Orientador: Eliezer Rizzo de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T23:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feitosa_GustavoRaposoPereira_D.pdf: 17361952 bytes, checksum: 113d5b63415e547e03e4244d81782c81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o estudo tem como objetivo analisar os reflexos do movimento de ampliação do acesso à Justiça sobre a atuação dos magistrados nos juizados especiais cíveis da cidade de São Paulo. O trabalho envolveu. em primeiro lugar. a discussão sobre as origens históricas e teóricas dos modelos que orientam a atuação dos magistrados e sobre as mudanças na estrutura lógica da argumentação jurídica. A pesquisa empírica foi realizada através da observação de audiências em juizados situados em quatro regiões da cidade de São Paulo. de entrevistas com magistrados. do acompanhamento da rotina dos juizados e da análise qualitativa e quantitativa do conteúdo de sentenças produzidas em duas unidades dos juizados da capital paulista. Na pesquisa quantitativa, foram estudadas as sentenças de dois juizados, situados em Pinheiros e Guainazes, regiões com situações sócio-econômicas bastante distintas, com o intuito de acompanhar a maneira de sentenciar de magistrados em dois diferentes contextos. Aplicou-se uma metodologia chamada análise de conteúdo na investigação sobre as sentenças. selecionando elementos do texto para compor as variáveis do banco de dados sobre uma amostra das decisões dos juizados especiais cíveis. A pesquisa permitiu constatar um processo de transformação na estrutura das decisões dos juizados, com o afastamento em relação ao paradigma lógico-dedutivo positivista e a convergência para um modelo argumentativo de busca da solução justa para o caso concreto. As mudanças verificadas revelaram uma postura mais livre e criativa dos juizes diante da interpretação legal. Contudo, a continuidade das experiências inovadoras dos juizados paulistanos mostra-se prejudicada pela falta de defmição, por parte do Judiciário Paulista. de um projeto claro para os juizados, pelas debilidades estruturais e pela dificuldade em modificar práticas judiciais arraigadas / Abstract: The aim of the present study is to analyze the consequences of the movement to broaden access to Brazilian Justice on the judges' performance in the smaIl claim courts at Sao Paulo city. At first, this study discusses the historical and theoretical origins of the models that guide the magistrates' procedure and the changes on the logical structure of the lega] argumentation. The empiric research was carried out through audiences' observation in the small claim courts located at four different Sao Paulo regions; judges' interviews <1ndtheir routine's follow-up, as welI as qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sentences' content produced on two units at Sao Paulo city. The quantitative investigation focus on the sentences' evaluation of the courts located at Pinheiros and Guaianazes. As both areas have very different socio-economic situations, it was possible to distinguish the magistrates' performance in two distinct contexts. The so-called content analysis methodology, applied on this case study, is developed by selecting elements from the legal text to organize the database variables on a sample of the judges' decisions at the small claim courts. The research demonstrates an ongoing transformation process in these courts decisions' structure, which are quite distant from the positivist logical-deductive paradigm and closer to an argumentative model that searches a fair solution to each specific ca..e. These changes revealed a more independent and creative posture of the judges regarding the law interpretation. However, the continuity of the innovative experiences in the small cIaim courts at Sao Paulo is jeopardized by the lack of a cIear a cIear project for the judicial system, by structural weakness, and by the difficulties to modify persi stent judicial practices / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

L’impartialité du juge est consubstantielle à l’exercice de la fonction juridictionnelle et tient aux valeurs fondamentales de la démocratie. Sa définition ne va pas sans difficulté. Il s’agit en effet d’une notion fuyante et polysémique, juridique mais aussi psychologique, voire morale. <p><p>Le législateur a entendu que la confiance soit à la base de l’impartialité du juge. Les travaux préparatoires du Code d'instruction criminelle de 1808 et du Code de procédure civile de 1806 l’illustrent. Au début du dix-neuvième siècle, l’impression qui se dégage au premier coup d’œil est plus celle d’une confiance décrétée en l’impartialité que d’une confiance justifiée. Il existait en quelque sorte un mythe du juge irréprochable. Cette impression se déduit de la circonstance que le sentiment de confiance est posé en principe malgré l’efficacité limitée des garanties juridiques de l’impartialité qui sont offertes à cette époque. Il en va de même, par analogie, de l’impartialité qui apparaît tout autant décrétée. <p><p>L’institution de l’impartialité du juge répressif présentait ainsi un sérieux paradoxe. Il apparaissait normal que la confiance attendue de la nation dans ses juges et leur impartialité soit justifiée par de sérieuses garanties. Or, en 1808, la légitimité du juge reposait essentiellement sur un sentiment de confiance décrétée, de sorte qu’il pouvait s’en déduire que la justice n’avait pour seule légitimité que la volonté du pouvoir qu’il en soit ainsi.<p><p>Dès les années quatre-vingts, les justiciables se montrèrent de plus en plus critiques envers les représentants du Pouvoir judiciaire, au point que nombreux furent ceux qui réclamèrent la restauration et la justification de la confiance dans l’impartialité du juge. C’est ainsi que des garanties objectives, concrètes, vérifiables, s’avérèrent requises. La restauration de la confiance en l’impartialité nous paraît dépendre, pour une bonne part, du renforcement des règles de procédure et d’organisation judiciaire qui contribuent à l’impartialité du juge.<p><p>La thèse s’articule en trois parties. La première s’attache à l’étude des garanties de l’exigence d’impartialité personnelle ou subjective du juge répressif. Nous envisageons, outre la définition de la notion d’impartialité personnelle (titre I), les garanties de nature procédurale qui renvoient à la notion de confiance légitimée (titre II) et les garanties instituées en cas de doute quant à l’impartialité personnelle du juge qui correspondent à la notion de confiance préservée (titre III). La seconde partie concerne les garanties de l’exigence d’impartialité fonctionnelle ou organique. Après avoir défini ce que recouvre cette notion (titre I), nous entendons définir la théorie de la séparation des fonctions de justice répressive, qui renvoie à la notion de confiance impossible (titre II). Nous clôturerons cette seconde partie par l’étude du principe du cumul d’interventions à l’occasion de l’exercice d’une même fonction de justice répressive, qui exprime un sentiment de confiance intact dans l’impartialité du juge (titre III). La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude de trois questions de portée générale relatives à l’exigence d’impartialité :la renonciation au droit à un tribunal impartial qui dénote un sentiment de confiance indiscutable (titre I), la recevabilité du moyen qui soulève le défaut d’impartialité dans le chef du juge une fois la décision prononcée, qui renvoie à la notion de confiance protégée (titre II), et la sanction du défaut d’impartialité enfin, qui évoque la notion de confiance restaurée (titre III). <p> / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In December 1640 the Long Parliament brought accusations against Lord Keeper Finch and six judges of the three main Westminster courts. These asserted the illegality of decisions and opinions given by these judges. This thesis examines those accusations and argues that the government of Charles I engaged in a defensible process of political management of the law and the judges to legitimate its policies particularly after the suspension of parliament in 1629. This policy emerged as a response to the government's difficulties in enforcing the payment of the Forced Loan caused by its dubious legality. The policy took advantage of important features of the contemporary relationship between the law and the government and it had five features. The most senior and able lawyers were recruited as government law officers and counsel. They amassed and used a substantial and well researched body of legal authority to support royal rights. The chief justices were appointed from amongst the government lawyers and were used as political managers of their courts. New incentives were offered as rewards for the most senior judges. Judicial views on aspects of government policy were sought in advance and the Privy Council was used to by-pass the judges if necessary. These features are examined in relation to government revenue policies including distraint of knighthood fines and the forest laws, and religious policies in relation to the application of the writ of prohibition to the economic condition of the Church and High Commission. The application of this analysis to the Ship Money Case is considered. It is concluded that the judges were manipulated rather than coerced and often successfully avoided the pressure by technical stratagems. Most importantly the government showed that it generally had the law on its side. That had serious political implications but went a long way towards exonerating the judges.

There is currently no satisfactory account of how judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts in the states are appointed, transferred, impeached or employed postretirement. For a higher judiciary commanding immense public attention, enjoying wide constitutional powers of judicial review, this is a conspicuous gulf in academic literature. This thesis intends to bridge this gulf by providing such an account. Part I extracts the Constituent Assembly Debates pertaining to these four facets of judicial functioning, describes key developments over time and analyses the extant processes in operation today. On this basis it makes three arguments: first, appointments to the higher judiciary and transfer of judges between High Courts follow processes that are indefensible as a matter of constitutional law; second, impeachment operates in an excessively slow and inefficacious manner; third, the pervasiveness of post-retirement employment of judges in government-appointed positions demonstrates inadequate attention to institutional design. Most crucially, each of these four aspects gives rise to significant concerns pertaining to judicial independence, accountability or both. This is not a peculiarly Indian problem— in several countries, the values of judicial independence and accountability have been deemed to be in tension, often irreconcilably. Part II tackles this widely articulated tension by providing a conceptual framework to understand these concepts. Its main argument is that both judicial independence and accountability are necessary for 'an effective judiciary'. Whether indeed the processes governing the four selected facets of judicial functioning in India lead to an effective judiciary is assessed in Part III. Where they are found lacking, appropriate reform is suggested. Such reform is intended to ensure that the selected processes operate in a manner that is justifiable in terms of judicial independence and accountability in principle and is efficacious in practice.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la nouvelle histoire du droit européen en proposant les résultats de recherches biographiques sur les premiers juges, avocats généraux et greffier qui ont fait fonctionner la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne pendant les vingt premières années de son existence (1952 - 1972). Il s'agit tout d'abord de mettre en lumière les parcours professionnels et personnels des pionniers de la juridiction et des hommes qui ont prononcé certains de ses jugements les plus connus, ceux qui ont lancé le processus de « constitutionnalisation » de l'ordre juridique communautaire. Ensuite, il s'agit d'utiliser les résultats de ces recherches biographiques pour apporter, sur trois points précis, des éléments de réponse à une question qui intéresse depuis deux décennies en particulier les politistes - et de manière plus récente, les historiens: comment cette institution réussit-elle, à partir des années 1960, à autant limiter la souveraineté des Etats membres, en posant notamment le principe de primauté du droit européen, et cela sans semble-t-il être confrontée à de sérieuses résistances de la part des dirigeants des Etats membres ? Cette thèse analyse tout d'abord le processus de nomination des juges et des avocats généraux, afin de savoir si les gouvernements tentent, ou non, via le mécanisme de sélection de mettre un terme à sa jurisprudence audacieuse. Puis, elle étudie les convictions européennes des membres de la Cour et leur vision du rôle qu'ils doivent jouer dans le processus d'intégration. Enfin, elle s'intéresse au réseau politique des hommes de la juridiction européenne et leurs interactions officieuses avec les dirigeants des Etats membres. / This Ph.D. thesis contributes to the new history of European law by proposing the results of in-depth biographical research on the first judges, advocates general and registrar who worked at the European Court of Justice during the first twenty years of its existence (1952 - 1972). Firstly, it sheds new light on the professional and personal trajectories of the Court's pioneers and of those who pronounced some of its most commented judgments, those who laid the foundation of the 'constitutionalization' of the European legal order. Secondly, it leans on the collected biographical data in order to bring to the surface new elements of knowledge on three precise points with regard to a question which political scientists have been interested in for two decades - and which now also historians address: how did the European Court of Justice, from the 1960s onwards, succeed in seriously limiting the Member States' sovereignty, especially by imposing the principle of primacy of European law, without provoking a rebellion by national decision-makers? It first of all analyzes the nomination process of the first judges and advocates general, in order to establish whether governments did, or did not, use the appointment mechanism to curb down ECJ activism. It then studies the members of the Court's views and convictions with regard to European integration and their role in the European Communities. Finally, it looks at the political affiliations of the first members of the Court of Justice and their unofficial interactions with national decision-makers.

The thesis examines the effect of the number of judges on court output in the Czech Republic. It is based on the theory of a rational judge and the hypothesis that after the appointment of new judges, the incumbent judges face lower caseload pressure and they can decrease their effort. It follows that the change in the court output is very small or non-existent. I develop a model that specifies court output as a function of judicial staffing, caseload and other variables. I employ OLS, FE and 2SLS estimation methods. The estimation results suggest that the number of judges does not affect court output in the case of district courts. In the case of regional courts, a 10% growth in the number of judges leads approximately to a 5% growth in the number of resolved cases. Furthermore, estimates suggest that all courts strongly react on changes in the caseload. I also show that the quantity-quality trade-off is not present at courts in the Czech Republic. The thesis contributes to thin empirical literature on the effect of judicial staffing on court output mainly by controlling for the case difficulty and by using panel data from the Czech Republic.

The unreasonable length of Italian civil proceedings goes on filling pages of newspapers and magazines. According to some authoritative views, the inefficiency of the civil justice system helps explain why the Italian model legislation on civil proceedings, as well as its academic research, are not as influential on the European scene as they were in the past. It is interesting to note that an opposed thesis has pointed out that the Italian procedurallaw and recent researches in civil proceedings lack a clear, up-to-date, principle-oriented and comprehensive approach towards problems and challenges that contemporary civil justice systems face today. Such an outdated and overly complicated approach might contribute to the inefficiency of the Italian civiljustice system. The Italian Law Journal, which aims to both spread knowledge (and criticism) of the Italian legal system and foster international debate among lawyers of different traditions, may be an appropriate venue for deepening our understanding of the current performance of the Italian civil justice system. Itmay, in particular, assist in ascertaining the major causes of the inefficiencies, with a view to assessing (in a subsequent article) if the prevailing way of thinking of legal scholars may, in the end, exacerbate the relevant problems. / La longitud poco razonable de los procesos civiles italianos continúa llenando páginas de periódicos y revistas. De acuerdo con algunas opiniones autorizadas, la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil ayuda a explicar el motivo por el cual el modelo italiano de legislación en materia de procedimiento civil, así como su investigación académica, no sean tan influyentes en la escena europea como lo fueron en el pasado. Es interesante notar que una tesis opuesta ha señalado que el derecho procesal italiano y las investigaciones recientes sobre el proceso civil carecen de un enfoque claro, integral, actualizado y orientado por principios sobre los problemas y desafíos que el sistema de justicia civil afronta actualmente. Tal enfoque anticuado y demasiado complicado podría contribuir a la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil italiano. El Italian Law Journal, cuyo objetivo es la difusión de conocimiento (y crítica) del sistema legal italiano y la promoción del debate internacional entre abogados de distintas tradiciones, puede ser un modo apropiado para profundizar nuestra comprensión del desempeño actual del sistema de justicia civil italiano. Puede, en particular, ayudar a determinar las principales causas de las ineficiencias con el fin de evaluar (en un artículo posterior) si la forma predominante de pensamiento de los estudiosos del derecho posiblemente, al final, exacerba problemas relevantes.

An approach of corrective roles of judges within the constitutional interpretation demands a number of parameters that must necessarily be made compatible with the principles, values  and guidelines pursuant to contemporary legal systems. This study covers the dimensions of these corrective roles in the attempt to set reference lines on the delicate task of the constitutional judges in the defense of the effective exercise of the fundamental rights and the regulations’ primacy of the Constitution. Finally, this study investigates if there is a jurisdictional government and to what extent the neoconstitutionalism turns out to be a relevant matter in the interpretation of the Constitution. / Un enfoque de roles correctores de los jueces en la interpretación constitucional demanda una serie de parámetros que necesariamente deben ser compatibilizados con los principios, valores y directrices que informan los ordenamientos jurídicos contemporáneos. El presente estudio abarca las dimensiones de esos roles correctores en la pretensión  de establecer líneas referenciales sobre la delicada labor de los jueces constitucionales en la defensa de la vigencia efectiva de los derechos fundamentales y de la primacía normativa de la Constitución. Indaga finalmente, si acaso existe un Estado jurisdiccional y en qué medida el neoconstitucionalismo resulta ser un elemento material relevante en la interpretación de la Carta Fundamental.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_wagner.pdf: 1434670 bytes, checksum: 09d8a4d662854e9960b7652f4e61072d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-04 / Sem Abstract / O povo brasileiro, em sua larga maioria, não tem iguais oportunidades (igualdade material), exatamente porque não tem como usufruir de um processo educativo que viabilize seu pleno desenvolvimento enquanto pessoa, que o prepare para o exercício da cidadania e que o qualifique para o trabalho, tudo em ordem a torná-lo, não mero passageiro, mas condutor de sua vida. Como, então, inserir, de modo sustentável, o (Dever)-(Poder) Judiciário no processo de efetivação da política pública de Estado (e não meramente de Governo!) direcionada para a educação, tal como assimilada pelo texto constitucional, tendo em vista a omissão dos dois outros Deveres-Poderes, redimensionando - com razoabilidade, proporcionalidade e no limite - a exceção da Reserva do Possível ? Segundo conhecido forismo, antes de pensar a reforma, é preciso reformar o pensamento . Por isso, o trabalho se propõe a investigar a efetivação do direito fundamental à educação pela via da decisão judicial, enfrentando o obstáculo da chamada cláusula da reserva do possível. A idéia central é traçar um diagnóstico da posição do Supremo Tribunal Federal por meio de uma pesquisa empírica que consiga catalogar, por amostragem, decisões envolvendo o direito à educação e a reserva do possível julgadas na Corte após 1988. Com isso, a dissertação busca inicialmente trabalhar o significado atual do direito fundamental prestacional à educação, bem como o que é a reserva do possível aos olhos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e, posteriormente, verificar se o discurso da reserva do possível é utilizado nos seus acórdãos de forma coerente pela própria Corte ou se é utilizado de maneira casuística, sem parâmetros de controle da decisão judicial. Outrossim, procura-se investigar se o exercício da jurisdição que encerra o direito prestacional se dá predominantemente pelo método difuso ou pelo método concentrado, bem como quem mais aciona a Suprema Corte em face de tal matéria. A dissertação também objetiva trazer para o debate a idéia de que, sendo a cidadania uma cláusula pétrea, não pode nem deve ficar à mercê de omissão ou inércia de qualquer dos Deveres-Poderes, até porque omissões assim violam, por via oblíqua, o art. 60, § 4º, da Constituição Federal. Ora, cláusulas pétreas apenas são modificáveis e/ou suprimíveis por atuação do dever-poder constituinte originário. Desse modo, havendo, por inércia do Dever-Poder inadimplente, uma supressão de fato, seja ela parcial ou total, de direito fundamental, surge, em contraponto, a necessidade de uma resposta institucional hábil à defesa da ordem pública, aqui entendida como o regular funcionamento dos deveres-poderes, e, porque não dizer, do próprio Estado, ostentando o Judiciário a qualificação suficiente para dar essa resposta, com destaque para o Supremo Tribunal Federal, que tem por missão precípua a guarda da Lex Mater

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-08-21T17:26:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 andre_galvao_vasconcelos_almeida_revisada.pdf: 932857 bytes, checksum: fc1c08288059699bbd6cf52f46d8ec68 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 andre_galvao_vasconcelos_almeida_revisada.pdf: 932857 bytes, checksum: fc1c08288059699bbd6cf52f46d8ec68 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / As a reaction to the hyper complexity that gripped acentric (or rather, polycentric) (post) modern society, the words of the legislator began to have character increasingly vague and imprecise, giving leeway to the judge in carrying out the law. These legislative techniques represent true pores/openings of the legal system in the search for greater dynamism and adaptability to social reality. Transfer the dogma of strict tight legal security codes, to the idea of "justice" built in the process context. While important, this opening may cause "side effect" of producing disparate decisions, raising the possibility that similar cases have different treatment, generating unpredictability, mistrust and especially violation of the principle of equality. Moreover, with the internalization of social contingencies at a high level, the legal system becomes potentially more complex and is having difficulties in their ability to complexity reduction, consistent generalization of normative expectations and, consequently, differentiated production of communication (legal). In the light of the theory of Niklas Luhmann, we seek to demonstrate the importance of judicial precedents in the Brazilian legal system, which would appear as able to promote (re) stabilization of normative expectations symbolically generalized media, restoring confidence and the legal system unit, representing at the same time, stability and dynamics, legal consistency and social adequacy. / Como reação à hipercomplexidade que tomou conta da sociedade (pós)moderna acêntrica (ou melhor, policêntrica), as palavras do legislador passaram a ter caráter cada vez mais vago e impreciso, dando margem de liberdade ao juiz na realização do direito. Essas técnicas legislativas representam verdadeiros poros/aberturas do sistema jurídico na busca por uma maior dinamicidade e adaptabilidade à realidade social. Transfere-se o dogma da segurança jurídica estrita cerrada nos códigos, para a ideia de “justiça” construída no âmbito processual. Embora importante, essa abertura pode provocar o “efeito colateral” de produzir decisões cada vez mais díspares, aumentando a possibilidade de que casos iguais tenham tratamento diferente, gerando imprevisibilidade, desconfiança e, sobretudo, violação ao princípio da igualdade. Além disso, com a interiorização das contingências sociais em alto nível, o sistema jurídico torna-se potencialmente mais complexo e vem apresentando dificuldades em sua capacidade de redução de complexidade, generalização congruente de expectativas normativas e, consequentemente, produção de comunicação (jurídica) diferenciada. Assim, à luz da teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, busca-se demostrar a importância dos precedentes judiciais no sistema jurídico brasileiro, de modo que passariam a figurar como meios de comunicação simbolicamente generalizados aptos a promover a (re)estabilização das expectativas normativas, restaurando a confiança e a unidade do sistema jurídico, representando, ao mesmo tempo, estabilidade e dinamicidade, consistência jurídica e adequação social.