This thesis examines the special head of jurisdiction for contractual matters in Article 7(1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation. Particularly, the thesis aims to establish how the concept ‘matters relating to a contract’ is understood for the purposes of Article 7(1). In applying Article 7(1), the seized court must first determine whether the contract is one for the sale of goods or for the provision of services, for which the rule provides autonomously defined places of performance in subparagraph (b). If not, the court has to identify the obligation forming the basis of the legal proceedings for the purposes of subparagraph (a). Subsequently, the court has to apply its rules of conflict of laws rules and determine the place of performance for that obligation in accordance with the designated law. As regards ‘matters relating to a contract’, this expression is the point of departure for the application of Article 7(1) and has an autonomous definition. Essentially, ‘contract’ refers to a situation in which there is an obligation freely assumed by one party towards another. The thesis examines how this definition operates to characterize claims or rights arising out of representation, assignments, pre-contractual dealings and company law. Furthermore, the thesis examines the requirement that the matter must be one ‘relating to’ a contract, with special notice to two recent CJEU cases concerning the identity of the parties to the contract vis-à-vis the parties to the dispute. In conclusion, it is submitted that the CJEU’s expansion and application of the autonomous concept of contract do not necessarily serve the objective of predictability, which ultimately risks impeding the facilitation of the sound administration of justice.

This thesis aims to analyze whether the alternative EU forum loci solutionis of Article 7 (1) of the Brussel Ibis Regulation is applicable to Software Contracts. This is done by analyzing and accounting for the structure, purpose and problems of the application of BIbis Article 7 (1) to Software Contracts, by using a fictive case to highlight the particular problems regarding these types of contracts. Since two types of contracts are specifically stated in Article 7 (1) (b): sale of goods and provision of services, the thesis finds that Software Contracts may be characterized as either of these with the autonomous criteria established by CJEU case-law, or as another type of contract under Article 7 (1) (a). In the second step of localization in the method established by CJEU case-law, the four identified places of performance for Software Contracts are: (i) the place of the upload; (ii) the place of the download; (iii) the place to which the service provider has a special connection; and (iv) the place to which the buyer has a special connection. By approaching this issue de lege ferenda, a technology neutral method is first proposed for resolving the issue of characterization. This technology neutral method is further proposed for the following localization issue of identifying the place of performance for Software Contracts under the forum loci solutionis provision in BIbis Article 7 (1), where the place of performance for Software Contracts characterized as sale of goods is the place of download. Respectively, the place of performance for Software Contracts for provision of services under BIbis Article 7 (1) (b) is the domicile of the service provider.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3426.pdf: 1264050 bytes, checksum: 96e1848885552d495b4d4685cb57fba6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-24 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The white-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) (Pelecaniformes, Threskiornithidae) is a migratory waterbird that breeds in colonies in the southern of Brazil. In point of view of genetics, this species was not studied. In this study we genetically characterized two populations from Rio Grande do Sul, and we classified nestlings sampled inside the same nests in one category of relatedness (full-siblings, half-siblings or unrelated). We extracted DNA from 247 nestlings (either from growing feathers or muscle tissue) and amplified it by PCR. We screened 44 microsatellite heterologous loci developed for species belonging to: Threskiornithidae, Ciconiidae and Ardeidae families. Individuals were genotyped at successfully amplified loci, and six loci proved to be polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two (NnNF5) to 10 (Aaju3), and average expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.572 and 0.552, respectively. NnNF5 and Eru6 were excluded from the analysis of genetic structure since they are in linkage disequilibrium with Eru5 and Eru4, respectively. The AMOVA analysis showed that most of the genetic diversity is distributed within populations, and not between populations. The FST value, although small, was significant (0.009, p = 0.05), indicating that there is low differentiation between colonies studied. The results suggest that populations are structured and that little gene flow occurs between them. The ratio between males and females in our samples was not different from the expected 1:1. One hundred and six pairs of nestlings taken from the same nests, using Aaju3, Eru2, Eru4, Eru5 e Eru6 loci, were inspected for relatedness. Our analytical procedure allowed us to identify the kinship of 55% of the pairs. Among the classified pairs of nestlings we found: 62% of fullsiblings, 5% of half-siblings and 33% of unrelated nestlings. Relatedness categories found between pairs of nestlings are showing that genetic monogamy is not the only mating system, but extra-pair fertilization and brood parasitism can be occurring. / O tapicuru, Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) (Pelecaniformes, Threskiornithidae) é uma ave aquática migratória que se reproduz em colônias no sul do Brasil. Essa espécie tem sido pouco estudada do ponto de vista genético. Nesse trabalho, nós caracterizamos geneticamente duas populações do Rio Grande do Sul e classificamos filhotes coletados no mesmo ninho em uma categoria de parentesco (irmão-completos, meio-irmãos ou não-relacionados). O DNA foi extraído a partir de penas em crescimento e tecidos musculares de amostras de 247 ninhegos e amplificado via PCR. Foram testados 44 locos de microssatélites desenvolvidos para espécies pertencentes a três famílias de aves: Threskiornithidae, Ciconiidae e Ardeidae. Os locos que amplificaram após as reações de PCR foram genotipados e seis deles se apresentaram polimórficos. O número de alelos variou de dois (NnNF5) a 10 (Aaju3) e a heterozigosidade média esperada e observada foram 0,572 e 0,552, respectivamente. Os locos NnNF5 e Eru6 foram excluídos das análises de estruturação genética por se apresentarem em desequilíbrio de ligação com os locos Eru5 e Eru4, respectivamente. A análise de AMOVA mostrou que a maior parte da diversidade está presente dentro das populações e não entre elas. O Fst foi pequeno, mas significativo (0,009, p = 0,05), mostrando uma baixa diferenciação genética entre as duas colônias. Os resultados sugerem que as populações estão pouco estruturadas e que ocorre fluxo gênico entre elas. A sexagem molecular não detectou desvio da razão observada entre machos e fêmeas em relação à razão esperada (1:1). O grau de parentesco foi determinado para 106 pares de ninhegos retirados do mesmo ninho, com os dados dos locos Aaju3, Eru2, Eru4, Eru5 e Eru6, sendo possível a classificação de 55% dos pares numa categoria de parentesco. Dentre os pares de ninhegos que foram classificados: 62% são irmãos-completos, 5% meio-irmãos e 33% não-relacionados. Esses padrões de parentesco evidenciam que o sistema de acasalamento não é apenas monogâmico, mas que também pode estar ocorrendo fertilização extra-par e parasitismo de ninho, em menor escala.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5210.pdf: 2118261 bytes, checksum: 34186074c7b33cbccbdeb2e52494a041 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis [Ardeidae]) was first reported in the New World in the late nineteenth century and has been found scattered throughout the Americas since the 1950s. The aim of the present study was to analyze the distribution of genetic diversity in African and Brazilian populations of the cattle egret to understand the process of colonization of the non-native area in the Brazil. Genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Control Region (CR) (n = 412 African and 177 Brazilian individuals), in ATPase 6 and 8 genes (n = 108 African and 49 Brazilian individuals) and in the intron 5 of the nuclear transforming growth factor beta-2 gene (n = 96 African and 50 Brazilian individuals) were evaluated. Genetic diversity across regions of Africa was similar, except for the lesser diversity found in South Africa. Neutrality tests, mismatch distributions and Bayesian skyline plots revealed demographic expansion in the overall African population, dated by the latter method as 15000 years before the present, occurred after the last glacial maximum. The findings were discussed hypothesizing that past climatic events have shaped the current distribution of genetic diversity. AMOVA and pairwise Fst tests revealed a lack of differentiation among nearly all African populations. The few cases of differentiation involved the South African and/or Nigerian populations. Brazilian populations exhibited no genetic structure or effective size deviations over time. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genetic variability demonstrated similar levels of genetic variation between the Brazilian and African populations, suggesting multiple introduction events. Based on historical and genetic data (differentiation levels and shared haplotypes), we propose a likely migration route between both continents departing from West Africa, passing through oceanic islands and archipelagos, such as Cape Verde, and finally arriving in the Americas on the northern and/or southern coast of Brazil. / Bubulcus ibis (garça-vaqueira) é um ardeídeo cuja presença na América do Sul foi reportada pela primeira vez no final do século XIX e já na década de 1950 encontravase espalhada por todo o continente. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a distribuição da diversidade genética nas populações africanas e brasileiras de B. ibis visando compreender os processos que modelaram os padrões de colonização da área não-nativa no Brasil. Foi estudada a variação genética da região controladora (RC) do DNA mitocondrial (DNAmit) (N = 412 africanas e 177 brasileiras) e dos genes ATPases 6 e 8 do DNA mitocondrial (N = 108 africanas e 49 brasileiras) e do íntron 5 do gene nuclear Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFB2) (N = 96 africanas e 50 brasileiras). Níveis de diversidade genética encontrados foram semelhantes entre as regiões africanas, exceto pela menor diversidade encontrada na África do Sul. Os testes de neutralidade, as curvas de mismatch distribution e o Bayesian Skyline Plot evidenciaram uma expansão demográfica na população total africana, datada por essa última metodologia em 15 mil anos atrás, ocorrida após o último máximo glacial. Esses resultados foram discutidos supondo que eventos climáticos dessa época produziram os padrões encontrados no presente da distribuição da diversidade genética. Os testes de AMOVA e os FST par a par mostraram ausência de diferenciação entre quase todas as populações africanas e quando achada, envolveram as populações da África do Sul e/ou da Nigéria. As populações brasileiras não se diferenciaram geneticamente, nem apresentaram desvios do tamanho efetivo ao longo do tempo. A variabilidade genética avaliada pelos genes do DNAmit e do DNA nuclear foram semelhantes nas populações brasileiras e africanas, sugerindo a ocorrência de múltiplos eventos de introdução. Uma provável rota de migração entre os dois continentes foi suposta nesse estudo baseando-se nos registros históricos e nos dados genéticos (graus de diferenciação e compartilhamento de haplótipos): aves partiriam da costa oeste da África, passando por ilhas oceânicas e/ou arquipélagos como Cabo Verde e chegariam ao continente sul americano pelo norte e/ou sul do litoral brasileiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:06:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1957_1.pdf: 6918671 bytes, checksum: b456ce68bd10d4b693743cf38ffc13d9 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / A garça-vaqueira, Bubulcus ibis, originária da Europa Mediterrânea e da África, desde o século XX vem expandindo sua área de ocorrência e reprodução. No Brasil, o primeiro registro da espécie foi em 1964 e atualmente é encontrada em todo o território nacional. Objetivou-se no presente estudo, prover informações acerca da biologia e ocorrência de Bubulcus ibis no Estado de Pernambuco, sobretudo na região Agreste e no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, a partir de dados coletados em visitas a estas localidades entre 2000 e 2003. No Agreste foram registrados três ninhais típicos de B. ibis, construídos nas margens de açudes, em oposição aos dois sítios reprodutivos observados no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, em ilhas desprovidas de água doce. Foi observada uma grande variação do número de indivíduos durante excursões pelas estradas do Agreste, talvez conseqüência de flutuações populacionais em razão de deslocamentos característicos da espécie, desconhecidos no Brasil. Durante o monitoramento de uma colônia no Agreste, B.ibis apresentou gerações a cada dois meses. Garças-vaqueiras com plumagem reprodutiva foram avistadas em todos os meses, indicando que esta espécie teria potencial biológico para reproduzir durante todo o ano, dependendo apenas das condições ambientais e das interferências antrópicas. Dados sobre o tamanho da postura e estrutura do ninho foram obtidos concordando com o já descrito na literatura e sugerindo baixa freqüência de competição intraespecífica para essas garças. A análise da composição da dieta de B. ibis mostrou a preferência por gafanhotos (Orthoptera) na alimentação no Agreste pernambucano. Outros grupos representativos foram carrapatos (Acarina, Ixodidae), aranhas (Aranea) e anfíbios. A sugerida especialidade alimentar de B.ibis encontrada no ambiente pecuário do Agreste é confrontada com o oportunismo alimentar que se manifesta sob condições ambientais extremas, como no Arquipélago. A sua presença no Agreste parece trazer benefícios para a atividade pecuária, podendo controlar a população de pragas e parasitas. Entretanto, um efeito contrário estaria acontecendo em um ambiente como o Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha, devido à competição por sítios reprodutivos com aves costeiras e pela predação de fauna nativa. Com isso fica evidenciada a plasticidade da biologia reprodutiva e alimentar desta garça, que se manifesta de acordo com as exigências ambientais, resultando no sucesso da expansão e do estabelecimento desse ardeídeo durante o último século em diferentes partes do mundo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4932.pdf: 1990172 bytes, checksum: 7025c9dd589a8c2a6771bc24539895b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The genetic diversity of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) was analyzed to investigate reproductive behavior and characterize Brazilian populations of the species. Genotypes at seven microsatellite loci were used to investigate the occurrence of more than one female laying eggs in the same nest, characterizing the occurrence of multiple maternity. DNA was extracted from swabs collected from the outer surface of eggs and sexed; males were excluded. Forty-eight clutches from two breeding seasons (2010 and 2011) were genetically analyzed. Thirty-nine eggs laid by a second or third female were recorded. In five nests, the first egg of the clutch was from a different female, the laying happening prior to that of the incubating female. Suggesting nest takeover by another pair of egrets that kept the pre-existing eggs together with its own clutch. In the other 43 nests, the hypothesis of brood parasitism was posed to explain why one or two additional females were found laying eggs in a nest. A 463-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region Domain I was amplified for 148 individuals from seven Brazilian populations to investigate genetic-population and demographic parameters. Genetic diversity indices, the population structure tests Fst and AMOVA, a haplotype network, mismatch distribution and neutrality tests (Tajima s D, Fu s Fs, Fu and Li s D* and F*, Ramos-Onsins and Rozas R2) revealed the following: i) a high level of diversity was recorded for the cattle egret in Brazil in comparison to other closely related species studied in the country; ii) genetic diversity levels determined for the Brazilian regions are similar; iii) genetic structuring was not observed between the seven studied populations; and iv) the different tests performed to determine demographic expansion revealed no significant results. This is the first genetic characterization study for Bubulcus ibis to date and the findings indicate a high degree of plasticity in reproductive behavior and confirm a marked dispersion behavior of the species, leading to the homogenization of Brazilian populations. / A diversidade genética da garça-vaqueira (Bubulcus ibis) foi utilizada para se investigar o comportamento reprodutivo e para se caracterizar populações brasileiras da espécie. Genótipos em locos de microssatélites foram utilizados na detecção da presença de mais de uma fêmea ovipositando em um mesmo ninho, o que pode caracterizar a ocorrência de maternidade múltipla. O DNA extraído dos swabs coletados na superfície externa dos ovos foi sexado e eventuais amostras de machos foram excluídas. Quarenta e oito ninhadas, de duas temporadas reprodutivas (2010 e 2011) foram analisadas geneticamente. Foram registrados 39 ovos ovipositados por uma segunda ou terceira fêmea. Em 33 ninhos foram encontrados genótipos distintos de duas fêmeas e em seis ninhos genótipos de três fêmeas. Em cinco ninhos o primeiro ovo na sequência de oviposição mostrou-se ser de uma fêmea diferente, tendo a oviposição acontecido previamente àquela da fêmea incubante. Esse achado foi explicado supondo a tomada de ninho por um segundo casal de garças, com a manutenção do ovo pré-existente juntamente com os da própria ninhada. Nos outros 43 ninhos, a presença das fêmeas extras foi explicada hipotetizando a ocorrência de parasitismo de ninho intraespecífico. Um fragmento de 463 pb do Domínio I da região controladora do DNA mitocondrial foi amplificado para 148 indivíduos para a investigação de parâmetros genéticopopulacionais e processos demográficos nas sete populações estudadas. A estimativa de índices de diversidade genética, testes de estruturação populacional Fst e AMOVA, a construção de uma rede de relação entre haplótipos, a análise de mudanças no tamanho populacional pela mismatch distribution e a realização de testes de neutralidade (D de Tajima, Fs de Fu, D* e F* de Fu e Li, R2 de Ramos-Onsins e Rozas) permitiram identificar: i) um nível alto de diversidade genética para B. ibis no Brasil, quando comparado a espécies proximamente relacionadas estudadas no país; ii) níveis semelhantes de diversidade genética determinados para as regiões brasileiras; iii) ausência de estruturação genética entre as sete populações estudadas; e iv) ausência de sinais de expansão demográfica pelos testes realizados. Os resultados aqui apresentados são os primeiros resultados genéticos na espécie até o momento e apontam para uma alta plasticidade no comportamento reprodutivo e confirmam a dispersão bastante acentuada da espécie, levando a homogeneização das populações brasileiras.

The EU jurisdictional scheme, known as the “Brussels Regime”, confers competence to national courts to adjudicate over international matters. The main rule in Article 4(1) of the Brussels Ibis Regulation sets out that the defendant should generally be sued in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled. For certain subject matters, the scheme allows the action to be brought elsewhere. The raison d’être is to provide an adequate counterbalance to the one-sided rule of Article 4(1). Articles 7(1) and (2) enable the claimant to launch the suit, “in matters relating to a contract”, at the court of the Member State where the contractual obligation was to be fulfilled, and, in “matters relating to tort”, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. Whether to invoke Article 7 is entirely the claimant’s choice, but the final decision on its interpretation is vested in the Court. Thereby, the manner in which the Court views the provisions will effectively decide the extent of the claimant’s choice to invoke so-called special jurisdiction. It also means that greater emphasis on special jurisdiction will reduce the importance of the main rule in Article 4. Conversely, if the Court were to interpret Article 7 narrowly, its intended effect within the system would be denied. In both cases, the balance between Articles 4 and 7 has been upset. In the former case, the claimant is favoured because of the increased possibilities to choose the forum for the dispute, while in the latter case, the defendant is favoured because he retains the advantage of litigating in his home turf. The starting point for this essay is this very idea of a purported balance between litigants’ interests in EU cross-border litigation. The thesis analyses whether the Court’s case-law on general vis-à-vis special jurisdiction has transitioned from being generally defendant-friendly to claimant-friendly. It is argued that already from the first judgments rendered on the original Brussels Convention in 1976, increasingly more disputes have been launched at special fora, which has amounted to a claimant-friendly scheme. It is also argued that this development has been at the expense of the defendant. Greater choice for the claimant means in turn that the defendant’s ability to foresee before what courts he may be sued has been largely impaired. The thesis highlights how this imbalance is the result of inherent challenges in the Brussels Regime, particularly in relation to how the relevant connecting factors are designated. It is proposed that the unwanted effects of the Court’s practice as well as the shortcomings of the scheme itself are to be considered in the Commission’s evaluationof the Brussels Ibis Regulation, which is presently in the works.

Skadestånd i gränsöverskridande brottmål är ett ämne som berör frågor om såväl domstols internationella behörighet som frågor om lagval. I uppsatsen har särskilt frågor om behörighet och lagval diskuterats för det fall det enskilda anspråket avskiljs från brottmålet. Är det självklart att svensk lag ska tillämpas på hela brottmålsprocessen eller ska det vara annorlunda vid handläggningen av det enskilda anspråket? Frågan om domstols internationella behörighet uppmärksammas sällan i domstol, medan bestämmelserna i 2 kap. BrB gör det. När domstolen konstaterat att den är behörig enligt BrB har svensk lag, som regel, tillämpats på hela processen. Det är något som ifrågasätts i uppsatsen. Uppsatsen har också tagit ställning till frågan om vem som ansvarar för att utländsk rätt ska uppmärksammas. Vidare har uppsatsen belyst problemet att tillämpningen av skadeståndsrättsliga principer varierar beroende på vilken myndighet som handlägger frågan. Sammanfattningsvis är det min uppfattning att lagvalsfrågor inte hanteras enligt gällande rätt. Ett annat problem som uppmärksammas är att EU:s Bryssel I a-förordning och Rom II-förordning får något av en fakultativ ställning i svensk rätt i så kallade blandade mål – det vill säga när domstolen handlägger brottmålet och tvistemålet gemensamt i en och samma rättegång. Uppsatsen illustrerar att svensk nationell lagstiftning i fråga om behörighet och lagval behöver ses över för att bättre samspela med unionsrättsliga bestämmelser i skadeståndsfrågor i gränsöverskridande brottmål. En av slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att de oklarheter som föreligger i dessa avseenden leder till rättsosäkerhet. / This master thesis illustrates and analyzes the various problems which might occur when dealing with questions of damages in cross-border criminal cases. In the Nordic legal systems the tradition is to join the private claim with the criminal case and handle them together in the criminal trial procedure. In Sweden the criminal case is decided under the Swedish Criminal Code (brottsbalken, SFS 1962:700) while the question of indemnity liability is decided under the Tort Liability Act (skadeståndslagen, SFS 1972:207) which is a part of the civil procedural law. In modern days Internet is often used as an aid to commit crimes. The Internet-related crimes have increased during the past decades. The perpetrator in one country can, by using Internet, commit crimes towards victims in other countries. Accordingly, I have analyzed the following questions: How should the courts’ international jurisdiction be decided when dealing with a private claim in a criminal case? Furthermore, which law is applicable when deciding the private claim? Other issues concern under what circumstances a court can separate the private claim from the criminal case. My analysis may shed some light on the needs of updating national regulations in these questions. Some of the issues this master thesis focuses on are that the Brussels Ibis Regulation and Rome II Regulation is treated as optional law instead of non-optional law. These instruments are to have priority as they originate in EU law. This master thesis shows that these issues must be dealt with in order to have confidence in the legal system and also to defend the rule of law such as legal security and foreseeability.

Syftet med studien är att presentera ett designkoncept för publika diskussioner på nätet med målet att uppnå djupare diskussioner och minska mängden information overload. Arbetet använder metoden Concept Driven Interaction Design (CDID) som går ut på att skapa ett designkoncept utifrån flera olika teorier som appliceras genom interaktionsdesign. Ett designkoncept innehåller tre delar: ett namn, ett syfte och huvudprinciper. CDID innehåller sju steg som arbetet är utformat efter: 1.      Concept Generation – Summeras i en tabell som jämför diskussioner i forum (med flera antagande) och diskussioner med hjälp av metoden Philosophy for Children (P4C), samt annan teori. 2.      Concept Exploration – Åtta olika designaspekter identifieras utifrån jämförelsetabellen. 3.      Internal Concept Critique – Designaspekterna jämförs med två snarlika diskussionsformat. 4.      Design of Artifacts – Designkoncept version 1 skapas. 5.      External Design Critique – Intervjuer utförs för att undersöka intervjupersonerna generella erfarenheter av online diskussioner, testar antagandena från jämförelsetabellen och ge direkt feedback på första versionen av designkonceptet. 6.      Concept Revisited – Ändringar görs baserat på intervjumaterial och direkt feedback. 7.      Concept Contextualization – Designkonceptet kopplas tillbaka till litteraturen. Studien resulterar i ett designkoncept kallat CoFramer och stödjer dessa huvudprinciper som ställs i kontrast till material som identifierats genom intervjuerna: Tabell 1: CoFramers huvudprinciper och faktorer från intervjuer om diskussioner på forum. CoFramers huvudprinciper | Från intervjuer om diskussioner på forum Strukturerad början och slut | Diskussion utan tydligt slut Begränsat antal deltagare | Stor mängd deltagare Minimum antal deltagare | Många inaktiva åskådare Explicita deltagare | Lite information om deltagare Gemensamma förutsättningar | Otydlighet kring deltagares förutsättningar Begränsad informationstäthet per inlägg | Långa inlägg och/eller snabba inlägg Den röda tråden och parallella trådar | Oftast parallella trådar Aktiv samtalsledare | Outredda missförstånd Studien indikerar på att CoFramer bör resultera i mer strukturerade diskussioner och som utsätter användaren för en lägre mängd information overload och mindre grounding cost jämfört med vad som vanligtvis uppstår i publika diskussioner online. / The focus of this essay is to develop a design concept for online public discussions with deep discussions and low information overload. The method used is Concept Driven Interaction Design (CDID) which involves constructing a design concept by applying a variety of theories in tangible interaction design. A design concept has three basic parts: a name, high-level goals and outlines generic principles. CDID includes seven steps which is used in this work: 1.      Concept Generation – Formatted into a table that compare forum discussion (with several hypothesis) compared to discussions with the method Philosophy for Children (P4C) and other theories. 2.      Concept Exploration – Eight distinct design aspects are identified from the comparison table. 3.      Internal Concept Critique – The design aspects are compared to three similar discussion formats. 4.      Design of Artifacts – Design concept version 1 is created. 5.      External Design Critique – Interviews are conducted to explore their general experience of online discussions, investigate the hypothesis from the comparison table and to seek direct feedback on the first draft of the design concept. 6.      Concept Revisited – Changes are made to the design concept based on the interview material and the direct feedback. 7.      Concept Contextualization – The design concept is related to the original literature. The result of the study is a design concept named CoFramer. CoFramer’s generic principles are summarized and contrasted against factors identified from the interview material in this table: Tabell 2: CoFramer’s generic principles and interviews about online discussions. CoFramer’s generic principles | From interview material on forum discussion Organized start and ending | Discussions without clear ending Limited number of participants | Large number of participants Minimum number of participants | Large number of inactive spectators Explicit participants | Low information about participants Common conditions | Vagueness in participants conditions Limited information density per post | Long posts and/or fast posts The red thread and parallel threads | Often parallel threads Active facilitator | Unresolved misunderstandings The study indicates that CoFramer would create more structured discussions with a lower amount of information overload and less grounding cost compared what normally arise in public online discussions.