In recent years, Europe has witnessed a flow of refugees from war struck areas who seek asylum in various European countries, where Sweden is one of the recipient country. A large portion of these refugees comprise of unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs). Aim: The aim of the present study is to examine how unaccompanied refugee minors have the conditions in Malmo when it comes to individual health and lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol and drug use) and social environment (absence of family, living situation, school, social support and future prospects) as compared to the general population of the same age; and also, if these conditions could possibly put them at a risk to encounter or commit a crime. Method: The data is collected using quantitative survey questionnaires distributed to URMs (N=30). The data of the general population has been obtained through Region Skåne. Results: The findings indicate that in comparison to the general population, URMs report high level of ill-health, tobacco use, access to narcotics and low social support, which are termed as risk factors. The institute of school, however, is termed a protective factor for the URMs, where they score almost equivalent to the general population in terms of school satisfaction and better than them in terms of help and support from the teachers. The implication of the findings are discussed further in the paper.

This research project examines the acculturation process in order to predict the perceived work success and health (psychological and physical) of mineworkers in a mine in the North–West Province.1 Work success can also be described as that which is achieved when an employee enjoys his career for reasons of psychological experience of success and personal growth and development within both his/her current occupation and working environment. Health is defined as a condition of complete physical, mental and social well–being and not merely the absence of disease or frailty. Health is therefore about completeness, contentment and well–being at a physical, cultural, psychosocial, economic and spiritual level. Employees’ success and health is evaluated from an acculturation perspective, and therefore considered a result of the acculturation process. This proposition was explored by investigating the relationship between the acculturation context and individual intervening factors, mapped into variables, and acculturation outcomes (work success and health). A convenient sample of participants from the mine examined was taken (n = 288). English questionnaires using a cross–sectional survey design were used to gather the data. Modified measuring instruments and others developed for the project, which follow a five–point Likert format (‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’) were used to investigate the mainstream domain (perceived mainstream segregation demands, perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with mainstream members at work), an individual intervening factor (individual separation acculturation strategy practices), the ethnocultural domain (perceived pressure to conform to own culture, ethnic separation demands at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work), psychological acculturation outcomes (health), and sociocultural acculturation outcomes (work success). The data was captured in a spreadsheet, controlled for errors, and statistically analysed using regression in SPSS. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were inspected, and effect sizes were used to determine the findings’ practical significance. The results did indicate practical and statistically significant relationships exist between acculturation context, individual and acculturation outcomes variables. Perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work proved to be statistically significant predictors of meeting deadlines at work. Perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work was statistically significant predictors of reputation and respect at work. Perceived mainstream segregation demands, perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, and relationships with mainstream members at work were statistically significant predictors of training and development opportunities at work. Individual separation acculturation strategy practices and ethnic separation demands at work were statistically significant predictors of psychological health. Perceived racism at work and ethnic separation demands at work proved to be statistically significant predictors of physical health. These findings demonstrate that success and health can be viewed from an acculturation perspective, and that the acculturation context and individual intervening factors, can be used to predict psychological and sociocultural acculturation outcomes. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

This research project examines the acculturation process in order to predict the perceived work success and health (psychological and physical) of mineworkers in a mine in the North–West Province.1 Work success can also be described as that which is achieved when an employee enjoys his career for reasons of psychological experience of success and personal growth and development within both his/her current occupation and working environment. Health is defined as a condition of complete physical, mental and social well–being and not merely the absence of disease or frailty. Health is therefore about completeness, contentment and well–being at a physical, cultural, psychosocial, economic and spiritual level. Employees’ success and health is evaluated from an acculturation perspective, and therefore considered a result of the acculturation process. This proposition was explored by investigating the relationship between the acculturation context and individual intervening factors, mapped into variables, and acculturation outcomes (work success and health). A convenient sample of participants from the mine examined was taken (n = 288). English questionnaires using a cross–sectional survey design were used to gather the data. Modified measuring instruments and others developed for the project, which follow a five–point Likert format (‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’) were used to investigate the mainstream domain (perceived mainstream segregation demands, perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with mainstream members at work), an individual intervening factor (individual separation acculturation strategy practices), the ethnocultural domain (perceived pressure to conform to own culture, ethnic separation demands at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work), psychological acculturation outcomes (health), and sociocultural acculturation outcomes (work success). The data was captured in a spreadsheet, controlled for errors, and statistically analysed using regression in SPSS. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were inspected, and effect sizes were used to determine the findings’ practical significance. The results did indicate practical and statistically significant relationships exist between acculturation context, individual and acculturation outcomes variables. Perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work proved to be statistically significant predictors of meeting deadlines at work. Perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, perceived discrimination at work, and relationships with co–ethnics at work was statistically significant predictors of reputation and respect at work. Perceived mainstream segregation demands, perceived pressure to conform to management ideologies and practices, perceived racism at work, and relationships with mainstream members at work were statistically significant predictors of training and development opportunities at work. Individual separation acculturation strategy practices and ethnic separation demands at work were statistically significant predictors of psychological health. Perceived racism at work and ethnic separation demands at work proved to be statistically significant predictors of physical health. These findings demonstrate that success and health can be viewed from an acculturation perspective, and that the acculturation context and individual intervening factors, can be used to predict psychological and sociocultural acculturation outcomes. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Bakgrund En fjärdedel av världens befolkning har i något sammanhang varit i kontakt med psykisk ohälsa. När en individ drabbas av ohälsa påverkas även de närstående. Familjefokuserad omvårdnad kan vara ett adekvat redskap för sjuksköterskan att även inkludera närstående i vården. I Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen framgår hur sjuksköterskan ska bidra med information och kunskap för att den närstående ska kunna delta i vården. Psykisk ohälsa förekommer inom alla patientgrupper och en av sjuksköterskans huvuduppgifter blir att stödja den vårdsökande samt dess närstående till fortsatt hjälp och förbättrad hälsa.   Syfte Att beskriva upplevelser av att vara närstående till en person med psykisk ohälsa.   Metod Litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats baserad på artiklar med kvalitativ design. Datainsamling genom sökning i databasen CINAHL samt sekundärsökning. Analys av 12 artiklar utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell.   Resultat Resultatet visar att närstående till personer med psykisk ohälsa upplever familjesituationen förändrad, en negligerad egenhälsa, att information och stöd efterfrågas samt sökande efter meningsfullhet.   Slutsats Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att tillfredsställa behovet av information för närstående till personer med psykisk ohälsa, då bristande kunskap och felaktiga uppfattningar försvårar livssituationen. / Background A quarter of the world population has in some context been in contact with mental illness. When an individual is affected by ill-health this also affects the individual’s relatives. Family focused care can be an adequate implement for the nurse to also include relatives in health care. The Health Care Act shows how the nurse's role is to provide information and knowledge so the relatives will be able to participate in the care. Mental ill-health occurs within all patient groups and one of the nurse's main tasks is to support the care applicant and its relatives to continued help and improved health.   Aim To describe experiences of being a relative to a person with mental illness.   Method Literature review with inductive approach based on articles with a qualitative design. Data was collected through CINAHL and a secondary search. Analysis of 12 articles made with Fribergs five-step model.   Results The result shows that relatives to individuals with mental ill-health experience a changed family situation, neglected own-health, more information and support is needed and a search for meaning.   Conclusion The nurse receives an important role to satisfy the need of information to relatives of individuals with mental ill-health, as a lack of knowledge and wrong comprehensions obstructs the life situation.

I uppsatsen belyser jag begreppet hälsas argumentativa orientering och hur den har kommit att förändrats från 1976 fram till 2015. Undersökningen utgörs av en topikanalys med en jämförelse av användningen av topiker i antologin Hälsa och livskvalitet som är utgiven år 1976 och hälsobloggen PT-Fia, som är en populär och välbesökt blogg inom området hälsa under året 2015. Teorierna i uppsatsen utgörs av Chaïm Perelmans syn på topiker, Jonas Gabrielsens fyra topikförståelser och teorin gällande retorisering av enskilda begrepp enligt Patrik Mehrens och Jon Viklund. Resultatet visar att antologin Hälsa och livskvalitet har en striktare syn på hälsa som till största del baseras på sanningar och fakta. En hälsoblogg som PT-Fia använder begreppet hälsa på ett mer okonstlat vis där hon värderar psykiskt välmående högre än strävandet efter perfektion. Detta ger begreppet en ny argumentativ orientering. Skillnaderna i användningen av begreppet hälsa kan vara PT-Fia och andra hälsobloggars svar på den retoriska situationen gällande den rådande hälsodebatten i landet. Bloggar som PT-Fia menar att debatten har gått för långt och att den utgör risker att bli för fixerad vid sin hälsa. PT-Fia tenderar därför att ta ett steg ”tillbaka” i debatten vilket visar sig i hennes uttryckssätt gällande begreppet hälsa. / The essay highlights the argumentative orientation of the word health and how it has come to change from the year 1976 until the year 2015. The paper consists an analysis of the use of topics when it comes to health. The material is based on a comparison of the use of topics in the anthology "Hälsa och livskvalitet", which was published in 1976, and a blog about health, PT-Fia, which is a popular and well-visited blog during 2015 and considers health. The theories in the essay is based on Chaim Perelman's view on the topics, Jonas Gabrielsen's four ways to understand the topics and the theory regarding the retorising of individual words according to Patrik Mehrens and Jon Viklund. The result of the essay shows that the anthology "Hälsa och livskvalitet" has a stricter approach to health and most parts from it is based on truths and facts. The blog PT-Fia uses the word health in a more relaxed way and puts a higher focus on psychological well-being instead of the pursuit of perfection. This gives the word health a new argumentative orientation. The differences in the use of the word health might be blogers like PT-Fia's answer to the rhetorical situation regarding the current health debate in the country. Blogs like PT-Fia argues that the debate has gone too far and that it might cause a problem by making people focus too hard on being healthy. Therefore PT-Fia tends to take one step "back" in the debate, which shows in her expressions regarding the word health.

Föreliggande studie är en utvärdering av behandlingsmetoden Affektskola inom ramen för vuxenpsykiatrin. Syftet är att undersöka vilka effekter Affektskola har med avseende på psykisk ohälsa och affektmedvetenhet samt hur bestående dessa effekter är. Deltagarna är 13 patienter inom den psykiatriska öppenvården med varierande problematik, inkluderandes förstämningssyndrom, ADHD samt personlighetsstörningar. Mätningar med mätinstrumenten TAS-20, HADS samt KASAM-29 genomfördes vid fyra tillfällen; Affektskolas start, Affektskolans avslut samt åtta respektive sexton veckor efter avslut. Utöver detta distribuerades vid sista mättillfället ett kompletterande frågeformulär gällande subjektiv upplevelse av effekterna av Affektskolan. Resultaten tyder på tendenser till en ökad affektmedvetenhet samt en minskad psykisk ohälsa och att dessa effekter består och ökar över tid. Deltagarna rapporterar en måttlig grad av subjektivt upplevd förändring gällande känslor respektive psykisk hälsa samt att de i måttlig till stor grad tillskrev Affektskola dessa förändringar. Sammantaget indikerar studien att Affektskola har en positiv effekt på affektmedvetenhet och psykisk ohälsa. / The present study is an evaluation of the treatment method Affect School in the context of adult psychiatry. The aim is to examine the effects of the Affect School on mental ill-health and affect consciousness, and how stable these effects are. The participants consist of 13 patients in psychiatric outpatient care with varying disorders, including mood disorders, ADHD and personality disorders. Assessments with the instruments TAS-20, HADS and KASAM-29 were performed on four occasions; before the start and by the completion of the Affect School and eight and sixteen weeks after completion. At the end of the study, an additional questionnaire regarding subjective experiences of the effect of the Affect School was distributed. The results indicate trends of increased affect consciousness as well as reduced mental ill-health and that these effects are stable and increases over time. Participants report a moderate degree of subjectively perceived change regarding emotions and mental health, and that they attributed Affect School these changes in a moderate to large extent. Overall, the study indicates that the Affect School has a positive effect on affect consciousness and mental health.

Bakgrund: Den psykiska ohälsan ökar bland elever i Sverige. Psykisk ohälsa hos barn och ungdomar kan få livslånga negativa konsekvenser. Skolprestationer, betyg och närvaro påverkas negativt liksom självkänsla och sociala relationer. Elevhälsan bedömer psykisk ohälsa bland elever som den största utmaningen i deras arbete. Skolsköterskor har en unik position i att kunna identifiera och förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos elever. Samtidigt som psykisk ohälsa ökar i skolan finns det relativt lite forskning om skolsköterskors roll i arbetet med elevers psykiska ohälsa.  Motiv: Denna studie avser att bidra med en djupare förståelse för skolsköterskors arbete med elever med psykisk ohälsa samt kunskap om skolsköterskors arbetsmetoder, för att bättre upptäcka och hjälpa elever med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva skolsköterskors erfarenheter av att upptäcka och möta elever med psykisk ohälsa i grundskolan. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med nio skolsköterskor verksamma i norra Sverige. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats har använts. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i två kategorier med tillhörande subkategorier. Kategorierna är Att upptäcka tecken på psykisk ohälsa och bemöta eleven samt Att vara central för stödet till eleven men ensam och otillräcklig i sin profession. Konklusion: Skolsköterskor har goda möjligheter att både upptäcka och skapa trygga och givande relationer till elever med psykisk ohälsa. Genom ett nära samarbete med skolans övriga yrkeskategorier och med elevers föräldrar kan skolsköterskan få en central och avgörande roll i arbetet med att upptäcka och hjälpa elever med psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskor upplever ensamhet och lider av brist på tid, stöd och det finns ett behov av utbildning. Dessa faktorer riskerar skolsköterskors möjligheter att ge god omvårdnad till elever med psykisk ohälsa. / Background: ​​Mental ill health is increasing among pupils in Sweden. Mental ill-health in children and adolescents can have lifelong negative consequences. School performance, grades and attendance can be affected negative as are self-esteem and social relationships. Student health considers mental ill health among students to be the biggest challenge in their work. The school nurse has a unique position in being able to identify and prevent mental ill health in students. While mental ill health is increasing in schools, there is relatively little research on the school nurse's role in working with students' mental ill health. Motive: This study aims to contribute with a deeper understanding of the school nurse's work with students with mental ill health and knowledge of the school nurse's working methods, to better detect and help students with mental ill health. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the school nurse's experience of discovering and dealing with students with mental ill health in primary school. Methods: Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine school nurses active in northern Sweden Result: The results are presented in two categories with associated subcategories. The categories are To detect signs of mental illness and respond to the student and To be central to the support of the student but alone and inadequate in the profession. Conclusion: School nurses have good opportunities to discover and create safe and rewarding relationships with students with mental illness. Through close collaboration with the school's other professional categories and with students' parents, the school nurse can have a central and crucial role in the work of discovering and helping students with mental illness. School nurses experience loneliness and suffer from lack of time, support and there is a need for education. These factors risk school nurses' opportunities to provide good care for students with mental illness.

Bakgrund: Stressrelaterad ohälsa inklusive utmattningssyndrom (UMS) ökar kraftigt. UMS innebär ett mänskligt lidande för de drabbade och en belastning för vårt samhälle. Det finns ännu ingen evidens för hur personer med UMS ska behandlas. Syfte: Att undersöka hur vårdpersonal kan stödja personer med UMS. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Urvalet bestod av sju vårdgivare som alla arbetade med personer med UMS. Data analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Det informanterna beskrev som stödjande för personer med UMS var att ge en vård utifrån personens behov, att arbeta för att stärka patientens egna förmågor, att ge möjlighet till en medveten närvaro, att skapa balans mellan aktivitet och vila samt att ge patienten och dennes närstående en ökad kunskap. Slutsats: Vårdpersonal kan stödja personer med UMS genom att ge en vård utifrån personens förutsättningar och sjukdomsfas. De stödjande insatserna ska vara personcentrerade och ha som syfte att ge kunskap och verktyg om hur personen kan hantera sin sjukdom. Samarbete mellan professioner är viktigt. Att inkludera psykiatrisjuksköterskan och/eller distriktssköterskan i vården för dessa personer skulle vara gynnsamt eftersom omvårdnad är en faktor som saknas i många fall. / Background: Stress-related ill-health including exhaustion syndrome is increasing sharply. Exhaustion syndrome means a human suffering for the affected and a burden for our society. There is no scientific evidence yet for how people with exhaustion syndrome should be treated. Aim: To investigate how healthcare professionals can support people with exhaustion syndrome. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The selection consisted of seven healthcare providers who all worked with people with exhaustion syndrome. The data was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: What the informants described as support for people with exhaustion syndrome was to provide a care based on the person's needs, to work to strengthen the patient's own abilities, to provide the opportunity for a conscious presence, to create a balance between activity and rest and to give the patient knowledge. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals can support people with exhaustion syndrome by providing a care based on the person's conditions and disease phase. The supportive efforts must be person-centered and have the purpose of providing knowledge and tools on how the person can handle their illness. Cooperation between professions is important. To include the psychiatric nurse and / or the district nurse in the care of these persons would be beneficial as in many cases nursing is a missing factor.

Psykisk ohälsa är idag den vanligaste orsaken till långtidssjukskrivningar i Sverige och stressrelaterade diagnoser står för 49 procent där kvinnor är överrepresenterade. Konsekvenserna av stressrelaterad ohälsa leder till stora problem i vardagen. Där den subjektiva upplevelsen av inkongruens mellan krav och förmåga i aktivitetsutförande samt en obalans i aktivitetsmönster är centrala. Inom arbetsterapi anses ett balanserat aktivitetsmönster och kongruens i aktivitetsutförande vara en förutsättning för delaktighet och hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner för kvinnor med stressrelaterad ohälsa och deras självskattade upplevelser av interventionerna. Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där data från 188 kvinnor insamlades via en egenkonstruerad webbenkät på sociala nätverket Facebook. Enkäten berörde demografisk data samt förekomst och självskattad upplevelse av sju arbetsterapeutiska interventioner. Resultatet visade att 37 procent av respondenterna erhållit någon form av arbetsterapeutisk intervention och i snitt 2.5 interventioner per respondent. Inga statistiska regionala skillnader kunde urskiljas i förekomst av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner. Den mest förekommande interventionen var Tips och råd för att hantera stressiga situationer (31%). Anpassningar på arbetsplatsen, miljö och utförande var den intervention som skattades högst då 13 av de 14 kvinnor (93%) som deltagit i interventionen skattade Mycket bra/Ganska bra. Totalt skattade kvinnorna samtliga arbetsterapeutiska interventioner Mycket bra/Ganska bra (80%). Slutsats: Resultatet visade att arbetsterapeutiska interventioner förekom endast bland cirka en tredjedel av de kvinnor som sökt vård relaterat till stressrelaterad ohälsa. Dock ansåg majoriteten att deras upplevelser av interventionerna var positiva vilket indikerar att arbetsterapeutiska interventioner kan vara ett stöd i rehabiliteringen för kvinnor med stressrelaterad ohälsa. / Mental ill-health is today the most common cause of long-term sick leave in Sweden and stress-related diagnoses account for 49 percent where women are over-represented. The consequences of stress-related ill-health leads to difficulties in everyday life. Where a subjective experience of incongruence between requirements and ability in occupational performance and an imbalance in activity patterns are crucial. Having a balanced activity pattern and experiencing congruence in occupational performance are considered to be essential for experiencing participation and health in occupational therapy theory. The purpose of this study was to explore the incidence of occupational therapy interventions for women with stress-related disorders and their self-rated experiences of the interventions. The method used was a quantitative cross-sectional study where data from 188 women were collected using a self-designed web survey on the social network Facebook. The questionnaire concerned demographic data and the incidence and self-rated experience of seven occupational therapy interventions. The result showed that 37 percent of the respondents had received some form of occupational therapy intervention and on average 2.5 interventions per respondent. There were no statistical regional differences in the incidence of occupational therapy interventions. The most common intervention was Strategies for managing stressful situations (31%). The intervention Workplace adjustments of performance and environment rated highest where 13 out of 14 women (93%) rated Very good/Fairly good. Overall the occupational therapy interventions where rated as Very good/Fairly good (80%). Conclusion: The overall result showed that occupational therapy interventions occurred only among approximately one-third of the women who sought care related to stress-related disorder. However, the majority considered that their experience of the interventions were positive, which indicates that occupational therapy interventions can be a support in the rehabilitation of women with stress-related disorders.

<p>From a view of health strategies and techniques this thesis wants to throw a light on how the individual in its"health thinking"is governed. A thinking that, according to the author, can lead to a new way of governing as in municipal activity, an activity whose focus is on health and ill-health. The study is done whit a theoretical approach of power, with qualitative interviews as method and analysed from a perspective of Governmentality. The object for the study is Socsam and Rehabrådgivarna in Finspång. Socsam is a local project, and their main task is to create cooperation between health- and medical services, social services and social insurance. The health advisor in Finspång directs its activity towards sick-listed people and their main task is to help the sick-listed back to work as soon as possible. The analysis is done from both the perspective of what the individuals’ state about Rehabrådgivarnas treatment in relation to their own health and life of quality and how Socsam and Rehabrådgivarna can be analysed as health technologies and health strategies from Governmentality as theory. The author argues for the opinion, that from a specific way of thinking about health and how the individual have to act to achieve this health, this way of thinking creates a health technique. This health technique leads to a social demand on the individuals, a demand that the individuals have to achieve to be accepted in the community. They, whom not have the capacity or the will to achieve this health demand, will be regarded as maladjusted. Because of that, the individuals as well as the community need a self regulatory health strategy to persuade them self as well as others to become a healthy citizen. From this point of view the author argues for that Socsam can be regarded as a health strategy like this and that Rehabrådgivarna is the practical tool that is used to implement the health strategy and health technology to the people.</p>