Background: Physical activity (PA) seems to be important for long-term weight loss following bariatric surgery, however, studies provide evidence for insufficient PA levels in bariatric patients. Research found self-efficacy to be associated with PA and weight bias internalization, whose influence on mental and physical health has been shown in recent studies. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of general self-efficacy on PA, mediated by weight bias internalization. Setting: Consecutive multicenter registry study conducted in six German bariatric surgery centers. Methods: In N = 179 bariatric surgery candidates, general self-efficacy, weight bias internalization, and different intensities of PA were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the assumed mediational relationship. Results: After controlling for sociodemographic variables, weight bias internalization fully mediated the association between general self-efficacy and moderate-intense as well as vigorous-intense PA. Lower general self-efficacy predicted greater weight bias internalization, which in turn predicted lower levels of moderate-intense and vigorous-intense PA. Conclusions: The results suggest an influence of weight bias internalization on preoperative PA in bariatric surgery candidates. Subsequently, implementation of interventions addressing weight bias internalization in the usual treatment of bariatric surgery candidates might enhance patients’ preoperative PA, while longitudinal analyses are needed in order to further examine its predictive value on PA following bariatric surgery.

Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are but one of a variety of nanosystems that have incredible potential for the detection and diagnosis of cancer. Nanosystems share a common disadvantage: they are quickly sequestered by biological processes that clear foreign material from the body, requiring ever larger doses to accumulate in targets, and reducing their overall effectiveness and viability. This thesis explores a pair of strategies for nanomaterials to boost their evasiveness from these defensive systems in the context of lanthanide MRI contrast agents, in an attempt to increase their probability to collect in cancerous tissue. Chapter 1 provides precedent and rationale for the modification of two parameters regarding novel nanosystem design: aspect ratio and zeta potential. Chapter 2 details the controlled syntheses and analysis of sodium dysprosium fluoride nanomaterials at a range of aspect ratios. Chapter 3 concerns the construction of tunable zwitterionic polymer coatings for synthesized nanomaterials to demonstrate control over the zeta potential in aqueous dispersion. Chapter 4 tests polymer-coated spherical nanoparticles and nanorods for internalization into or adsorbance onto a cancerous cell line. Chapter 5 summarizes the work of the previous chapters and suggests future research approaches. Though internalization or adsorbance onto HeLa cells was not observed for prepared nanomaterials, control over their aspect ratio at the synthetic level and zeta potential via constructed zwitterionic polymers was demonstrated, with implications for application to a plethora of nanosystems. / Graduate

The D3 dopamine receptor (D3R) belongs to D2-class of dopamine receptors (DARs) and is involved in emotion, movement, and reward. D3R dysfunction has been reported in some neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction, cognitive deficits, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Genetic studies have shown two polymorphic variants of the D3R gene resulting from substitution of serine to glycine at position nine of the amino terminus. Isoform 5 of adenylyl cyclase (AC5) is one of the nine transmembrane bound ACs in the brain and myocardium. Previous studies in rats have shown that AC5 is expressed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle and at lower levels in islands of Calleja, where the D3R is also expressed. Previous studies showed that although D2R and D4R inhibit ACs activity in different cell types, inhibition of ACs by D3R is weak and often undetectable. It has been shown that D3R selectively inhibits AC5 activity in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells co-transfected with D3R and AC5. Co-expression of D3R and AC5 in brain regions which are major coordinators of normal and pathological movement, and the selective inhibition of AC5 activity by D3R raise the possibility of a functional link between AC5 and D3R in the modulation of signal transduction and trafficking. I hypothesized that AC5 plays a unique role in modulation of D3R trafficking and signaling pathways through interaction between D3R and AC5. Herein, I demonstrated an interaction between D3R and AC5 in vivo and in vitro using reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting (co-IP/IB) assays. Interestingly, DA may facilitate the formation of protein complex between D3R and AC5 in vitro. Radio ligand binding assays revealed that heterodimerization of D3R polymorphic variants with AC5 does not change ligand binding affinity and expression of the D3R. Furthermore, taking advantages of GloSensor assays, selective inhibition of AC5 activity by D3Ser9 and D3Gly9 has been shown following activation by DA and quinpirole. Using ELISA studies showed that AC5 promotes cell surface expression and total expression of D3Ser9 and D3Gly9. Moreover, ELISA results suggested that AC5 facilitates DA-induced D3Ser9 endocytosis in dynamin and β-arrestin 2 dependent process, while having no effect on D3Gly9 polymorphic variant. The results also revealed that AC5 attenuates heterologous (PKC-induced) internalization of D3Ser9, while it does not have any effect on D3Gly9 heterologous internalization. My results also displayed a complex formation between D3R, AC5 and, β-arrestin 2 under basal and DA stimulation conditions, which emphasize the role of β-arrestin 2 in D3R signal transduction. Overall, a new regulatory mechanism for D3R has been suggested. My results suggested that complex formation between both D3R polymorphic variants with AC5 can regulate signaling and trafficking properties of D3R without changing the binding affinity of the receptor. These data will be meaningful for understanding of diseases and developing treatment strategies.

The current study sought to explore the effects of eating behaviors on mental health and the internalization of attitudes toward one's appearance. This was performed through a survey distributed through a global online market research firm, Dynata, and gathered 495 eligible participants. Of those, 78 represented the plant-based group, and 417 represented the non-plant-based group. Each completed the survey containing sections with the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions Scale (MACS) to assess if they were at low or high risk for having/developing an eating disorder, a section determining if participants were plant-based (defined as a regimen that encourages whole, plant-based foods and discourages meats, dairy products, and eggs as well as all refined and processed foods (Tuso et al., 2013)) or not, and asking what their perceived benefits were from their plant-based (or lack of plant-based) diet, a section on the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ-4), and finally, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The status of participants being plant-based or non-plant-based was analyzed as this study sought to explore past research that found plant-based diets to be physically and mentally beneficial (Beezhold et al., 2014; Benefits of Plant-Based Diets, 2021; Daneshzad et al., 2019). A series of statistical tests were conducted on SPSS 28 to analyze which groups (high risk for E.D. and plant-based, high risk for E.D. and non-plant-based, low risk for E.D. and plant-based, or low risk for E.D. and non-plant-based) were statistically significant compared to one another. The findings revealed the plant-based group to contain higher percentage of high risk for eating disorder participants. The plant-based group, regardless of high risk, was negatively associated with higher levels of scores on four out of the five sections including internalization of attitudes towards appearance, weight-based pressures from family, weight-based pressures from peers, and higher levels of reported depression, anxiety, and stress. Pressures felt from the media did not display a statistically significant level of difference between any of the high/low risk and plant-based to high/low risk and non-plant-based. The results were interpreted using social learning theory, which proposes that humans have evolved an advanced capacity for observational learning, enabling them to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, emotional proclivities, and competencies through information conveyed by a rich variety of actual and symbolic models (Bandura, 2002). This allowed for cause and effects to be hypothesized for why the plant-based group was negatively associated with worse mental health and internalization of attitudes towards appearance. Among these hypothesized causes included participants adopting a plant-based diet due to its growing social media popularity, users learning from observation and leading to aquired knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs on the diet. Furthermore, those with an obsession of clean-eating could have led many high-risk for E.D. participants to fulfill their internalized thin-ideal and pressure from family and peers regarding appearance through this popular diet they have observed through social media, which would be consistent with previous studies (Holmgren, 2017; Stewart & Ogden, 2020). Limitations include the small sample size of plant-based dieters without equal representation of low to high risk for E.D.s, along with the limitation on not knowing the reasoning why each participant is plant-based (ethical, environmental, health, diet purposes, or due to social learning and popularity) nor for how long they have adhered to this lifestyle. Future research should expand this study to more locations, analyze for differences based on age groups, and build upon the current study to allow for more generalizability.

No description available.

Detta självständiga arbete har ämnat att bidra med ökad förståelse för hur trum- och slagverkslärare på svenska kulturskolor beskriver hur deras elever internaliserar och externaliserar kunskap på olika sätt. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och använder begreppen internalisering och externalisering för att diskutera lärande. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra trum- och slagverkspedagoger i kulturskolan. Resultatet visar att elevernas olika sätt att internalisera kunskap tar sig uttryck genom lektionernas inramning. Lärarna arbetar med auditiva, visuella och kinestetiska verktyg för att rama in och skapa lektionsmoment som möjliggör elevernas internalisering av kunskap på ett individanpassat sätt. Att kulturskolan inte bygger på läroplaner eller betyg är en tillgång för lärarna då lektionsinramningen tydligt kan anpassas för en specifik elevs sätt att internalisera kunskap snarare än att sträva efter kunskap som eleven skall uppnå baserat på ålder. Att trum- och slagverkskurserna i kulturskolan innefattar flera instrument möjliggör lärarnas sätt att främja elevers olika sätt att internalisera kunskap. Genom att använda olika slagverksinstrument som verktyg att förevisa på, anpassar lärarna undervisningen efter den enskilda elevens sätt att internalisera kunskapen. Resultatet visar även att då elever får nya musikaliska erfarenheter kan deras sätt att internalisera kunskap förändras. Elevernas externalisering av kunskap synliggörs genom resultatet av gjorda läxor och terminsuppspel. Lärarna kan även bevittna hur mindre steg i elevernas utveckling externaliseras kontinuerligt då de möter sina elever varje vecka. Resultatet kan bidra till en ökad förståelse för trum- och slagverkselevers internalisering och externalisering av kunskap inom ramen för den svenska kulturskolan. / This study has aimed to contribute to an increased understanding of how drum and percussion teachers describe how their students internalize and externalize knowledge in various ways. The study examines teachers on Swedish leisure time school of the arts. The essay is based on a sociocultural perspective and utilizes the concept of internalization and externalization to discuss learning. The empirical material has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with four teachers. The results indicate that students various ways of internalizing knowledge are manifested through the framing of lessons. The teachers use audio, visual and kinesthetic tools to frame and create lesson elements that enable students to internalize knowledge in an individually tailored manner. The fact that the school is not based on grades is an asset for the teachers, as the framing of lessons can be tailored to specific students way of internalizing, rather than striving for knowledge that the student should achieve based on age. The inclusion of multiple percussion instruments in the courses enables the teachers to promote students diverse ways of internalizing knowledge. By using various instruments as tools for demonstration, the teachers tailor the instruction to each individual students way of internalizing. Students ways of internalizing can change when students have new musical experiences. Students externalization of knowledge is made visible through the results of completed homework and performances. The teachers can also witness smaller steps in students development being continuously externalized as they meet their students every week. The results can contribute to an increased understanding of drum and percussion students' internalization and externalization of knowledge in Swedish leisure time school of the arts.

Den aktuella motivationssänkningen för matematikämnet hos elever i Sverige är oroväckande eftersom forskning visar att motivation spelar en avgörande roll för skolprestation och välbefinnande. Studien bygger på självbestämmandeteorin som betonar att elevers motivation är avhängig deras känsla av autonomi i undervisningen. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med exempel på hur lärare kan utforma autonomistödjande matematikundervisning som verkar motivationsfrämjande. I ett kvasiexperiment, med interventions- och kontrollgrupp, undersöks hur elevers inre motivation påverkas av lärare som instruerats i den autonomistödjande undervisningsstrategin ”meningsfulla motiveringar”. Effekten av studiens intervention mättes genom en enkät som besvarades av 90 lågstadieelever i årskurs två och tre. Resultaten indikerar att interventionen inte resulterar i ökad inre motivation hos eleverna. I diskussionen presenteras flera förklaringar till resultaten, inklusive att interventionen endast omfattade en strategi. Slutsatsen pekar på vikten av att kombinera flera autonomistödjande strategier, där lärare kan använda studiens exempel på meningsfulla motiveringar som inspiration för framtida undervisningspraxis.

Les actions thérapeutiques des antidépresseurs, disponibles actuellement, requièrent plusieurs semaines de traitement. Ce délai est dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post-synaptiques qui, respectivement, augmentent la disponibilité synaptique des monoamines sérotonine et noradrénaline (5-HT et NA), et entraînent les changements neuroplastiques modifiant la fonction neuronales dans les régions limbiques. Il a été récemment observé, chez un modèle animal de dépression, que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs sérotoninergiques de type 5-HT4 produisait des changements comportementaux, électrophysiologiques, cellulaires et biochimiques, tel qu’observé chez les antidépresseurs. Ces changements apparaissent seulement après 3 jours de traitement tandis que les antidépresseurs nécessitent souvent plusieurs semaines. De plus, l’activation des récepteurs 5-HT4 ne générait pas de tolérance, et cela pendant 21 jours de traitement. Seulement, les propriétés de signalisation et de régulation de ces récepteurs sont très loin d’êtres établies. Nous avons alors voulu mieux caractériser ces deux aspects de leur fonction, en se concentrant d’avantage sur les isoformes a et b, fortement exprimés dans le système limbique. Pour cela, nous avons voulu évaluer d’abord leur capacité de production d’AMPc dans un système hétérologue. Les essais d’accumulation d’AMPc démontrent que les deux isoformes sont capables de moduler positivement et négativement des niveaux d’AMPc en présence de 5-HT. Par contre, la stimulation au RS67333 induit seulement une augmentation du niveau d’AMPc dans les deux cas. Ensemble, ces observations indiquent que les deux isoformes sont capables de coupler à l’adénylate cyclase à travers les protéines Gαs et Gαi. La quantification des récepteurs internalisés a montré que l’isoforme b internalisait plus efficacement que l’isoforme a suite à l’incubation à la 5-HT (61 ± 3 % pour le b vs 40 ± 2 % pour le a). Les protéines kinases PKA et PKC n’étaient pas impliquées dans cette différence, toutefois, la PKC a été trouvée essentielle à l’internalisation des deux isoformes. L’internalisation de l’isoforme b par 5-HT n’a pas été affecté par la surexpression de forme inactive de GRK2 (GRK2- K220R) et a été partiellement inhibé par un mutant négative de la β-arrestine (βarr(319-418)), tandis que l’internalisation de l’isoforme a a été bloquée par les deux. Ces observations indiquent que les mécanismes d’internalisation des deux isoformes du récepteur 5-HT4 les plus abondants dans le système nerveux central sont distincts. Des comportements spécifiques à chaque isoforme ont aussi été constatés au niveau de la régulation fonctionnelle suite à l’exposition au RS67333, qui désensibilise seulement l’isoforme b. D’après nos observations, nous avons conclu que les isoformes a et b diffèrent dans leur propriétés de signalisation et de régulation. L’incapacité du RS67333 à désensibiliser l’isoforme a fournit un substrat moléculaire pour les effets antidépressifs prolongés de cet agoniste dans les études pré-cliniques. / The therapeutic actions of antidepressants, currently available, require several weeks of treatment. This delay is due to pre-and post-synaptic sites adjustments, which, respectively, increase the availability of synaptic monoamines 5-HT and NA, and induce neuroplastic changes amending neuronal function in the limbic regions. We have recently observed in animal model of depression that serotonergic 4 receptor agonist RS67333 produces behavioural, electrophysiological, cellular and biochemical changes, as seen in antidepressants. More importantly, these changes appear only after 3 days of treatment while antidepressants often require several weeks. Moreover, activation of 5-HT4 receptors does not generate tolerance and that for 21 days of treatment. However, the signalling and regulation properties of these receptors haven’t been established yet. Here, we wanted to better characterize these two aspects of their function, and in particular for isoforms a and b, strongly expressed in the limbic system. First, we assessed their ability to produce cAMP in a heterologous system. Functional assays revealed that both isoforms were capable of positive and negative modulation of cAMP levels by 5-HT. Stimulation by RS67333 induced cAMP stimulation. Together, these observations indicate that that both isoforms are able to couple adenylate cyclase through Gαs and Gαi proteins. Moreover, quantification of receptors sequestration showed that isoform b internalised more efficiently than the isoform a, following incubation with 5-HT (61 ± 3 % for b, 40 ± 2 % for a). PKA and PKC proteins, two seconds messenger kinases activated by these receptors, are not involved in producing this difference. However, PKC is essential to the internalization of both isoforms. Isoform b internalization was not affected by an inactive GRK2 mutant (GRK2-K220R) and was partially inhibited by dominant negative β-arrestin (βarr(319-418), while isoform a internalization was dependant on both. These observations indicate that internalization mechanisms of the two isoforms, most abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, are different. Functional desensitization studies showned that RS67333 selectively desensitizes the isoform b, but not isoforme a. Based on these observations, we conclude that isoform a and b differ in their signalling and regulatory properties. Isoform a incapacity to desensitization by RS67333 provides a molecular substrate for prolonged antidepressant affects of this agonist in pre-clinical studies.

Les antidépresseurs actuels sont très similaires au niveau de leur mécanisme d’action et sont plus ou moins efficaces. Un des problèmes majeurs est leur long temps de latence à fournir une action thérapeutique dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post synaptiques. Dans un modèle animal, nous avons récemment découvert que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs 5-HT4 était en mesure de produire en trois jours les mêmes effets antidépresseurs qui normalement prennent de deux à trois semaines à apparaître avec les antidépresseurs actuellement disponibles. De plus, nous avons constaté que les effets antidépresseurs de cet agoniste possédaient une résistance à la tolérance. Il y a d’autres agonistes du même récepteur, tel que le prucalopride qui ne produit pas d’effets antidépresseurs comme RS67333. Étant donné que l’efficacité du Prucalopride à stimuler les 5-HT4Rs est similaire sinon plus grande que celle de RS67333, nous avons énoncé l’hypothèse que le récepteur 5-HT4 pourrait adopter différentes conformations actives suite à son activation par différents agonistes. Nous avons ainsi décidé d’explorer les principales réponses fonctionnelles des récepteurs 5-HT4B en observant leurs propriétés de régulation et de signalisation. Nous avons montré que l’isoforme B du récepteur 5-HT4, étant hautement exprimé dans le système limbique, détient une signalisation et une régulation différentes dépendant du ligand activateur. Nos résultats indiquent que chacun des agonistes testés (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) modulent distinctivement la production d’AMPc et l’internalisation du récepteur. Les résultats nous ont clairement permis de déterminer que les agonistes possèdent une efficacité et ou puissance différentes les uns par rapport aux autres. De plus, l’ordre d’efficacité des agonistes à moduler la voie de l’AMPc était (Prucalopride > Zacopride = ML10302 = 5-HT > RS67333) et est différente de leur ordre d’efficacité à induire la régulation du récepteur par internalisation (5-HT > Zacopride > Prucalopride > ML10302 = RS67333). Ainsi, nous avons montré que les 5-HT4Rs adoptent des conformations qui sont ligand-spécifiques. Cela implique que la sélectivité fonctionnelle serait un facteur important à considérer dans les mécanismes d’action antidépresseur des agonistes de ce récepteur. / Antidepressants currently available are very similar toward their mechanism of action and are more or less effective. One major problem is their long latency to provide a therapeutic effect due to adaptations of pre and post synaptic locations. In an animal model, we recently discovered that the agonist RS67333 of the 5-HT4 receptors was able to produce in three days the same antidepressant effects that normally take two to three weeks to appear with the currently available antidepressants. In addition, we found that the antidepressant effects of this agonist had a resistance to tolerance. There are others agonists of the same receptor such as prucalopride, which does not produce antidepressant effects as RS67333. Since the effectiveness of prucalopride to stimulate 5-HT4Rs is similar if not greater than RS67333, we stated the hypothesis that the 5-HT4 receptor could adopt different active conformations following its activation by various agonists. We decided to explore the major functional responses of 5-HT4B by observing their regulatory and signaling properties. We showed that the B isoform of the 5-HT4, being highly expressed in the limbic system, has a different signaling and regulation depending on the ligand. Our results indicate that each of the agonists tested (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) distinctively modulate cAMP production and receptor internalization. The results have clearly identified that agonists differed in potency and efficacy. Moreover, the order of effectiveness of agonists to modulate the cAMP pathway was (prucalopride> zacopride = 5-HT = ML10302> RS67333) different from their order of effectiveness in inducing receptor regulation by internalization (5-HT> Zacopride> Prucalopride> RS67333 = ML10302). Thus, we have shown that 5-HT4Rs adopt conformations that are ligand-specific. This implies that functional selectivity is an important factor in the mechanisms of antidepressant action of this receptor agonists.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le secteur manufacturier québécois a subi d’importantes transformations. La mondialisation ayant amené les entreprises à restructurer leurs activités, 96% des établissements manufacturiers québécois ont choisi d’avoir recours à la sous-traitance (Jalette, 2004). Or, nous savons que l’octroi de contrats en sous-traitance est un processus qui se révèle parfois décevant pour les entreprises. En raison de l’évolution de certains facteurs organisationnels internes ou externes qui contribue à changer le contexte au sein duquel les décisions de sous-traitance avaient été prises initialement (ex. : augmentation des coûts de main-d’œuvre et de transport, changements technologiques), il arrive que les entreprises renversent les décisions de sous-traitance par une décision d’internalisation (OCDE, 2013). Le concept d’internalisation réfère ici à l’action d’une entreprise de ramener vers un établissement des activités de production qui avaient été antérieurement transférées en dehors de celui-ci, et ce, que ce soit en raison d’une sous-traitance d’activités à une entreprise indépendante ou d’une délocalisation au sein d’un autre établissement de l’entreprise (Jalette & Chevance, 2008). La présente étude a pour objectif d’expliquer la décision managériale d’internalisation par le biais des dynamiques sociales inhérentes aux relations industrielles, en allant au-delà des seuls facteurs économiques. L’effet sur l’internalisation de quatre variables indépendantes liées aux relations industrielles est étudié, soit la capacité stratégique du syndicat local, la solidarité interne de l’acteur syndical local et sa solidarité externe, ainsi que le climat des relations patronales-syndicales. La typologie des positions syndicales de Jalette (2005), le modèle des ressources de pouvoir syndicales de Lévesque et Murray (2003) et les travaux de Dastmalchian (2008) traitant du climat des relations industrielles constituent le cadre théorique de cette recherche. La présente étude utilise des données recueillies dans le cadre d’une enquête par questionnaire réalisée en 2005 auprès de présidents de syndicats locaux affiliés à la CSD et à la FTQ qui œuvrent dans le secteur manufacturier québécois. L’étude révèle que 24% des syndicats locaux sondés ont vécu l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement sous-traitées dans les deux années précédentes au sondage. De plus, les résultats sont à l’effet que les chances d’internalisation d’activités augmentent lorsque plusieurs stratégies et actions visant l’internalisation sont adoptées par le syndicat local, lorsque la vie syndicale d’un syndicat local s’améliore et lorsque le temps de libération syndicale d’un syndicat local augmente. Toutefois, les chances d’internalisation d’activités diminuent lorsque le rapport de force d’un syndical local augmente. L’internalisation d’activités diminue également lorsque le climat des relations du travail se détériore. Bref, les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les syndicats n’ont pas qu’à subir la mondialisation et que, par leurs actions, ils sont à même d’en influencer le cours, notamment en favorisant l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement confiées en sous-traitance. / In the last decade, the Quebec manufacturing sector has undergone major transformations. Since globalization has led companies to restructure their operations, 96% of Quebec's manufacturing plants have chosen to use outsourcing as a strategy (Jalette, 2004). However, we are now aware that subcontracting is sometimes a disappointing process for businesses. Due to the evolution of some internal or external organizational factors, that contribute to change the context in which the subcontracting decisions were initially taken (eg. increased costs of labor and transportation, technological changes), businesses sometimes choose to overturn outsourcing decisions by opting for internalization (OECD, 2013). The concept of internalization refers to the action of a company to bring back to a plant an activity that had previously been transferred outside of it whether due to outsourcing activities in an independent company or due to relocation to another facility within the same company (Jalette & Chevance, 2008). This study aims to explain the managerial decision to internalize through social dynamics inherent to industrial relations, going beyond purely economic factors. The effect on internalization of four independent variables related to industrial relations is studied, namely the strategic capacity of the local union, the internal solidarity of the local union and its external solidarity, as well as the climate of labor-management relations. The theoretical framework of this research is made of Jalette’s typology of union positions (2005), Levesque and Murray’s union power resources model (2003), and the Dastmalchian (2008) work dealing with industrial relations climate. This study uses data collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in 2005 among presidents of local unions within the Quebec’s manufacturing sector and affiliated with the CSD and the FTQ. The study reveals that 24% of respondents experienced internalization of previously subcontracted activities in the two years preceding the survey. In addition, the results show that chances of internalizing activities increase when multiple strategies and actions aiming towards internalization are adopted by the local union, when the union life of a local union improves, and when union leave time increases. However, chances of internalizing activities decrease when the local union’s power level increases. Internalization also decreases when the climate of labor relations deteriorates. In short, the results of this research show that unions do not have to undergo globalization and, by their actions, they are able to influence its course, notably by promoting internalization of previously outsourced activities.