A impossibilidade de decidir é apresentada ao leitor em Bouvard e Pécuchet, de Gustave Flaubert, sob diversos aspectos, evidenciando a reiteração da ideia de impasse, entendido como situação que atinge pontos de solução difícil ou aparentemente impossível. Associados à narrativa, à leitura, enquanto ato, e à escrita, enquanto processo, os impasses sucessivos aproximam-se do conceito de labirinto, colocando em movimento permanências e rupturas de vertente literária fecunda, descrita por Hugh Kenner em The Stoic Comedians. Abrindo espaço para a presença de opiniões contraditórias e, mais que isso, para a dificuldade de sua reconciliação, é sugerida uma quebra da lógica causal, numa narrativa não mais fundada em eventos, mas no tratamento do material linguístico. Abordam-se aqui reflexões teóricas sobre o funcionamento e os efeitos do texto estudado, levando em conta os questionamentos recentes sobre os paradoxos da ficção e os limites da narrativa, tomando por base um enfoque múltiplo. A bêtise, o aspecto enciclopédico do texto, a cópia e a comicidade servem como pontos de partida, com base na ótica da mobilização de saberes. Finalmente, são traçados paralelos entre procedimentos do texto flaubertiano e alguns procedimentos adotados desde o final do século 19 e ao longo do século 20 por artistas de várias formas de expressão, buscando estabelecer possíveis diálogos. / The impossibility of deciding (undecidability) is presented to the reader in Bouvard and Pécuchet, by Gustave Flaubert, from different perspectives, evidencing the repetition of the idea of impasse, understood as a situation that has a difficult or seemingly impossible solution. Associated to the narrative, the reading act, and the writing process, the successive impasses relate to the concept of labyrinth, setting in motion continuities and ruptures of a rich literary lineage, described by Hugh Kenner in The Stoic Comedians. While allowing conflicting opinions to coexist and, more than that, allowing for the difficulty of their reconciliation, disruption of causal logic is suggested, resulting in a narrative no longer based on events, but in the treatment of linguistic material. Theoretical considerations on the functioning and the effects of the text studied are addressed, taking into account the recent reflections about the paradoxes of fiction and the limits of narrative, from a manifold perspective. The starting points are the bêtise, the encyclopedic character, Copy and the comic aspect of the novel, always having the use of knowledge as focal point. Finally, parallels between flaubertian procedures and some procedures adopted since the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century by artists of various forms of expression are drawn, seeking to establish possible dialogues.

Syftet med denna studie är att besvara hur strategierna Repair och External Information Retrieval (EIR) används av spelare av varierande erfarenhetsnivå för att tackla impasse-drivna inlärningsmoment i actionplattformspel. En artefakt i form av en spelprototyp inom actionplattform-genren har skapats för att besvara frågeställningen. Studiens testgrupp bestod av tre mycket erfarna spelare, tre mellan-erfarna spelare och två icke-erfarna spelare. Testdeltagarna ombads att spela igenom spelprototypen och förklara hur de tänkte enligt think-aloud metoden. Intervjuer utfördes både innan och efter spelsessionerna för att avgöra deltagarnas erfarenhetsnivåer och tydliggöra varje deltagares bakgrund inom spel. Varje enskild spelsession spelades in med deltagarnas tillåtelse för att möjliggöra analys vid senare tillfällen. Studiens resultat var att de mer erfarna spelarna använde Repair oftare än mindre erfarna spelare, och att de presterade bättre när de gjorde det. Icke-erfarna spelare föredrog EIR, men det visades också att mindre erfarna spelare behövde mer detaljerad information för att utföra effektiv EIR.

La pauvreté est souvent mise en exergue pour expliquer la présence des enfants dans les rues des pays pauvres. Cependant, le problème est plus complexe. En effet, certains enfants, bien qu’ayant la possibilité de vivre à l’abri du besoin préfèrent vivre dans la rue malgré l’hostilité de ce milieu. Aussi, de par la dimension culturelle, leur présence dans la rue semble incohérente en Afrique subsaharienne, car l’enfant « seul » n’existe pas, ce dernier appartient au groupe et non à ses seuls géniteurs.Comment alors expliquer cette présence ? Face à ce problème nous avons avancé les hypothèses suivantes :1) « L’enfant de la rue » serait dans la rue à cause d’une situation d’impasse familiale. 2) « L’enfant de la rue » adopterait des conduites paradoxales, qui atteignent ses enveloppes corporelles, pour survivre dans le milieu hostile de la rue. Notre investigation s’est déroulée au Gabon en deux temps. La première fait partie d’une plus large étude (UNICEF), nous avons administré 300 questionnaires auprès des enfants et rencontré 9 familles. Lors de la seconde, nous avons mené des entretiens et observations auprès de 25 enfants.L’analyse s’est effectuée en deux temps :- Premièrement nous avons décrit ces phénomènes, dressé un portrait de ces enfants, et établi leurs profils ainsi ceux de leur famille, avec l’aide d’une analyse de contenus (logiciel Nvivo).- Deuxièmement, nous avons montré à partir de quatre cas cliniques la difficulté qu’a l’enfant de s’autonomiser face à une famille/culture devenue « hybride ». Nos hypothèses se vérifient avec l’établissement de différents profils cliniques (l’enfant « aliéné », « pacificateur », «sans enveloppe psychique» …) qui décrivent l’impasse et la précarité psychique, ainsi que la constitution d’une « seconde peau-maison » en guise de peau psychique. Cette étude permet d’envisager la mise en place de nouveaux dispositifs où les liens « enfant-famille-professionnel » pourraient trouver un ajustement face à l’incohérence des modèles culturels. / Poverty is often highlighted to explain the presence of children in the streets of poor countries. However, the problem is way more complex. Indeed, some children, even if they don’t have to, prefer to live in the streets despite the hostility of this environment. Furthermore, according to the cultural dimension, their presence in the streets seems incoherent in Sub-SaharanAfrica, because the child “alone” doesn’t exist, he is part of a group, other than his immediate family. How can this presence be explained, then? In order to face this problem we formulated the following hypotheses.1) The “street child” would be in the streets because of a family impasse. 2) The “street child” would adopt paradoxical behaviors that reach their body envelopes in order to survive the hostilityof the environment. Our research took place in Gabon in two stages. The first one is part of a larger study (UNICEF), we administered 300 questionnaires to children and met with 9 families. During the second one, we conducted interviews and observations with 25 children.The analysis was executed in two times:- Firstly, we described these phenomena, we created a portrait of these children, and established their profiles and those of their families by means of a content analysis (Nvivo software)- Secondly, we demonstrated, based on four clinical cases, the child’s difficulty to become autonomous when confronted with a family/culture that’s turned “hybrid”.Our hypotheses are verified with the establishment of different clinical profiles (the “alienated” child, the “pacemaker”,“without psychic envelope”…) that describe an impasse and a psychic precariousness, as well as the construction of a “homesecondskin” as a way of psychic skin. This study allows to contemplate the establishment of new measures where the link “child-family-professional” could find an adjustment when confronted with the incoherence of cultural models.

Cette thèse traite, d’un point de vue interculturel, de la construction de l’identité à l’adolescence dans une Afrique en mutation. À partir d’une enquête sur le rapport psychisme/culture et l’étude des effets de l’intrication des cultures africaine et occidentale, nous avons dans ce travail démontré que la représentation de soi de l’adolescent Camerounais se trouve modifiée, car désormais coupée du référent fondateur. Par l’enculturation, la famille africaine élargie avait entre autres pour fonction d’accompagner l’adolescent à l’âge adulte en lui conférant une place, une identité. La culture, dans ce rôle de tiers, régulatrice de l’attachement, de la séparation et de la jouissance dans l’interaction fantasmatique entre l’adolescent et sa famille, et même entre l’adolescent et son environnement est sous-tendu par le référent fondateur ; c’est-à-dire par la croyance en un père imaginaire, le père ancêtre. L’ignorance, le refus ou l’oubli du référent fondateur (rupture de transmission, auto engendrement) fait obstacle à la construction identitaire, laissant ainsi l’adolescent Camerounais dans l’impasse. Dans une perspective de culture humaine, nous avons conclu que la façon dont les mélanges de cultures prennent place dans une société en constante évolution, est à entendre comme une atteinte à l’identité subjective, dans la mesure où elle entrave la fonction du père ancêtre, produisant ainsi, à la fois des effets de rupture, d’impasse, mais aussi d’ouverture dans la structuration du sujet. Ces effets, inévitablement, impliquent l’émergence de nouvelles pathologies et donc de nouveaux modes de prise en charge dans la clinique des adolescents. / This thesis deals, from an intercultural point of view, with the construction of identity in adolescence in a changing Cameroon. Based on an investigation on the relationship between psyche and culture and the study of the effects of the entanglement of traditional African and Western cultures, we have demonstrated in this work that the self-representation of the adolescent Cameroonian is modified, because it is now disconnected from the founding referent. Through enculturation, the extended African family had among other functions, to guide the adolescent towards adulthood, by providing him shelter and an identity. Culture, acting as a third party role that controls attachment, separation and joy in the fantasmatic interaction between the adolescent and his family, and even between the adolescent and his environment, is underpinned by the founding referent, meaning by the belief in an imaginary father, the ancestral father. Ignoring, refusing to accept or forgetting the founding referent (due to a failure in transmission or self-generation) is an obstacle to the construction of identity, thus leading the Cameroonian adolescent to a dead end. From a human culture perspective, we have concluded that the way in which a cultural mix occurs within a constantly evolving society is to be understood as an attack on subjective identity, insofar as it hinders the function of the ancestral father thus producing both the effects of separation and deadlock, which also allows a new perspective on the structuring of the subject. These effects, inevitably, imply the emergence of new pathologies and thus new modes of management in the adolescent clinic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Carolina de Almeida Scheuer.pdf: 994614 bytes, checksum: 156c6f00475c8a96e71d76d3ef2feb3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-28 / There are some clinical cases that compel the analyst to write about them as a means of working through the events experienced with a certain analysand. Thus, the present paperwork is, above all, the result of the analytical work with a boy and his family, considering the encounters and conflicts that we went through. A boy with a robotic way of walking, with a look that ran through anyone who stared at him and with serious problems of social interaction. During the sessions there were activities of pure, meaningless discharge, a toy house invaded by enemy warriors, lying down on the couch and sleeping soundly. A family who loved war games and movies, admired major dictators and listened to neo-Nazi songs. A German descent analyst trying to understand and to make sense of all these things. In order to try to understand the psychic way of functioning of this analysand and, to some extent, his family‟s as well as the contents that emerged during the analytical process, various concepts elaborated by Melanie Klein and the so-called post-Klein authors are used here as theoretical foundation. Furthermore, a detailed reflection on the way our analytic work was interrupted is presented, taking into consideration the complex short-circuit that came about in the transference and in the counter-transference. If, in the beginning, the identifications between the analyst and the analysand favored the establishment of the transference, they ended up severely obstructing the counter-transference. If we were supposedly alike, we eventually turned out to be totally different, it was no longer possible to keep on walking together. From this estrangement experienced in the analytic relationship, we take a further step to think about the dangerous chaining up between anguish upon facing the different, fear of the stranger/foreigner and, finally, hatred and urge to destroy him. For this purpose, the events that took place in Germany before and during World War II are used as illustrative examples / Há certos casos clínicos que convocam o analista a escrever como forma de elaborar psiquicamente as vivências experimentadas no trabalho com determinado analisando. Assim, o presente trabalho é fruto, acima de tudo, do encontro-desencontro analítico vivido no atendimento de um garoto e de sua família. Um menino com andar robótico, com um olhar que atravessava quem o mirava e com sérios problemas de interação social. Nas sessões, o que havia eram atividades de pura descarga sem sentido, uma casa de brinquedo invadida por guerreiros inimigos e deitar no divã e dormir profundamente. Uma família que adorava jogos e filmes de guerra, admirava grandes ditadores e escutava músicas neonazistas. Uma analista descendente de alemães, buscando entender e dar um lugar para tudo isso. Para tentar compreender o modo de funcionamento psíquico desse analisando e, em alguma medida, de sua família e os conteúdos que emergiram durante o processo analítico são utilizados aqui como referencial teórico diversos conceitos elaborados por Melanie Klein e pelos chamados autores pós-kleinianos. Além disso, é feita uma minuciosa reflexão sobre a maneira como o trabalho analítico foi interrompido, considerando o curto-circuito complexo que se formou na transferência e na contratransferência. Se, no início, as identificações entre analista e analisando facilitaram o estabelecimento da transferência, por fim, elas dificultaram muito a contratransferência. Se éramos supostamente iguais, passamos a ser totalmente diferentes, tornou-se impossível continuar caminhando juntos... A partir desse estranhamento experienciado na relação analítica, é dado um salto para pensar no perigoso encadeamento entre angústia perante o diferente, medo do estranho/estrangeiro e, por fim, ódio e desejo de destruí-lo. Para isso, os fenômenos ocorridos na Alemanha antes e durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial são tomados como exemplos ilustrativos

Voltage Impasse Region (VIR) is a phenomenon in power systemswhose dynamics are describe by a set of Differential AlgebraicEquations (DAE). VIR denotes a state-space area where voltagecausality is lost, i.e. the Jacobian of the algebraic part of DAEis singular. In a Time Domain Simulation (TDS) once system trajectoriesenter VIR, TDS experiences non-convergence of the solution.Then, there is no reason to continue with the simulation. Thisis why it is important to understand the mechanisms that introduceVIR. It is known that VIR appears in relation to static, non-linearload models. However, it remained unknown what the cumulativeeffect of several static, non-linear loads would be.This master thesis has further expanded the concept of VIRby carrying out a structured study on how the load modelling affectsVIR. For this purpose, this thesis proposes a quasi-dynamicmethodology to map VIR in the relative rotor angle space. Themethodology introduces a new discrete index called Voltage ImpasseRegion Flag (VIRflag), which allows to determine if the algebraicequations of DAE are solvable or not and, thus, to locate VIR.A test system is used to test the proposed quasi-dynamic approach.The VIRflag was first used to map VIR for various load combinations.Then, the relationship between TDS non-convergence issuesand the intersection of a trajectory with VIR is examined toverify the proposed methodology.The proposed method has been proved to be efficient in the determinationof VIR regardless of the number of non-linear loads inthe power system. Among the static exponential load models, theConstant Power (CP) load component has been identified as theone with the largest influence on VIR appearance and shape. TheConstant Current (CC) loads induce ”smaller" VIR areas and theConstant Impedance (CI) load can only alter the shape of VIR inthe presence of non-linear load models. / VIR (Voltage Impasse Regions) är ett fenomen i kraftsystem varsdynamiska förlöp beskrivs av differential-algebraiska ekvationer(DAE). VIR betecknar ett område i tillståndsrummet där går förlorad,dvs Jakobianen av den algebraiska delen av DAE är singulärI tidsdomän-simuleringar (TDS) när en trajektoria träffar VIR,konvergerar TDS inte till en lösning. Då finns ingen anledning attfortsätta med simuleringen. Därför är det viktigt att förstå mekanismernasom introducerar VIR. Det är känt att VIR är relateradetill statiska, icke-linjära lastmodeller. Det var dock okänt vadden kumulativa effekten av flera statiska, icke-linjära belastningarskulle vara.Denna uppsats har vidareutvecklat begreppet VIR genom attgenomföra en strukturerad studie om hur lastmodellering påverkarVIR. För detta ändamål föreslår denna avhandling en kvasidynamiskmetod för att kartlägga VIR i det relativa rotorvinkelrummet.Metoden introducerar ett nytt diskret index som heterVoltage Impasse Region Flag (VIRflag), vilket gör det möjligt attbestämma om den algebraiska delen av DAE är lösbar eller inteoch därmed lokalisera VIR. Ett används för att testa det föreslagnakvasi-dynamiska tillvägagångssättet. VIRflag användes först för attkartlägga VIR för olika belastningskombinationer. Därefter granskasförhållandet mellan konvergensproblem i TDS och korsningenmellan en trajektoria och VIR för att verifiera den föreslagna metoden.Den föreslagna metoden har visat sig vara effektiv vid bestämningav VIR, oberoende av antalet icke-linjära belastningar. Bland destatiska exponentiella belastningsmodellerna har konstanteffektlast(CP) haridentifierats som den som har störst inflytande påVIR;s form. Den konstantströmlasten (CC) inducerar mindre"VIRområdenoch konstantimpedanslasten (CI) kan endast ändra formenav VIR i närvaro av icke-linjära belastningsmodeller.

La sérialité criminelle est une construction élaborée par une méthodologie d'investigation policière. Elle permet le rapprochement de situations criminelles par la construction de leur mise en lien. Celle-ci repose sur de l'identification d'un comportement identique qu'il s'agit de pouvoir imputer à un même auteur. La modélisation américaine du phénomène sériel en constitue la référence. C'est à partir de l'analyse de ses limites que nous pourrons élaborer une construction différente de la sérialité. Les études concernant la polydélinquance et le olymorphisme délinquantiel permettent de faire émerger l'hypothèse d'une cohérence infractionnelle chez leurs auteurs. Elles conduisent à penser la sérialité non comme la représentation d'un comportement infractionnel identique qui se reproduirait, mais comme une insistance psychique qui se reconduirait. Le registre judicaire est celui par lequel cette insistance est saisie dans sa phénoménalité. Nous exposerons que sa manifestation se réalise dans l'ensemble des champs d'existence du sujet, dans une tentative renouvelée de résolution d'un conflit psychique. La sérialité devient alors constitutive de l'analyse d'un mode de fonctionnement psychique et non d'une mise en lien de phénomènes. L'analyse sérielle de la trajectoire d'existence de deux patients nous offrira la possibilité d'en faire la démonstration.

Orientador: Paulo Ricardo da Silva / Banca: João Carlos da Rocha Medrado / Banca: João Carlos Ferreira Costa / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos as famíılias de sistemas forçados com superfície de impasse regular, as formas normais de seus pontos "típicos"bem como seus retratos de fase. Vemos ainda alguns resultados sobre a genericidade desses pontos e a estabilidade estrutural de um sistema forçado. Abordamos o tema de uma forma simples: apresentamos o que é um sistema forçado e uma família de sistemas forçados para depois estudar as formas normais de seus pontos "típicos" através de dois campos de direções, os quais se tornam fundamentais para o assunto. Utilizamos o Teorema de Peixoto (adaptado para este assunto) como norte para dar as características de um sistema forçado estruturalmente estável. No capítulo 3, damos a estratificação da superfície de impasse e, como resultado final, vemos que esta estratificação é genérica (no conjunto de todas as famílias de sistemas forçados). / Abstract:In this work we study the families of constrained systems with regular impasse surface, the normal forms of its "typical"points and the respectively phase portrait. We see some results about the genericity of these points and the structural stability of a constrained system. We broach the theme in a simple way: we introduce a constrained system and a family of a constrained systems, and so, we study the normal forms of its "typical"points through two line fields, which become essential for the subject. We use the Peixoto's Theorem (adapted for this subject) to characterize a structural stable of constrained systems. In the chapter 3, we make a stratification of the impasse surface and, as a last result, we see that stratification is genericity (in the set of all families of constrained systems). / Mestre

Ces recherches doctorales démontrent comment l’aporie et ses voix/voies plurielles minent l’œuvre Lawrencienne: romans, essais, poèmes ou encore tableaux. Malgré le désir du lecteur de donner une voix/voie singulière – ou interprétation – à l’œuvre de D. H. Lawrence, seule une herméneutique et une vérité plurielle viennent à notre rencontre, nous laissant ainsi soumis à une impasse insurmontable. Tout au long de ce chemin doctoral, nul n’est à l’abri des culs de sacs et des trébuchements. Ainsi, une aporie génétique tisse le tissu textuel des premières ébauches de D. H. Lawrence, et la souveraineté logocentrique et herméneutique de l’homme est renversée. La rature s’impose et l’œuvre de D. H. Lawrence nous rappelle que le logos, et l’Être, résistent, pour mieux inscrire l’aporie dans son corpus. Les limites du langage, de la religion, du savoir, et de la représentation artistique de la réalité résonne désormais avec une question qui demeure sans réponse et en suspens. / This work of research aims at showing how aporia and its plural voices pervade D.H Lawrence’s work, be it through his novels, his essays, his poetry, or his paintings. Despite the reader’s desire to give one singular voice and meaning to D.H Lawrence’s work, plural meanings and multiples truths come our way, leaving us facing an uncrossable impasse. The road is paved with deadlocks and places to stumble upon. Indeed, genetic aporia weaves the very fabric of D.H. Lawrence’s first drafts and sketches, and the logocentric and hermeneutic sovereignty of man is put into question. In fact, we have to cross it out as Lawrence’s work reminds us that the logos, and Being, show some resistance, the result of which is to better inscribe aporia into his corpus. The limits of language, of religion, of knowledge, and of the artistic representation of reality resonate now with an everlasting and unanswered question.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation sets out from the assumption that there is a phenomenon one can call literature of impasse. By this is meant that there is a body of literature that can be defined as a literature of impasse because of the specific time of writing or of its setting. The definition used in this exploration is based upon the historical, social, political and psychological forces that shape literature of impasse. Broadly speaking the term refers to works of literature of which the authors are considered to be fully aware that what they were describing, analysing and exploring was the impasse which the Western individual had to navigate in order to arrive at any coherent sense of self. The authors in this study – Joseph Roth (1894-1939), Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000) and Henri Fauconnier (1879-1973) – can be regarded as three such authors, and the aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate in what way they are indeed authors of impasse in the works under discussion and what the devices are that they have employed to convey their vision. Far from being a vision that (myopically) sees no resolution, the authors demonstrate a need to identify the impasse itself and its causes and consequences in a narrative style. As part of the acknowledgement of impasse, the description of the ontological impasse of the protagonists is also explored as is the central discussion of modernity and Modernism and how modernity appears to exacerbate the sense of impasse. The position of the protagonists in these works leads in turn to the exploration of individual attempts to overcome the impasse and, in so doing, the study inevitably has to explore the philosophical attributes reflected in each of the works. The comparative nature of this analysis, straddling three languages and literary traditions, and the complex contexts of “impasse”, necessitates studies in other disciplines. The works of Ernest Gellner (1925-1995) seemed particularly suited to this exploration as an analytical springboard inasmuch as his works examine the anthropological and philosophical aspects which have determined the historical forces and milieux with which the three novelists have to contend in the formulation of their respective visions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif berus op die veronderstelling dat daar ‘n fenomeen bestaan wat letterkunde van impasse oftewel van die dooie punt genoem kan word. Dit beteken dat daar ‘n korpus van letterkundige werke is wat gedefinieer kan word as letterkunde van impasse op grond van die spesifieke tydperk waarin dit tot stand gekom het of die narratiewe agtergrond daarvan. Die definisie wat in hierdie studie gebruik word is gegrond op die geskiedkundige, sosiale, politiese en sielkundige kragte waardeur letterkunde van impasse gevorm word. Die term verwys in die breë na werke wat geskep word deur skrywers wat ten volle daarvan bewus is dat dit wat hulle beskryf, ontleed en verken die dooie punt is waardeur die Westerse individu moet beweeg om enige koherente sin van die self te bereik. Die skrywers in hierdie studie – Joseph Roth (1894-1939), Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000) en Henri Fauconnier (1879-1973) – kan beskou word as drie sodanige skrywers en die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om aan te toon waarom hulle inderdaad skrywers van impasse is in die werke wat bespreek word en op watter maniere hulle hierdie persepsie oordra. Dit handel hoegenaamd nie oor ‘n persepsie wat stiksienig geen uitkoms sien nie en die skrywers toon veral ‘n behoefte om die impasse, sowel as die oorsake en gevolge daarvan, in ‘n narratiewe styl te identifiseer. As deel van die erkenning van impasse, word die beskrywing van die ontologiese impasse van die protagoniste ook ondersoek sowel as die sentrale bespreking van moderniteit en Modernisme en die wyse waarop moderniteit die gevoel van impasse blyk te vererger. Die posisie van die protagoniste in hierdie werke lei weer na die verkenning van individuele pogings om die dooie punt te oorkom en gevolglik moet die studie noodwendig ook die filosofiese standpunte ondersoek wat in die werke gereflekteer word. Die vergelykende aard van hierdie ontleding wat strek oor drie tale en literêre tradisies en die komplekse konteks van “impasse” maak verwysing na ander dissiplines noodsaaklik. Die werke van Ernest Gellner (1925-1995) het besonder geskik voorgekom vir hierdie verkenning as analitiese wegspringplek aangesien sy werk die antropologiese en filosofiese aspekte ondersoek van die geskiedkundige kragte en omgewings waarmee hierdie drie romanskrywers te kampe gehad het in die formulering van hulle onderskeie sienings.