collectes, pour culminer à la fin du New Deal en l’établissement d’un consensus sur l’existence et le contenu de base de l'American Folk Music. Compositeurs et musicologues construisent l’American Folk Music pour tenter de fonder une école de composition américaine qui rivaliserait avec les écoles européennes. Les folkloristes universitaires l’abordent en tant qu’objet d’étude, selon une approche textualiste et donc nécessairement anglo-centrée. Des anthropologues se saisissent aussi de cette notion pour l'appliquer aux musiques amérindiennes, puis à celles des Noirs-Américains. Avec les psychologues, ils y introduisent les influences des approches évolutionniste, diffusionniste, fonctionnaliste et relativiste. Éducateurs progressistes et travailleurs sociaux l’emploieront dans des projets d’ingénierie sociale, notamment en relation avec le mouvement d'américanisation. Tous ces paradigmes coexistent et s’opposent ou s’influencent jusque dans les années 1930, moment où l’institutionnalisation de l’American Folk Music au sein de l’État fédéral conduit à une rencontre et une forme de synthèse de toutes ces approches. Cette thèse explore les travaux des inventeurs de l’American Folk Music autour du parcours d’une des collectrices qui établissent la synthèse new-dealienne, Sidney Robertson. / From the 1890's on, the construction of American national identity and of the modern citizen draws on various definitions of the notion of folk music, produced by various intellectual circles and supported by the development of field collecting, to result towards the end of the New Deal Era in a tentative consensus on the basic content and the very existence of American Folk Music. Composers and musicologists address American Folk Music as a tool to try and set up an American composition school to rival the european ones. Academic folklorists approach it as a scholarly object through a text-centered paradigm requiring its linguistic anglo-centeredness. Anthropologists apply the notion to Amerindian, then later on Black-American musics. Along with the psychologists, they introduce in its definition the new concepts and bias of the competing evolutionist, diffusionist, functionalist and relativist theoretical schools. Progressive educators and social workers use it in their social engineering programs, most importantly in the Americanization-related ones.These various paradigms coexist, compete, and influence each other until the 1930's, when the institutionalization of American Folk Music inside Federal State agencies encourages a synthesis of these different approaches. The present thesis aims to describe the works and ideas of these various contributors to the invention of the American Folk Music through the study of the life and career of one of the New Deal collectors instrumental in this synthesis, Sidney Robertson.

Les institutions de mémoire et de savoir (par exemple, les bibliothèques, les archives, les musées) font face à des défis importants dans leurs responsabilités d’assurer la pérennité du patrimoine documentaire à l’ère numérique. Citons la surabondance de l’information numérique, la possibilité de production, théoriquement illimitée, offerte aux individus comme aux groupes sociaux, les limites dans les capacités de stockage et de diffusion de l’information numérique qui sont à la disposition des institutions mandataires du patrimoine documentaire. De plus, il est apparu que les approches et les méthodes utilisées pour identifier, gérer, préserver et diffuser le patrimoine documentaire de la société canadienne dans un environnement analogique n’étaient transférables à un environnement numérique. Nous suggérons que la théorie sociale de la connaissance peut servir de base à une réflexion portant sur le développement d’une politique publique qui viserait à encadrer l’identification, la sélection, la gestion et la préservation du patrimoine documentaire d’une société à l'ère numérique. Nous définissons la problématique puis proposons des réponses à travers trois articles scientifiques. Les résultats indiquent que les connaissances et les pratiques professionnelles utilisées demeurent persistantes et limitent la formulation et l'application de nouveaux cadres théoriques, de politiques administratives et de techniques associés à l'identification et la sélection du patrimoine documentaire. Cette recherche propose un cadre conceptuel qui permet de développer des politiques publiques sur le patrimoine documentaire du Canada. / Memory and knowledge institutions (for example, libraries, archives, museums) face significant challenges in their responsibilities to ensure the long-term preservation of documentary heritage in the digital age. The overabundance of digital information, the potential unrestricted ability to create and produce digital information by individuals and social groups; the lack of storage capacity and ability to disseminate digital information by documentary heritage institutions are only a few of these challenges. Moreover, the approaches and methods used in an analogue environment to identify, manage, preserve and disseminate Canadian documentary heritage have proven to be non-transferable to the digital environment. We suggest that social epistemology can support the development of public policy approach for documentary heritage institutions to identify Canada's documentary heritage in the digital age. We explored this issue and we tried to respond to it through three scientific articles. Our research indicates that existing professional practice and objective knowledge remains persistent and limits the formulation and application of new theoretical frameworks, administrative policies and instruments related to the identification and selection of documentary heritage. To remedy this situation, our research identifies a conceptual framework that can be used to develop public policies on Canada's documentary heritage.

Dezenove entrevistas realizadas com professores titulares pertencentes à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, permitiram examinar a construção de uma memória coletiva sobre o papel desta instituição na transição política da ditadura para a democracia no Brasil. As histórias de vida possibilitaram investigar como os docentes se apropriaram do processo de profissionalização acadêmica determinado pela Lei 5540/68. O objetivo desta tese é demonstrar como o fim das cátedras e a conquista de uma autonomia intelectual baseada na carreira pública foram responsáveis por reorientar os projetos coletivos e resignificar as relações estabelecidas pelos professores com a sociedade no período democrático. A reintrodução da questão democrática no final dos anos 1970 trouxe à tona pautas políticas divergentes que explicitaram diferentes concepções a respeito da função dos intelectuais na sociedade. A intenção desta pesquisa é evidenciar como a comunidade docente forjada em um contexto de modernidade radicalizada, reiterou seu compromisso na defesa do ensino público e o desejo de interferir nos destinos do país / The realization of nineteen interviews with full professors from the Faculty of Philosophy, Language and Human Sciences (FFLCH) in the University of São Paulo provided the possibility to examine the construction of a collective memory concerning the role of this institution in the political transition from dictatorship to democracy in Brazil. The paths of intellectual life allowed the investigation of how the professors appropriated the process of academic professionalization determined by the Law 5540/68. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the way the end of the professorship and the conquest of intellectual autonomy based on a public career were responsible to redirect the collective projects and revaluate the relations established between professors and society in the democratic period. The reintroduction of the democratic issue in the end of the seventies brought to light divergent political contexts that emphasized different conceptions related to the function of intellectuals in society. The objective of this research is to clarify how the docent community established in a context of radical modernity reaffirmed its commitment in defense of public education and the desire to interfere in the destinies of the country

Le 4 octobre 2005, l'État du Chiapas (situé dans le sud-est du Mexique) a vécu l'un des plus grands désastres de son histoire. Aux origines de ce dernier se trouvent les conséquences de la dépression tropicale Stan ainsi que de multiples autres facteurs. Le dessein de notre thèse est de s'interroger sur la réalité sociale, politique, économique et environnementale que la presse écrite a bâtie et véhiculée à propos de cette catastrophe dite " naturelle ". Il nous est apparu essentiel d'étudier ce discours médiatique afin d'analyser la gestion du désastre par les différents niveaux de gouvernements mexicains, et la relation qu'ils entretiennent entre eux, sachant qu'a fortiori, c'est de cette représentation dont se nourrit la société civile. Notre démarche est de mettre au jour le système qui régit la relation entre le monde politique, la presse écrite et la société civile car nous considérons qu'il détermine la construction du discours de presse. Les médias sont donc des filtres qui constituent une réalité souvent considérée comme " La " réalité. Cependant, nous verrons qu'ils ne sont que des prismes à travers lesquels émerge un reflet de la sphère sociale et du monde politique ainsi que les interactions qui se créent à l'intérieur même de ce prisme. Nous avons choisi comme objet et instrument d'étude deux journaux de la ville de Mexico (La Jornada et Crónica de Hoy) et deux journaux de la région du Chiapas (El Heraldo de Chiapas et Cuarto Poder). La méthode d'analyse de contenu du discours de presse Morin-Chartier ainsi que notre investigation audiovisuelle sur le terrain nous ont permis à la fois de réaliser une étude quantitative et qualitative

Investigación hemerográfica avalada por la reconstrucción y la deconstrucción de documentos portadores del eco social de un personaje, Francisco Rabal, que ni pasó desapercibido por la sociedad, los escenarios y los platós, ni puede ser ignorado por la historia y los anales del cine, el teatro y la interpretación en general. Han sido utilizados métodos concretos de investigación social de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; análisis de contenidos de prensa en una investigación rigurosa sobre el tratamiento periodístico visto aquel en el escenario del universo del mensaje y contemplado éste tanto por sí solo como desde la perspectiva hemerográfica, en la que adquiere una importancia extrema la comunicación no verbal, el valor de lo icónico. Los interesados en estas investigaciones encontrarán una herramienta muy válida: la conjunción de periodismo y sociología para que el resultado ofrezca esa visión transversal solamente presente en el ámbito contextualizado de las Ciencias Humanas. / Newspaper investigation guaranteed by the construction and the desconstruction of documents , bearers of the social echo of a character, Francisco Rabal, who neither went unnoticed by the society, the stages and the sets, nor can be ignored by the cinema history and annals, the theatre and the performance in general. Specific methods of social investigation of qualitative, descriptive and interpretative nature have been used: press contents analysis in a rigorous research about the journalistic processing, seen the former in the scene of the universe of the message and considered the latter so much by itself as from the newspaper prospect, in which the non verbal communication, the value of the icon acquires an extreme importance.People interested in these investigations will find a very valid tool: the conjunction of journalism and sociology for the result to offer that cross view only set in the context of Human Sciences.