Long-Term Care for the Elderly in the Czech Republic and European countries in the context of demographic ageing Abstract Long-term care refers to the range of services required by persons suffering from a reduced degree of functional capacity and who are dependent on help with activities of daily living. These services include personal care as well as medical and social services. LTC could be provided either in institutional settings or at home - by informal (upaid) or formal providers. European Union has declared that LTC represents one of the main challenges connected with the current demographic changes. The main aim of this thesis is to provide a picture of LTC providing across European countries. Special attention was placed on ensuring care for the elderly in Czechia, where ambiguities about responsibilities (which are divided between The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and and The Ministry of Health), financing or even defining the content of this care have recently become quite frequent subjects of public debates. Keywords: demographic ageing, long-term care, health and social services, home care, Czechia, international comparison

Cette thèse traite des inégalités sociales en matière de comportements de santé tels que les modes de vie liés à la santé (spécifiquement, l’obésité et la consommation d’alcool) et l’utilisation des services de santé, dans plusieurs pays de l’OCDE. Ce travail repose sur une approche micro-Économétrique et utilise un grand nombre de bases de données nationales. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de: (1) comparer les inégalités sociales de comportements de santé entre des pays ayant des caractéristiques différentes, (2) apporter un éclairage à la compréhension des disparités sociales des comportements de santé, et enfin (3) examiner comment l’auto-Déclaration peut affecter l’évaluation des comportements de santé, et donc affecter la mesure des inégalités. / This thesis deals with social inequalities in health-Related behaviours such as lifestyle risk factors for health (precisely, obesity and alcohol consumption) and the utilisation of health care services, in a number of OECD countries. This work relies on an applied micro-Economics approach, using several national health survey data. This thesis aims to (a) compare social inequalities in health-Related behaviours across countries with different settings; (b) shed light on the understanding of social disparities in health-Related behaviours; and (c) examine how self-Reporting may affect the rating of behavioural risk-Factors, and therefore affect the measurement of social inequalities.

Cette thèse étudie le lien entre l’éducation post-secondaire et le bien-être dans une perspective comparative internationale, utilisant une conceptualisation du bien-être éclairée par l’approche des capabilités et les théories de l’épanouissement. Fondée sur une approche intégrant les perspectives des capabilités et du capital humain, l’éducation post-secondaire, opérationnalisée comme le diplôme le plus élevé obtenu, est supposée être significativement liée avec le bien-être, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, au niveau de l’individu et du pays. Des critiques majeures de ces approches, qui supposent des effets indirects par le biais de l’emploi au niveau individuel et par le biais des facteurs économiques au niveau national, sont également étudiées.Au-delà de ces liens globaux, des différences par pays sont anticipées. Par conséquent, un cadre analytique qui réunit la littérature des régimes de protection sociale et la recherche comparative sur l’éducation en Europe est proposé, basé sur une taxonomie analytique mesurant la stratification et decommodification de l’éducation post-secondaire dans un pays. Cette grille de lecture des « régimes éducatifs du bien-être social » est mobilisée pour comparer les niveaux de l’éducation et le bien-être parmi des individus et des pays, et le lien entre eux, examinant l’interaction « macro–micro » entre les arrangements institutionnels nationaux et les résultats relatifs à la qualité de vie. Ces effets sont testés paramétriquement dans des analyses de régression utilisant des termes d’interaction (afin d’évaluer les effets modérateurs) et une procédure en deux étapes de modélisation multi-niveaux, ainsi que des modèles de médiation comparant des perspectives de capital humain–capabilités (« human agency ») et des critiques relatives à la sélection sociale.Ces résultats sont interprétés au travers d’une optique ciblée sur les inégalités éducatives relatives à la qualité de vie, constatant que l’éducation et le bien-être sont significativement associés aux niveaux « micro » et « macro », toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs. Toutefois, les tendances dans l'intensité et le sens de cette relation entre pays sont complexes, variant avec l’opérationnalisation du bien-être utilisée et différant autant en fonction du niveau de stratification éducationnel que de decommodification éducationnel. Ces résultats appuient l’argument que les systèmes éducatifs jouent un rôle déterminant dans la formation des inégalités du bien-être. / This study investigates the association between post-secondary education and well-being in international comparative perspective, conceptualizing well-being as a capability-informed measure of flourishing. Based on a combined human capital–capability approach, post-secondary education, operationalized as highest post-secondary educational credential, is hypothesized to relate positively with well-being net of individual-level and country-level controls at both the micro and macro levels of analysis. Prominent critiques of these approaches, suggesting indirect effects through occupational sorting at the individual level and economic factors at the country level, are also explored.Beyond these overall associations, differences amongst countries are anticipated: Therefore, a modified educational welfare regimes framework informed by comparative educational research is proposed based on an analytical taxonomy mapping onto post-secondary educational stratification and decommodification. Levels of, and the association between, education and well-being are compared amongst individuals and countries, exploring the macro–micro interaction between institutional arrangements and life outcomes. Effects are tested parametrically in regression models using interaction effects and a ‘two-step’ approach to hierarchical data analysis, as well as mediation models comparing human agency-orientated perspectives and their social selection-based critiques.These results are interpreted through a frame of inquiry focused on educational inequalities in well-being, finding that education and well-being are significantly associated at both the micro and macro levels even with the inclusion of relevant control variables. However, patterns in the strength of these associations amongst countries are complex, varying with the operationalization of well-being used and depending on both levels of educational stratification and decommodification. These findings offer some support for the notion that equalizing, or non-stratifying, educational systems, as well as decommodifying redistribution efforts, are instrumental in the effort to counter inequalities in well-being.

Cette thèse de sociologie porte sur les salles de musique dite « vivante », en s’appuyant sur une comparaison entre Paris et Berlin. L’étude des salles de musique rend compte de la production des définitions et des hiérarchies sociales des territoires musicaux, urbains et professionnels. À la diversité des genres musicaux qui y sont programmés répond la variété des manières de les entendre : publics assis ou debout, configurations intimistes ou stades, etc. L’articulation entre approche ethnographique et analyse statistique témoigne du lien entre esthétiques et usages sociaux de la musique. Ces territoires musicaux, constitués par les cadres d’écoute et les esthétiques, sont inégalement reconnus par les politiques culturelles et ne recoupent pas strictement les frontières des genres. Par ailleurs, les sous-champs musicaux dans les deux villes sont structurés par des logiques spatiales, ce qu’éclaire la cartographie des lieux de musique. Et, si la localisation des salles influe sur leur qualification musicale, à l’inverse, le fait musical participe aux transformations des représentations des territoires urbains. Outre l’ancrage géographique, cette thèse s’intéresse de près à la construction d’une offre musicale à travers la sélection des artistes par les programmateurs et programmatrices des salles berlinoises et parisiennes. Ainsi, elle donne à voir la délimitation de la fonction de programmation comme territoire professionnel, en interrogeant sa variabilité selon l’histoire du sous-champ musical et les contraintes liées à la concentration économique du secteur de la musique live. Une série d’entretiens avec les programmateurs et programmatrices a permis la comparaison des pratiques et des trajectoires de ces intermédiaires. Celle-ci atteste d’un développement professionnel inégal à Paris et Berlin et d’usages distincts du désintéressement dans une activité de programmation internationalisée. Les intermédiaires, comme les politiques culturelles, participent aux oppositions au sein du sous-champ des salles de musique, qui reflètent les centres et les périphéries du champ musical transnational. En effet, selon leur position dans le sous-champ et leurs ressources, les salles ne programment pas les mêmes catégories d’artistes. Ainsi, la retraduction locale de la valeur musicale contribue ainsi au positionnement de Paris et de Berlin comme capitales culturelles. / This thesis in sociology offers a comparison of music venues in Paris and Berlin. Studying music venues sheds light on the definitions and hierarchisation of musical, urban and professional territories. Diverse music genres are listened to in these venues, and ethnographic observation shows that events happen in many different configurations – audiences are sometimes seated or standing, in large arenas or intimate atmospheres, etc. Statistical methods enable the study of the connection between music styles and the way they are socially appropriated. These musical territories, unequally supported by cultural policies, distinguish themselves from the strict definition of musical genres. The musical subfield is also structured by spatial forces, revealed by the cartography of the music venues in both cities. Their localisation affects the way venues are perceived and defined but, conversely, the music scene also participates in the transformation of representations about the urban territories. Beyond the urban analysis of music, this thesis examines music production through the role of bookers, who select the artists in the venues. In Paris and Berlin, the definition of booking as a territory of competence depends on the musical subfield’s history and is influenced by pressure linked to the increasing economic concentration within the live music market. Interviews with bookers offer material for comparing the cultural intermediaries’ work practices and social trajectories. They illustrate different forms of professional development and uses of disinterestedness in the internationalised activity of booking. Cultural intermediaries and policies participate in the dual structure of the subfields, which reflects the centres and peripheries of the transnational musical field. Indeed, depending on their resources and position in these subfields, venues do not book the same type of artists. Thus, they tend to the local translation of musical value, all the while taking part in Paris’ and Berlin’s positioning as cultural capitals. / Die Dissertation behandelt in vergleichender Perspektive „lebendige” Musik in Berlin und Paris. Musik wird hierbei als kulturelle Praxis in Form von Konzerten definiert, stellt die Orte an denen Musik stattfindet ins Zentrum und schließt daher das bloße Musikhören aus. Die Studie bezieht in diesem Rahmen beruflich-professionelle Aspekte, das Konzert als eine sinnliche Wahrnehmung und einen sozialen Tatbestand („fait social“) sowie das anwesende Publikum mit ein. Musik wird somit nicht musikwissenschaftlich sondern soziologisch analysiert. Das Konzert wird als künstlerische Ausdrucksform in seinem sozialen Rahmen betrachtet: das soziale Treiben während des Konzerts, die Besonderheiten des Veranstaltungsorts und ähnliche Aspekte sind in diesem Sinne integrale Bestandteile dieser auf Städteebene angesiedelten Forschungsarbeit.

Esta pesquisa revela, a partir de uma abordagem etnológica, o processo de construção de identidades sociais das mulheres chefes de família monoparental situadas na fronteira da autonomia e da dependência em três contextos socio-culturais distintos. As mães solteiras, separadas ou divorciadas em situação de precariedade socioeconômica no Brasil, na França e no Japão constituem o objeto do estudo. Tendo como fio condutor o modo de articulação entre família, trabalho e políticas públicas, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar o efeito da monoparentalidade sobre o universo social constituído nos três países. Símbolo da família contemporânea, mas também historicamente alvo de discurso normalizante, as mulheres chefes de família monoparental formam público privilegiado das políticas públicas. A hipótese do maior grau de pauperização destas devido à ruptura familiar é o argumento amplamente compartilhado entre os agentes especializados hoje, desde as feministas até os agentes de decisão política. A investigação a partir da trajetória das mulheres dos três países, articuladas a seu turno entre as esferas privada e pública de atuação, revela, porém, que o efeito da monoparentalidade no sentido da pauperização e da dependência é minoritária. A experiência da autonomia é vivida por essas mulheres como um todo. A comparação por países mostra porém que no Japão, a autonomia é menos conhecida que no Brasil e na França, estando elas na fronteira da autonomia e da dependência. A especificidade de cada sociedade revela as diferenças do processo de construção de uma identidade social. / Starting from an ethnological approach, this research reveals the development of social identities of women who head one-parent households located at the border of autonomy and dependence in three different socio-cultural contexts. This study focuses on mothers who are single, separated or divorced and in precarious socioeconomic situation in Brazil, in France, and in Japan. Having the mode of articulation among family, work and public policies as focal point, this research has the objective of comparing the effects of one-parenthood on the established social universe in these three countries. Women who head one-parent households, who have historically been the target of norm-establishing discourse, are a symbol of the contemporary family and they are target of public policies. The hypothesis of precariousness caused by family rupture amongst these women is widely shared by specialized agents, from feminists through to policy decision makers. However, the research based on the trajectory of these women in these three countries, articulated as they are between the public and private spheres of action, reveals that pauperism and dependence as consequence of one-parenthood is less prevalent than expected. The experience of autonomy is lived by these women as a whole through the combination between work and public and private networks. This cross-country comparison shows, however, that autonomy is felt less in Japan than in Brazil or in France. In the Japanese case, women who head one-parent households are closer to the border between autonomy and dependence than in the other two countries. Peculiarities of each society lead to differences in the process of construction of social identity.

Par ce travail de recherche, nous tâchons de mettre à jour les dynamiques qui sous-tendent la relation entre syndicalistes et travailleurs d'un secteur de production de services tel que le nettoyage industriel. Ce secteur, désormais le plus souvent externalisé, emploie une main-d’œuvre majoritairement féminine et souvent d’origine immigrée. Ce n’est pourtant pas entièrement un « désert syndical », ce qui justifie une analyse fine des pratiques syndicales de ce secteur. Par la comparaison internationale, nous avons ciblé les interactions qui se déploient au niveau des structures territoriales de la bourse du travail pour la CGT de Marseille et de la Camera del Lavoro pour à la CGIL de Bologne. En particulier, une approche basée sur l'observation directe et sur le concept de stratégie syndicale nous a permis d'analyser trois pratiques syndicales, le suivi individuel, l'action collective et les assemblées. Des dynamiques de fonctionnement variées, ainsi que les différentes sources de légitimité des organisations syndicales, conduisent à parler de syndicalismeS au pluriel, plutôt que de syndicalisme. / The current research project aims to analyze the relation between cleaning workers and labor unions based on the comparative international approach. The cleaning sector mainly employs immigrant female workforce, and many of them work under, subcontracting. Although this sector is characterized by a weak labor-union presence, however labor-unions exist, and they have constant relations with cleaning workers. Therefore, the current research project highlights the importance of taking into account trade union practices, and studies more in details the interaction between union activists and cleaning workers. For the purpose of the analysis, we performed participant observation studies at the local structures of the CGT in (Marseille) and CGIL in (Bologna). The participant observation was focused on the concept of union strategies which helped us to identify three main union practices: (individual monitoring (suivi individuel), strikes, and meetings). The results show that different modes of union practices lead us to define the concept labor-unionismS in the plural form, rather than in the singular form.

Deux axes structurent ce travail de recherche : la comparaison franco-allemande et la construction de l’identité professionnelle de journalistes de la presse quotidienne nationale/suprarégionale. La construction de l’identité professionnelle est analysée au carrefour des interactions entre le journaliste comme individu, l’organisation dans laquelle il est employé, le groupe professionnel et l’environnement social, tout en tenant compte du cadre culturel de chaque pays dans lequel ces interactions se situent. Pour mener cette analyse à partir d’une trentaine d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec des journalistes print et web, un regard croisé sur les approches développées par des chercheurs en France et en Allemagne a servi de point de départ. Afin de restreindre l’objet de recherche, la comparaison a été limitée aux rubriques politique, société et culture. La coexistence du journal papier et du site web défie l’identité professionnelle des journalistes, et influence l’image de soi et la perception respective des journalistes print et web. Dans ce contexte, des différences entre le print et le web qui se traduisent par des ressemblances transnationales parmi les journalistes de chaque support apparaissent, même si tous les journalistes se retrouvent unis par des attaches identitaires communes liées à d’anciens idéaux du métier.Malgré ces fortes ressemblances, la construction de l’identité professionnelle est influencée par le contexte national : notamment les différences d’organisation étatique se reflètent à divers niveaux, allant de la structure du paysage de presse et de l’organisation des rédactions et services jusqu’à la formation et la mobilité professionnelle des journalistes. / The present work is structured by two main perspectives: the French-German comparison and the construction of the professional identity of national daily press journalists. The construction of professional identity is analyzed taking into account the conjunction of interactions between the journalist as individual, the organization in which he is employed, the professional group to which he belongs and his social environment, with consideration of the cultural background of each country in which these interactions take place. Before conducting this analysis on a basis of approximately thirty semi-structured interviews that have been conducted with print and online journalists, we first took a closer look on the approaches developed by researchers in France and Germany. In order to limit the object of this research, the comparison has been restricted to the following specializations: politics, society and culture.The coexistence of the print edition and the newspaper’s website defies the professional identity of journalists and has an impact on the self-perception and the perception of each other of print and online journalists. In this context, differences between print and online journalists appear which lead to transnational similarities between the journalists of each support (print or web), even if all journalists are united by common references linked to ancient ideals of the journalists’ profession.Despite these strong similarities, the construction of the professional identity is influenced by the national context: especially the impact of the differences in each country’s administration can be observed on different levels, for example in the structure of the media landscape and the news organizations and their departments as well as in the journalists’ training and their professional mobility.

This thesis analyzes the issue of gender in/equality in the European Union from the quantitative as well as from the qualitative perspective. For the calculations of the defined tasks methods of multi-criteria decision with software for SANNA, working in conjunction with MS Excel, were used. This study analyzes and provides an overview of the arrangement of individual EU countries in terms of gender in/equality using selected indicators. The main variable in this study is sex. In terms of socio-cultural context equality or inequality between men and women is then analyzed -- gender in/equality. The first part introduces the terminology of gender in/equality. The next chapter describes selected qualitative factors in the analysis. Following is an overview of the quantitative tools, multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. The last part is devoted to description of real variants and to calculations according to the individual areas (labour market, poverty and education).

Esta pesquisa revela, a partir de uma abordagem etnológica, o processo de construção de identidades sociais das mulheres chefes de família monoparental situadas na fronteira da autonomia e da dependência em três contextos socio-culturais distintos. As mães solteiras, separadas ou divorciadas em situação de precariedade socioeconômica no Brasil, na França e no Japão constituem o objeto do estudo. Tendo como fio condutor o modo de articulação entre família, trabalho e políticas públicas, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar o efeito da monoparentalidade sobre o universo social constituído nos três países. Símbolo da família contemporânea, mas também historicamente alvo de discurso normalizante, as mulheres chefes de família monoparental formam público privilegiado das políticas públicas. A hipótese do maior grau de pauperização destas devido à ruptura familiar é o argumento amplamente compartilhado entre os agentes especializados hoje, desde as feministas até os agentes de decisão política. A investigação a partir da trajetória das mulheres dos três países, articuladas a seu turno entre as esferas privada e pública de atuação, revela, porém, que o efeito da monoparentalidade no sentido da pauperização e da dependência é minoritária. A experiência da autonomia é vivida por essas mulheres como um todo. A comparação por países mostra porém que no Japão, a autonomia é menos conhecida que no Brasil e na França, estando elas na fronteira da autonomia e da dependência. A especificidade de cada sociedade revela as diferenças do processo de construção de uma identidade social. / Starting from an ethnological approach, this research reveals the development of social identities of women who head one-parent households located at the border of autonomy and dependence in three different socio-cultural contexts. This study focuses on mothers who are single, separated or divorced and in precarious socioeconomic situation in Brazil, in France, and in Japan. Having the mode of articulation among family, work and public policies as focal point, this research has the objective of comparing the effects of one-parenthood on the established social universe in these three countries. Women who head one-parent households, who have historically been the target of norm-establishing discourse, are a symbol of the contemporary family and they are target of public policies. The hypothesis of precariousness caused by family rupture amongst these women is widely shared by specialized agents, from feminists through to policy decision makers. However, the research based on the trajectory of these women in these three countries, articulated as they are between the public and private spheres of action, reveals that pauperism and dependence as consequence of one-parenthood is less prevalent than expected. The experience of autonomy is lived by these women as a whole through the combination between work and public and private networks. This cross-country comparison shows, however, that autonomy is felt less in Japan than in Brazil or in France. In the Japanese case, women who head one-parent households are closer to the border between autonomy and dependence than in the other two countries. Peculiarities of each society lead to differences in the process of construction of social identity.

本論文主要是以國際比較的觀點，來探討婦女年金權益相關之議題，以加拿大、德國、瑞典等三國之婦女相關的年金制度為討論對象，分別以受益身分（包括個人權利與衍生性權利）、生命週期相關因素（包括勞動參與、婚育、離婚、殘障、喪偶與老年及退休等）及制度內容（包括給付年齡、年資之計算、給付金額與水準）等項目來分析其性別意涵。在國際比較之後，再以相同的項目來探討台灣現階段規劃中的年金制度，包括內政部的國民年金保險、勞委會的勞動者年金及經建會的國民年金保險等，以了解目前台灣規劃中的年金制度是否關注到女性的權益。 / This thesis focuses on the issues about women's pension right by an international comparison among three developed countries, Canada, Germany and Sweden. Three items are discussed: the right to social benefits or entitlements(including personal right and derived right), the related effects of life courses(including labor participation, marriage and child-bearing, divorced, invalidity, widowhood and old age, and system arrangement(including benefit age or pensionable age, duration and enefit level).From the result of the international comparison, some pension schemes planning in Taiwan, such as the National Pension Insurance by Ministry of Interior, the Labor's Pension by the Council for Labor Affairs and the National Pension Insurance by the Council for Economic and Planning Development, are discussed, in order to find out if these schemes benefit women as well as men.