Cette thèse propose une théorie générale des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. Cette entreprise, qui est une première dans la doctrine de droit international, présente, à titre principal, deux intérêts. Premièrement, elle démontre que le concept de normes internationales prescrivant l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne permet de décrire une partie fondamentale du droit international positif, habituellement présentée au moyen d'autres concepts très connus, en particulier le principe de primauté ou de supériorité du droit international et le conflit ou la contrariété entre droit international et droit interne. Deuxièmement, en s'appuyant sur 250 instruments et 750 jugements, extraits principalement du droit des affaires, du droit de l'environnement, du droit des droits de l'homme, du droit pénal, du droit du travail et du droit de l'Union européenne, cette thèse prouve qu'il existe un régime commun à l'ensemble des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. / This thesis establishes a general theory of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule. This research, the first of its sort to be undertaken in international legal doctrine, follows two principal lines of enquiry. Firstly, it demonstrates that the concept of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule provide a basis on which to describe a fundamental part of positive international law, usually presented by mean of well-know others concepts as the principle of primacy or superiority of the international law, and the conflict or contradiction between international law and internal law. Secondly, this thesis draws on more than 250 legal instruments and 750 judgments, relating principally to business law, environmental law, human-rights law, criminal law, labour law and European Union law, to illustrate the existence of a coherent regime governing all international norms prescribing the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule.

La colonisation peut-elle être considérée comme un acte illicite du point de vue du droit international ? La réponse à cette question est différente selon la temporalité retenue. La colonisation a été par le passé justifiée par des considérations humaines et même humanistes. Puis, le fait colonial, qui avait été longtemps exalté, est devenu illicite,à partir de multiples résolutions dont celle de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies 1514(1960). Parlez des problèmes d’attribution..... La réparation des dommages résultant de la colonisation relève de la compétence des tribunaux internationaux. Cette réparation peut prendre la forme de l'indemnisation, de la restitution, de la satisfaction et de la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité. / Colonization may not be considered an illicit act from the standpoint of international law? The answer to this question is different depending on the temporal restraint. Colonization has been in the past, justified by human considerations and even humanists. Subsequently colonized territories, facing the evolution of international law on the one hand and various recommendations from other people, have acquired a certain autonomy, which has been recognized by international law. Thus, the settlement which had long been exalted became illegal, and many resolutions have been taken in this direction. We can cite for example the resolution of the UN General Assembly 1514 (1960). As compensation for damage resulting from the settlement under the juridiction of international tribunals. Such compensation may take the form of compensation, restitution and satisfaction and the implementation of the responsibility?

Os entes subnacionais, como sujeitos parciais de Direito Internacional, devem ser responsabilizados por seus atos na esfera internacional, para que se diminua a insegurança jurídica existente sobre a matéria, por meio de uma responsabilidade internacional compartilhada com os respectivos Estados, na medida de sua competência. A partir da análise do quadro jurídico internacional e interno, a tese verifica a legalidade da atuação dos entes federativos brasileiros, constatando que o déficit normativo internacional encontra reflexos também no Brasil. A primeira parte da tese aborda especificamente a contextualização jurídica dos entes subnacionais diante do Direito Internacional. A segunda parte traz à tona a adequação do Direito Internacional ao caso brasileiro. Pretende contribuir com área de Relações Internacionais ao examinar a paradiplomacia sob o ângulo do Direito Internacional, aplicando-a ao caso brasileiro. Eminentemente dedutiva, a tese mobiliza estudos de caso para sustentar as conclusões das pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Diante do quadro jurídico existente, seja na esfera internacional, seja na esfera interna, conclui-se que há um déficit normativo que prejudica o desenvolvimento da matéria em vários níveis, e que a responsabilidade internacional compartilhada corresponde a uma nova forma de responsabilização, mais condizente com o mundo movido pela cooperação internacional, que implica uma forma mais democrática e transparente de se realizar a paradiplomacia. / The subnational entities, as partial subjects of International Law, should be responsible for their actions in the international arena. It would diminish the existing legal uncertainty about the matter, proposing a shared international responsibility between subnational entities and its States, in the extent of its competence. Through the analysis of the international and domestic legal framework, the thesis verifies that there is legality on the actions of the Brazilian federative entities and also that the international normative deficit has its reflexes in Brazil. The first part of the thesis deals, specifically, with the legal context of the subnational entities under International Law. The second part points out the suitability of International Law to the Brazilian case. This thesis intends to contribute to International Relations by examining paradiplomacy through the angle of International Law, applying it to the Brazilian case. The research is mainly deductive, as well as it is based on case studies to sustain the conclusions of the bibliographical and documental researches. As a conclusion, it is possible to affirm that, under the existing legal framework, both in the international and national levels, there is a normative deficit that jeopardizes the development of the theme in many levels. As a result, shared international responsibility can correspond as a new form of responsibility, more adequate to a world that is moved by international cooperation, what implies a more democratic and transparent way of practicing paradiplomacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heloisa Helena de Almeida Portugal.pdf: 1331064 bytes, checksum: a15c9fcaca12ca55a3253171173e79b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Objective with this doctoral thesis demonstrate the viability of law-keeping Brazilian act of grace declared obstacle to compliance with the ruling to the detriment of Brazil for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights within the framework of the Case of Gomes Lund et al (Araguaia guerrilla movement) vs. . Brazil, 24.11.2010 sentence. It stands out, moreover, that a month before the court to rule in this sentence by a provision of Law 6,683 / 1979, the Supreme Court in ADPF 153 / DF judged incorporated this law by the Constitution of 1988. It appears that the Brazilian democratic formation compared in particular with the countries of South America, they showed different times, while in Brazil the transition took place through a negotiated political process and in the context of democratic transition, as a rule, in Latin America the amnesty occurs by imposition. Considering the inter-American system of human rights, the obligations and the international responsibility of State headquarters of violation of fundamental principles, it is concluded that the Supreme Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights consists of horizontal and complementary bodies. Having autonomy and government discretion to the decision of the supreme national court / Objetiva-se com a presente tese doutoral demonstrar a viabilidade de manutenção da Lei de Anistia brasileira declarada como óbice ao cumprimento da decisão proferida a desfavor do Brasil pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos no marco do Caso Gomes Lund e outros (Guerrilha do Araguaia) vs. Brasil, com sentença de 24.11.2010. Destaca-se, ademais, que um mês antes da Corte pronunciar-se nesta sentença pela nulidade da Lei 6.683/1979, o STF na ADPF 153/DF julgou recepcionado dita lei pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Verifica-se que a formação democrática brasileira se comparada em especial, com os países da América do Sul, apresentaram momentos distintos, enquanto no Brasil a transição deu-se através de um processo político negociado e no âmbito da transição democrática, via de regra, na América Latina a anistia ocorre por imposição. Considerando o sistema interamericano de direitos humanos, as obrigações decorrentes e a responsabilidade internacional de Estado em sede de violação de preceitos fundamentais, conclui-se que o Supremo Tribunal Federal e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos consistem em órgãos horizontais e complementares. Havendo autonomia e discricionariedade governamental para a decisão da suprema corte nacional

La réparation en droit international public vise à remédier aux conséquences d’un fait internationalement illicite. Aujourd’hui, l’obligation de réparer intégralement les préjudices est un principe bien établi dans différents domaines du droit international et devant les juridictions judiciaires internationales. La notion de réparation a évolué avec le temps et a connu un tournant majeur avec la reconnaissance du statut de l’individu bénéficiaire et débiteur de l’obligation de réparer. Par ailleurs, la réparation n’est pas seulement la modalité prononcée en tant que telle, mais elle consiste aussi et surtout dans la mise en oeuvre de cette modalité. La surveillance de l’exécution des décisions de réparation est ainsi une des clés de l’effectivité de cette dernière. Sur ce point, le soutien des Etats est d’autant plus incontournable que les juridictions internationales présentent une limite essentielle : l’absence de force contraignante pour faire exécuter leur décision. Par ailleurs, l’accent doit être mis sur le rôle d’entités non étatiques dans le processus de réparation, notamment celui de la société civile. Il est intéressant de voir comment s’articule la pratique actuelle de la réparation devant différentes juridictions internationales en tenant compte de tous ces facteurs. Il convient aussi de noter que malgré un contexte de multiplication de juridictions internationales, il reste des défis complexes dans cette matière, comme par exemple celui de la réparation des situations impliquant des enfants soldats à la fois auteurs et victimes de violations du droit international. Par leurs mesures de réparation, les juridictions internationales contribuent au respect de la légalité internationale. / The requirement to fully repair a damage is a well-established principle in different areas of international law. International judicial courts are particularly called upon to deal with this issue. The concept of remedy has evolved over time. This concept has reached a major turning point with the recognition of the status of the individual, beneficiary and debtor of the obligation to repair. Its terms are not the same depending on the international court in which it is contemplated and reparation is not only the modality pronounced as such, but it is also and especially the implementation of this modality. Monitoring the performance of reparation decisions is thus a key to the effectiveness of the latter. On this point, state support is even more essential that the international courts have an important limitation: the lack of binding force to enforce their decision. Moreover, the role of non-state entities should not be underestimated in the reparation process, especially that of civil society. It is interesting to see how the current practice of reparation before various international tribunals is articulated, considering all these factors. It should also be noted that despite a context of multiplication of international courts, it complex challenges remain in this area. The child soldier issue, both perpetrator and victim of violations of international law is particularly eloquent. With their remedies, international courts contribute to the respect of international legality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Vidal e Silva.pdf: 630878 bytes, checksum: c043e739fe8956e6008655985a5f42e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The importance of the research on the subject The international protection of democracy lies on placing the democratic ideal into the center of international discussions, making possible its demand as an inherent right of human being. It is intended with this work, in a broad sense, to demonstrate the characteristics that approximate human rights and democracy in order to insert this latter into the protection system of human being. And, in a strict sense, it is intended to: decompose the conception of democracy nowadays; define human rights and approach his internationalization; deal about the international protection system of democracy; and debate about the difficulties that the subject brings, such as sovereignty and not having a unanimous concept of democracy / A importância da pesquisa sobre o tema A proteção internacional da democracia está em alocar o ideal democrático no centro das discussões internacionais, tornando possível a sua exigência como direito inerente à pessoa humana. Pretende-se com este trabalho, em sentido amplo, demonstrar as características que aproximam os direitos humanos à democracia, de modo a inserir esta última no sistema de proteção da pessoa humana. E, em sentido estrito, pretende-se: decompor a concepção da democracia nos tempos atuais; definir os direitos humanos e abordar a sua internacionalização; tratar do sistema de proteção internacional à democracia; e, debater acerca dos impasses que o assunto traz, tais quais, a soberania e a não unanimidade no conceito democrático

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-12T18:03:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla Vasco de Toledo.pdf: 9258967 bytes, checksum: 20f32851ae2b9cae63ba55ba0ee815be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T18:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla Vasco de Toledo.pdf: 9258967 bytes, checksum: 20f32851ae2b9cae63ba55ba0ee815be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / The current work discuss the public policies on the WHO recommendation in the 63rd General Assembly of Health that recommended ten guidelines to reduce harmful of alcohol. Alcohol is the cause of 3.3 million deaths per year. The Members of WHO are forced to adopt these recommendations because its binding character; a fact that was ruled by Brazil, culminating in the PNA (acronym for Alcohol National Policies). However, to accomplish empirically each guideline, Brazil is far from achieving its national and international goals and is also responsible for international violations of human rights by omission on reducing the harmful consumption of alcoholic beverages. / O tema versa sobre as políticas públicas da OMS, que recomendou na 63ª Assembleia Geral de Saúde dez diretrizes para reduzir o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, causa de 3,3 milhões de mortes anuais. Por tratar-se de uma recomendação advinda de uma Organização internacional, entende-se o caráter vinculante desta, obrigando seus Estados-Membros a aplicarem as referidas diretrizes, que inclusive foi normatizada pelo Brasil, culminando na PNA. Contudo, ao depararmos com o estudo realizado de forma empírica sobre cada diretriz (10 ao todo), constatou-se que o Brasil está longe de alcançar os objetivos internacionais e nacionais, tornando-se responsável por violar o direito humano à saúde devido à sua omissão na redução do consumo indevido de bebidas alcoólicas.

In the framework of international treaties, with special emphasis on theBilateral investment treaty (Bit), various responsibilities for states that comprise arise. However , what happens when the courts of a country interfere contrary to international standards in full force and effect of an award, the impact caused in that state and that leading to be internationally liable to a Bit or FtA are studied in this essay. the author further analyze jurisprudence of investment arbitration tribunals in cases Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordan Frontier Petroleum v. Czech Republic and White Industries v. India, also focuses on the case of Peru; and urges members of a treaty respect the rules of the game. / En el marco de los tratados internacionales, con especial énfasis en el tratado Bilateral de inversión (Bit), surgen diversas responsabilidades para los estados que lo conforman. sin embargo, el qué ocurre cuando los órganos jurisdiccionales de un país interfieren contrariamente a los estándares internacionales en plena validez y eficacia de un laudo y la repercusión que ocasionan en tal estado y que lo conllevan a ser responsable internacionalmente frente a un Bit o un tLC, son tratados en este artículo. el autor, además de analizar jurisprudencia de los tribunales arbitrales de inversiones en los casos Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordania, Frontier Petroleum v. República Checa y White Industries v. India, se centra también en el caso peruano; e insta a quelos países miembros de un tratado respeten las reglas del juego.

L’encadrement, par le droit international, du comportement de l’État hôte d’un investissement étranger n’est concevable que dans la mesure où sa souveraineté est limitée, l’enjeu étant la sanction de l’inobservation, par cet État, de ses obligations. Ces dernières sont issues de la pratique conventionnelle, surtout bilatérale, regroupant des traités qui disposent au fond. L’« internationalisation » du régime juridique de l’investissement n’est pas exclue comme mode de formation d’obligations mais ne se produit qu’à la faveur de dispositions dotées d’un tel effet. La pratique conventionnelle, assez uniforme, a comme principale caractéristique l’articulation de règles limitant le besoin d’interprétation autour de standards qui l’amplifient. Ceci, de même que les interprétations arbitrales, autorise à soupçonner une volonté de « remembrement » du standard minimum international. Si l’attribution d’un comportement à l’État d’accueil ne pose pas de difficulté inédite, l’établissement d’une violation, par cet État, de « ce qui est requis de lui » révèle des singularités de ce domaine. La qualification des circonstances excluant l’illicéité en situation d’urgence peut s’avérer problématique, le risque étant omniprésent d’une méconnaissance, de la part des arbitres, de la logique du droit de la responsabilité. En dehors de ces situations, on peut imaginer des hypothèses dans lesquelles l’illicéité est exclue suite au consentement de l’État d’origine ou de l’investisseur. Le préjudice subi par ce dernier, objet de la réparation intégrale due par l’État responsable, constitue le « préjudice causé par le fait internationalement illicite ». Il est immédiat et direct. L’investisseur, titulaire du droit d’invocation de la responsabilité de l’État hôte, a accès à une réclamation internationale qui éclipse celle de son État de nationalité. La perspective d’un endossement, par ce dernier, de la réclamation de son national accroît l’efficacité des traités d’investissement. / For the conduct of a foreign investment’s host State to be governed by international law is only conceivable insofar as its sovereignty is limited, since the issue is the sanction of the failure of that State to fulfill its obligations. The latter results from a mostly bilateral treaty practice embodying treaties which contain material provisions. The “internationalization” of the legal regime of an investment is not excluded as a means to create obligations, but only occurs through provisions with such an effect. The main characteristic to this fairly uniform treaty practice is the development of rules limiting the need for interpretation around a core set of standards amplifying it. This, as well as the arbitral interpretations, may reflect a desire to “consolidate” the international minimum standard. If the attribution of conduct to the host State does not raise any unprecedented issue, the establishment of a violation by that State of “what is required of it” reveals singularities in this field. The characterization of circumstances precluding wrongfulness in an emergency situation may prove problematic, as the risk that arbitrators may ignore the logic of the law of responsibility is omnipresent. Apart from these situations, it is possible to imagine hypotheses in which wrongfulness is precluded due to the consent of the State of origin or the investor. The injury sustained by the latter, which is the subject of full reparation due by the responsible State, constitutes “injury caused by the internationally wrongful act.” It is immediate and direct. The investor, entitled to invoke the responsibility of the host State, has access to an international claim which eclipses that of his State of nationality. The prospect of an espousal by the latter of its national’s claim increases the effectiveness of the investment treaties.

Os entes subnacionais, como sujeitos parciais de Direito Internacional, devem ser responsabilizados por seus atos na esfera internacional, para que se diminua a insegurança jurídica existente sobre a matéria, por meio de uma responsabilidade internacional compartilhada com os respectivos Estados, na medida de sua competência. A partir da análise do quadro jurídico internacional e interno, a tese verifica a legalidade da atuação dos entes federativos brasileiros, constatando que o déficit normativo internacional encontra reflexos também no Brasil. A primeira parte da tese aborda especificamente a contextualização jurídica dos entes subnacionais diante do Direito Internacional. A segunda parte traz à tona a adequação do Direito Internacional ao caso brasileiro. Pretende contribuir com área de Relações Internacionais ao examinar a paradiplomacia sob o ângulo do Direito Internacional, aplicando-a ao caso brasileiro. Eminentemente dedutiva, a tese mobiliza estudos de caso para sustentar as conclusões das pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Diante do quadro jurídico existente, seja na esfera internacional, seja na esfera interna, conclui-se que há um déficit normativo que prejudica o desenvolvimento da matéria em vários níveis, e que a responsabilidade internacional compartilhada corresponde a uma nova forma de responsabilização, mais condizente com o mundo movido pela cooperação internacional, que implica uma forma mais democrática e transparente de se realizar a paradiplomacia. / The subnational entities, as partial subjects of International Law, should be responsible for their actions in the international arena. It would diminish the existing legal uncertainty about the matter, proposing a shared international responsibility between subnational entities and its States, in the extent of its competence. Through the analysis of the international and domestic legal framework, the thesis verifies that there is legality on the actions of the Brazilian federative entities and also that the international normative deficit has its reflexes in Brazil. The first part of the thesis deals, specifically, with the legal context of the subnational entities under International Law. The second part points out the suitability of International Law to the Brazilian case. This thesis intends to contribute to International Relations by examining paradiplomacy through the angle of International Law, applying it to the Brazilian case. The research is mainly deductive, as well as it is based on case studies to sustain the conclusions of the bibliographical and documental researches. As a conclusion, it is possible to affirm that, under the existing legal framework, both in the international and national levels, there is a normative deficit that jeopardizes the development of the theme in many levels. As a result, shared international responsibility can correspond as a new form of responsibility, more adequate to a world that is moved by international cooperation, what implies a more democratic and transparent way of practicing paradiplomacy.