No description available.

The Pilbara region of Western Australia hosts the Hamersley Province, an area of abundant iron ore resources located in the lower Hamersley Groups, Brockman and Marra Mamba Iron Formations. This study consists of a geotechnical and a geochemical and mineralogical investigation into the Banded Iron Formation (BIF) and shale deposits of the lower Hamersley Group that reside in the pit walls of RTIO mines in Western Australia. Areas throughout Tom Price, Paraburdoo, Marandoo and West Angelas iron ore mines are geotechnically investigated for rock mass conditions through the use of the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) classification system and through point load and slake durability testing. Selected samples from these areas were then geochemically and mineralogically tested by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and microscopic analysis, to determine the geochemical and mineralogical changes of BIF and shale as they alter and weather through hypogene and supergene alteration and Recent weathering. It was found that the most efficient method for determining the alteration and/or weathering of lower Hamersley Group BIF and shale deposits was by the use of a chemical alteration index, calculated from enriched and depleted major elements in the BIF and shale as they alter and weather. It has been suggested here that this Pilbara Iron alteration index can be calculated efficiently and effectively from geochemical testing in intervals down boreholes throughout future or developing open pit mines to assist in estimating slope stability conditions. It is also suggested that many boreholes should be analysed in section or in 3D space to create cross sections or block models showing the varying extent of alteration and weathering throughout the area being studied. From the geotechnical investigation, it was found that the weakest region, in terms of pit slope stability, were the highly and extremely altered and/or weathered regions with Pilbara Iron alteration indices of between 61 and 80, and 81 and 100, respectively. If these zones are identified, slope stability analysis can be focused on these geotechnically vulnerable areas. Slope stability analysis should be completed by using a suitable technique, such as by the use of SMR, which, along with other risk identification measures, will identify potentially unstable areas and suggest the required course of action. Further hazard and risk analysis should be undertaken in potentially unstable areas and remedial measures undertaken as appropriate. Thereby, the Pilbara Iron alteration index can be used in the Hamersley Province as a predictive tool for pit slope stability.

Submitted by Daniella Maia Gomes (daniellamaiag@gmail.com) on 2015-09-02T14:50:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_DaniellaMaiaGomes_vfinal.docx: 341003 bytes, checksum: 57bc56688ca256dba229a86c97027614 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T13:29:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_DaniellaMaiaGomes_vfinal.docx: 341003 bytes, checksum: 57bc56688ca256dba229a86c97027614 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-28T16:43:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_DaniellaMaiaGomes_vfinal.docx: 341003 bytes, checksum: 57bc56688ca256dba229a86c97027614 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-28T16:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_DaniellaMaiaGomes_vfinal.docx: 341003 bytes, checksum: 57bc56688ca256dba229a86c97027614 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / The iron ore market has gone through a period of stress in recent months. The slowdown of Chinese investments in infrastructure resulted in a negative outlook for the demand of this commodity. At the same time, the beginning of operations of new projects with significant production output increased the supply of this product. This scenario resulted in the decline of the iron ore prices in the global market and diminished returns to the mining industry. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the managerial flexibility available to managers of operating mining companies to suspend or close the operations depending on the iron ore prices. These decisions will be studied through the Theory of Real Options, where the switching option will be applied in the suspension and reopening situations for the mine and the abandonment option will be applied on the closing situation. The stochastic process to be followed by the iron ore prices will be the Geometric Brownian Motion, implemented through a Binomial Model as proposed by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979). The result of the work proves the value of real options studied and indicates that these real options are more valuable in stress scenarios, when the iron ore price is undervalued. / O mercado de minério de ferro tem passado por um período de stress nos últimos meses. O arrefecimento dos investimentos chineses em infraestrutura resultou em perspectivas negativas para a demanda dessa commodity. Paralelamente, a entrada em operação de novos projetos com volume de produção relevante aumentou a oferta desse produto no mercado. Essa conjuntura de fatores resultou na queda do preço do minério de ferro no mercado mundial e em um cenário de retornos reduzidos para as mineradoras. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a flexibilidade gerencial, disponível aos administradores de mineradoras operacionais, de suspender ou fechar o empreendimento dependendo do preço do minério de ferro. Essas decisões serão estudadas através da Teoria das Opções Reais, onde a opção de conversão será aplicada na situação de suspensão e reabertura da mina e a opção de abandono será aplicada na situação do seu fechamento. O processo estocástico a ser seguido pelo preço do minério de ferro será o Movimento Geométrico Browniano, implementado através de um Modelo Binomial conforme proposto por Cox, Ross e Rubinstein (1979). O resultado do trabalho comprova o valor das opções reais estudadas e indica que essas opções reais têm maior valor em cenários de stress, quando o preço do minério de ferro está desvalorizado.

The objective of this thesis has been to analyze whether booms in the iron ore market has any significant effects on local labor markets in certain municipalities in Norrbotten County during the time period 2000-2016. Previous research has established that certain types of booms and busts influenced local labor markets. The analysis was done by using panel data and regression models where the results where compared over non-mining and mining municipalities. The results gave a vague response with both conclusive and inconclusive results over the variables investigated. The main conclusion is that although the mining industry is a big part of local labor markets in Norrbotten County, it is important for firms and policymakers to understand that the mining industry is not the only important factor and that decisions should not be entirely based on the mining industry and its markets. / Målet med denna uppsats var att analysera ifall booms i järnmalmsmarknaden har någon signifikant påverkan på lokala arbetsmarknader i utvalda kommuner i Norrbotten under tidsperioden 2000–2016. Tidigare forskning har fastställt att vissa booms och busts kan influera lokala arbetsmarknader. Analysen har genomförts med paneldata och regressionsmodeller där resultat jämförts mellan gruvkommuner och ickegruvkommuner. Resultaten gav otydliga resultat då vissa var konklusiva medan andra inte var konklusiva. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen som nåtts är att även om gruvindustrin är en viktig del av de lokala arbetsmarknaderna, är det viktigt för företag och beslutsfattare att förstå att gruvindustrin inte är den enda påverkande faktorn och att framtida beslut och satsningar inte enbart ska baseras kring gruvindustrin och dess marknad.

Laboratory magnetic measurements are used to develop a methodology to characterize the Kiruna-type Rare Earth Elements (REE) bearing apatite iron-oxide deposits at Blötberget in central Sweden. This high-grade ore deposit is known to have sharp boundaries between lens shaped main ore bodies of magnetite-rich ore, and a complex hematite-rich ore associated with pegmatites and skarn formation. The thesis covers laboratory magnetic measurements of 37 samples originating from eight drill cores and reference samples from previously mined area. It focuses on on-covering how the samples relate in terms of magnetic susceptibility, further its dependency on temperature, frequency, field and the orientation. The results are correlated with petrographic analysis previously performed on accompanying thin sections. The measurements show that magnetite with strong susceptibility contribution overshadow the hematite contribution in the samples. Transition changes in susceptibility are noticeable when crossing the Verwey temperature; -153°C, Curie temperature; 580°C and Néel temperature; 680°C. The Morin temperature appears at -60°C, or is missing. Linear relationships are identified between the magnitude difference in susceptibilities across transitions at high temperature and wt% magnetite and hematite have been identified. The Blötberget skarn and hematite-rich ore samples have a higher degree of susceptibility anisotropy than the other ore-types. Blötberget samples are dominated by multidomain characteristics in remanence, saturation and coercivity. High temperature measurements have shown that the magnetite is close to pure. The low temperature measurements suggest hematite is impure or bears a petrological footprint. The study also shows that rich iron ore samples sometimes can be at risk of being overlooked with standard methods of measuring susceptibility / Laboratorietekniska metoder kan användas som ett komplement till malmgeologi och geofysisk prospektering. I denna metodstudie karaktäriseras apatitjärnmalm från Blötberget, nära Grängesberg. En fyndighet bestående av linsformade malmkroppar rika på magnetit och ofta avskilda men komplexa hematitrika stråk. Studien är gjord 37 prover från totalt 8 borrkärnor, och lokaler som tillhörde produktion från gruvverksamhet under 1900-talet. Mätmetoderna fokuserar på att kartlägga malmens magnetiska egenskaper, och hur temperatur, frekvens, fältstyrka samt riktning påverkar dessa. Resultaten jämfördes med tidigare petrografisk studie av tillhörande tunnslip Resultaten visar att magnetit står för merparten av susceptibiliteten i proverna, men att även hematit kan urskiljas och kvantifieras. Temperaturberoende har påvisats vid övergångar för Verwey-temperatur; -153°C, Curie-temperatur; 580 °C, och Néeltemperatur; 680 °C. Den förväntade Morin-temperaturen vid -14°C, påträffades vid -60 °C eller saknas helt för flera av de hematitrika proverna. Magnetiskt anisotropa prover återfinns bland prover som identifierats som skarn eller hematitrika. Magnetisk granulometri visar karaktär av multidomäntyp med låg magnetisk coercivitet och hög satureringsförmåga. Högtemperaturmätningar av susceptibilitet visar på ren magnetit för prover från Blötberget. Samtidigt visar lågtemperaturemätningar att hematit sannolikt har inblandning av titanium eller bär på ett mer komplext förflutet. Studien visar också att det finns en risk i att enbart förlita sig på bulksusceptibilitet för prover rika på malm.

A finalidade deste trabalho é estudar a redução carbotérmica de minério hematítico com misturas e pelotas autorredutoras em um forno rotativo experimental. Trabalhou-se com duas temperaturas, a 1673 e 1773 K (1400 a 1500 °C), em fluxo de argônio de 1Nl/min, em um forno rotativo experimental aquecido por resistências, com uma rotação fixa de 5 rpm. Foram realizadas diversas experiências, alterando variáveis como a temperatura, composição e quantidade da escória, tipo de redutor, e tipo de conformação. Foi estudado o tempo de residência das pelotas e misturas autorredutoras dentro do forno e sua interrelação com a inclinação do mesmo. Mediu-se a resistência a compressão de diferentes composições de pelotas. Foi analisada a fração de redução atingida nas experiências com ajuda de um método indireto proposto neste trabalho, atingindo-se frações de redução acima de 98%. Especial atenção foi dada para os casos limites estudados, o primeiro com uma mistura autorredutora de 81% de minério hematítico de baixo teor, 19% de coque de petróleo,+10% cimento ARI, processada a 1773 K (1500 °C) com 33% de escória final, a qual, apesar da grande quantidade de escória, atingiu uma fração de redução de 98,7%; e o segundo, para uma mistura autorredutora de 43,5% de minério hematítico de baixo teor, 56,5% de pó de serragem, processada a 1773 K (1500 °C), a qual atingiu uma fração de redução de 99,2%, provando, com as ressalvas cabíveis, a factibilidade de reduzir diretamente com pó de serragem. Com base nas observações experimentais sugeriram-se modelos do processo de redução-fusão tanto das misturas como das pelotas autorredutoras no forno rotativo. Analisaram-se a composição da escória e a composição da fase metálica obtida. Para comparar o grau de coalescimento entre as amostras, foram levantadas as análises granulométricas de cada uma delas, comparando-se as porcentagens em massa dos nódulos de ferro-carbono com diâmetro superior a 7,93 mm. Atenção especial foi dada ao método de desagregação do produto; pela ausência de normas técnicas especificas para processos autorredutores, foi empregada uma adaptação do método de desagregação por tambor (ASTM E279-95), e validada por moagem manual. Estudou-se o efeito das variáveis: temperatura de processamento, temperatura liquidus da escória, da quantidade de escória de alta temperatura liquidus, da quantidade de voláteis do redutor, da quantidade do redutor, e da ausência de conformação. Entre os resultados destas experiências tem-se que a maior temperatura de processamento leva a maior grau de coalescimento. Na medida em que a escória do sistema não se liquefaz, o processo de coalescimento é prejudicado. Na medida em que a quantidade de escória com alta temperatura liquidus aumenta, o grau de coalescimento decresce. Ao se aumentar a quantidade do redutor acima do necessário para a correta redução, carburação e colaescimento, prejudica-se o processo de formação dos nódulos de ferro-carbono. Ao se comparar o grau de coalescimento obtido entre as misturas e as pelotas autorredutoras, temse que o desempenho das misturas autorredutoras é superior. Para aclarar o efeito da temperatura liquidus da escória no processo de carburação e coalescimento, foram realizadas experiências paralelas para estudar como a temperatura liquidus da escória e a ausência do FeO afetava o coalescimento. Ao estudar o transporte de carbono pelas escórias sem e com a presença de um óxido redutível, tem-se que o transporte do óxido de ferro na escória sem agitação é um fenômeno difusivo. / The purpose of this work is to study the carbothermal reduction of hematite ore as self-reducing mixtures or pellets in an experimental rotary kiln. Two different temperatures were employed, 1673 and 1773 K (1400-1500 ° C) in an experimental rotary kiln heated by resistors, with a fixed rotation of 5 rpm and under an argon flow of 1Nl/min. Several experiments were performed by changing variables such as temperature, composition and quantity of slag, type of carbonaceous material, and type of conformation. The residence time inside the furnace and its interrelation with the slope of the kiln containing self-reducing pellets or mixtures was studied. It was measured the compressive strength of pellets of different compositions. It has been analyzed the fractional reduction achieved in the experiments with the help of an indirect method proposed in this work, reaching fractional reduction above 98%. Special attention was given to some cases, the first one with a self-reducing mixture of 81% low grade ore, 19% petroleum coke, ARI +10%, processed to 1773 K (1500 ° C) with 33% final slag, which despite the large amount of slag reached a fractional reduction of 98.7%, and the second for a self-reducing mixture of 43.5% low-grade ore, 56.5% of sawdust processed to 1773 K (1500 ° C) which reached a fractional reduction of 99.2%, proving, with reasonable exceptions, the feasibility of reducing directly with sawdust. Based on experimental observations, process models of both the reduction-melting of self-reducing mixtures and pellets in the rotary kiln were proposed. The composition of slag and composition of the metallic phase obtained were analyzed. To compare the degree of coalescence between the samples, particle size analysis of each one was performed, comparing the percentages by weight of iron-carbon nuggets with a diameter greater than 7.93 mm. Regarding the method of disintegration of the product, due to the lack of technical standards for specific self-reducing processes, the drum method (ASTM E279-95) was adapted and validated by manual grinding. It was studied the effect of the following parameters: processing temperature, slag liquidus temperature, the amount of high liquidus temperature slag, amount of volatile matter of the reducing agent, the amount of reducing agent, and the absence of conformation. These experiments have shown that the higher the processing temperature, the greater the degree of coalescence, and also that as long as the slag does not melt, the coalescence process is impaired. As the amount of slag with high liquidus temperature increases, the degree of coalescence decreases. Increasing the amount of carbonaceous material above to that necessary to reduction and carburization undermines the process of formation of iron-carbon nuggets. When comparing the degree of coalescence obtained between the self-reducing mixtures and pellets, it has been shown that the performance of self-reducing mixtures is superior. To clarify the effect of the slag liquidus temperature in the carburization and coarsening process, experiments were conducted to study how the liquidus temperature of the slag and the absence of FeO affected the coarsening. By studying the transport of carbon in slags with and without the presence of a reducible oxide, it has been shown that the transport of iron oxide in the slag without agitation is a diffusive phenomenon.

Les effondrements miniers en Lorraine (France) ont pour origine la rupture des piliers de soutien constitués de minerai de fer. Leur rupture n'est pas seulement due aux seules contraintes mécaniques qu’exerce le recouvrement mais également aux différentes transformations minéralogiques du minerai de fer, compromettant sa cohésion et sa résistance et par conséquent, la stabilité des piliers. On parle alors d’altération/vieillissement minéralogique du minerai de fer. Les mécanismes chimiques qui entrainent ces transformations minéralogiques sont désormais bien connus mais l’influence de l’activité bactérienne n’est pas encore bien comprise. Des travaux préliminaires ayant soulevé le rôle possible des activités microbiennes, ce travail de thèse s'est alors appliqué à identifier les métabolismes bactériens susceptibles de réagir avec le minerai de fer en conditions aérobie et anaérobie, et à en caractériser les effets physico-chimiques, minéralogiques et mécaniques. Les groupes métaboliques bactériens suspectés d’être impliqués dans ces réactions (activités ferri-réductrices, ferro-oxydantes et sulfato-réductrices) ont été identifiés dans les eaux de mine et incubés en présence du minerai de fer, en souche pure ou avec un consortium issu de l’eau de mine. Les bactéries ferri-réductrices (IRB), sulfato-réductrices (BSR) et acidophiles ferro-oxydantes ont été les seules qui, dans les conditions de laboratoire, ont impacté significativement le minerai en modifiant le ratio Fe(II)/Fe(III). Une phase ferro-carbonatée et de la pyrite se sont formées respectivement au cours des incubations avec les IRB et BSR, et ont été caractérisées par analyse du solide (spectroscopies infrarouge en réflexion diffuse (DRIFTS) et Mössbauer et par diffraction aux rayons X). Des bactéries nitrate-réductrices ont aussi été testées et aucune modification significative du ratio Fe(II)/Fe(III) du minerai de fer n’a été observée. Enfin, les propriétés mécaniques du minerai de fer ont été mesurées après les réactions d’oxydo-réduction biologiques et purement chimiques. Des modifications sensibles de ces propriétés mécaniques par rapport à l’état initial ont ainsi pu être mises en évidence. Sur la base de ces résultats, l’hypothèse de l’altération mécanique du minerai de fer par des activités microbiennes est donc tout à fait réaliste. / Mine collapses occurred in Lorraine (France) because of the failure of safety pillars made of iron ore. Their failure is not only due to the mechanic stresses applied by the overburden, but also due to the various mineralogical transformations in iron ore which decrease material cohesion and resistance and thus stability of pillars. This is called mineralogical alteration/ageing of iron ore. Chemical mechanisms inducing these mineralogical transformations are now well known but the influence of microbial activity is not well understood yet. Preliminary works have raised the possible role of microbial activity, then the focus of this work was to identify the various bacterial metabolisms capable of reacting with iron ore and to characterize the physico-chemical, mineralogical and mechanical effects. The bacterial metabolism groups possibly implied in these reactions (iron-reducing (IRB), iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)) were identified from the mine water. As pure strain or as consortium, these bacteria were incubated with iron ore. Under laboratory conditions, only iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing and acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria impacted iron ore samples by modifying the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio. A ferrous-carbonate phase and pyrite were formed during incubations with IRB and SRB, respectively. These minerals were characterized from analysis of the solid phase (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction). The impact nitrate-reducing bacteria was also tested but the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio of iron ore was not modified significantly. Finally, mechanical properties of iron ore were measured after microbial and purely chemical redox reactions. Discernible modifications of these mechanical properties were observed. From these results, the alteration of iron ore mechanical properties by bacterial activities is a realistic assumption.

[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia e aplicá-la à uma cadeia de transporte ferroviário de minério de ferro, de forma a mensurar o impacto da oscilação de preços do minério de ferro nos projetos logísticos envolvendo produção, terminais de carga e descarga, transporte ferroviário e infra-estrutura portuária, de maneira a demonstrar a relevância que a previsibilidade do preço possui no planejamento dos investimentos e na viabilização de projetos em cada etapa da cadeia de exportação desta commodity. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa proposta acima, realizou-se uma breve revisão conceitual dos principais métodos de previsão de preços de commodities e uma descrição dos processos logísticos de cada etapa da cadeia em estudo. Na seqüência, foi apresentado o detalhamento da metodologia e sua aplicação utilizando uma base histórica de preços reais de mercado e custos referenciais da cadeia logística. O resultado da pesquisa permitiu identificar melhor os momentos de risco dos projetos de mineração e aperfeiçoar o processo decisório de investimentos em ativos ferroviários. A nova metodologia permitiu aumentar o nível de precisão da previsão do preço da tonelada de minério de ferro e com isso melhorar o nível de informação sobre a demanda que estimula os projetos logísticos da cadeia envolvida. Foi possível identificar melhor o potencial dos projetos apresentados por empresas de mineração e de empresas entrantes em sua área de atuação, aprimorando a seleção de projetos compartilhados e o processo decisório sobre quais investimentos priorizar no médio e longo prazo. / [en] This work aimed to develop a methodology and apply it to a iron ore railway transport chain in order to measure the impact of transoceanic iron ore price fluctuation in logistics projects involving production, loading and unloading terminals, transport rail and port infrastructure trying to demonstrate the relevance of the market price predictability in the planning of investments and the viability of projects in each step of the supply chain process concerning the exportation of this mineral commodity. To achieve the goal of the research presented above, there was a brief conceptual overview of the main methods of forecasting commodity prices and a description of the logistics processes in each stage of the chain under study. Next, the details of the methodology and its application were presented using a historical basis of real market prices and benchmark supply chain costs. The survey results identified the best moments of risk of mining projects and improve the decision making process of investment in railway assets. The new methodology allowed to increase the assessed level of prediction accuracy of the price per ton of iron ore and thereby improve the level of information that stimulates demand chain logistics projects involved. It was possible to identify the potential of the projects presented by mining companies and new players in their area, improving the selection of projects and shared decision making about which investments to prioritize in medium and long term.

No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>Direct reduction ironmaking has gained popularity as a low carbon alternative to the typical blast furnace ironmaking route. A popular method of producing direct reduced iron is through the reduction of iron ore pellets in a reduction shaft furnace. Critical to this process is the use of a reliable continuous pellet feed system to provide a steady flow of pellets to the furnace. Therefore, any disruption in pellet flow can have a significant negative impact on the production rate of iron. </p> <p><br></p> <p>An iron ore pellet feed system for a direct reduction ironmaking furnace is jamming during winter operation. The pellets are jamming in a hopper at the top of the feed system above the furnace, and a hot gas, that seals off the furnace flue gas, flows counter to the pellets. A computational model of the feed system is built utilizing the discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics, using Siemen’s commercial multiphysics software Star-CCM+, to study the conditions that cause the jam to occur. The study is divided into six parts: pellet bulk flow calibration, computational cost reduction, modeling of the baseline operation, modeling the effect of moisture, development of a thermal model, and investigation of the minimal amount of icy and wet material to jam the system. The findings show that the location of jamming during operation matches the area in the simulation where it is most likely to occur, and that moisture alone is unlikely to result in jamming. Results indicate that the system will jam when charged with a minimum of 15% icy pellets, and when charged with 10% icy together with 5% wet pellets. Experimental work is recommended to validate the findings and to calibrate the simulations accordingly.</p>