<p>This examination project examines how masculinity and class affect upper secondary school guys relations towards school and education. The purpose of my project is to expand the understanding of why there is a relation between class, sex and results in studies. The examination is made according to the focusgroup method where two groupinterviews where made. One of the group consist of four guys from a practical upper secondary education and the other consist of four guys from a theoretical upper secondary education. As it shows in the resultchapter the groups also have a different class background.</p><p> </p><p>The result is best understood as a cycle where class strengthen masculinities in different ways, different masculinities have different conditions in the schoolcontext, masculinities and school are factors that strengthen the class differences. In the result I show that both groups have similar view on what to consider masculine, but the guys from the theoretical group point out masculinitie as something negative in opposite to the guys from the practical group. The idea that schoolwork is something unmasculine is clear in the answers from the theoretical group but the same idea can not be found in the answers from the practical group. The attitude towards school and education separates the groups most clearly in the attitude towards university studies. The answers indicate that teachers are one factor to why the attitude towards schoolwork differed so widely between the groups.</p><p> </p><p>In the ending a discussion is held about how school helps to maintain the patriarchy and class differences and how to counteract it.</p>

I dagens samhälle har ungdomar allvarliga hälso- och sociala problemrelaterade till sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar, vilket är en av anledningarna till varför undervisningen inom sex och samlevnad behövs. Elever får sin primära kunskap inom sex och samlevnad från skolan, men de uppger att de inte har någon användning för dessa kunskaper. Syftet är att undersöka elevers intresse inom sex och samlevnad i högstadiet, för att få en uppfattning om vad elever önskar för kunskaper inom området. Undersökningen genomfördes med två olika enkäter som 223 elever i högstadiet besvarade. Den första enkäten bestod av både öppna och slutna frågor och den andra enkäten bestod enbart av slutna frågor. Killarna i undersökningen ville inte läsa om "sexuella läggningar" eller ansåg att det borde tas upp i skolans undervisning. Tjejerna var överlag mer positiva till att ta upp området sex och samlevnad i skolan likväl positiva till att få mer kunskaper inom kategorierna. Kategorierna som respondenterna visade störst intresse för att veta mer om var "sexuellt umgänge" och "samlevnad". Resultatet visade att respondenterna överlag inte är intresserade av området sex och samlevnad, men samtidigt visar resultatet att respondenterna tycker det är viktigt att ta upp området i skolan.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att beskriva och förstå hur tidningen Dagens Nyheter skildrar unga killar med invandrarbakgrund. De frågeställningar som uppsatsen tog avstamp i var följande tre: Vilka bilder förmedlar Dagens Nyheter av unga killar med invandrarbakgrund och hur kan föreställningarna som bilderna ger uttryck för beskrivas? Går det att urskilja vissa stereotyper bland föreställningarna? Om så, hur kan dessa beskrivas och förstås? Undersökningsmaterialet bestod av 32 artiklar under tidsperioden 2004-11-07 till 2005-11-07. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter var teorin om sociala representationer och postkolonial teori/orientalism. Materialet bearbetades genom kvalitativ textanalys och diskursanalys. Resultatet visade att Dagens Nyheter skildrar unga killar med invandrarbakgrund på många olika sätt. Gemensamt för de flesta av bilderna var dock att de innehöll stereotyper, både positiva och negativa. Endast två av 32 artiklar var så vitt författarna kunde förstå fria från stereotyper och beskrev killarna som individer. Bilden som dominerade var dock den av den unga killen med invandrarbakgrund som kriminell och med problem. Killarna med invandrarbakgrund beskrevs ofta i artiklarna i samband med gängmentalitet eller som gärningsmän. En annan återkommande beskrivning var killen med invandrarbakgrund i sportsammanhang. En slutsats var att tidningen Dagens Nyheter är med och skapar samt upprätthåller de stereotypa bilder av unga killar med invandrarbakgrund som enligt tidigare forskning förmedlas av massmedia.

This examination project examines how masculinity and class affect upper secondary school guys relations towards school and education. The purpose of my project is to expand the understanding of why there is a relation between class, sex and results in studies. The examination is made according to the focusgroup method where two groupinterviews where made. One of the group consist of four guys from a practical upper secondary education and the other consist of four guys from a theoretical upper secondary education. As it shows in the resultchapter the groups also have a different class background.   The result is best understood as a cycle where class strengthen masculinities in different ways, different masculinities have different conditions in the schoolcontext, masculinities and school are factors that strengthen the class differences. In the result I show that both groups have similar view on what to consider masculine, but the guys from the theoretical group point out masculinitie as something negative in opposite to the guys from the practical group. The idea that schoolwork is something unmasculine is clear in the answers from the theoretical group but the same idea can not be found in the answers from the practical group. The attitude towards school and education separates the groups most clearly in the attitude towards university studies. The answers indicate that teachers are one factor to why the attitude towards schoolwork differed so widely between the groups.   In the ending a discussion is held about how school helps to maintain the patriarchy and class differences and how to counteract it.

<p><strong><p>This composition deals with questions concerning the ongoing construction of gender among personnel in different project for young girls and young boys ( ages 14): its conditions and meanings and how personnel form and mediate gender experience. The aim of this essay is to investigate how gender is made in everyday practise in three projects which address to either young girls or young boys, and to examine how the formation of gender interplays between conceptions among personnel and the practise in the projects. Central questions are: How describes the practical work and the needs of girls and boys in the project? And does the gender-segregated work justified in the projects? Qualitative methods are used to answer these questions. We made qualitative interviews among personnel from three projects, Ellen, Allan and DISA. Ellen and Allan is both part of the "Rädda Barnen" organization in Sweden. Ellen is a group for girls with a feminist/gender equality approach. Allan is a project for boys, also with a gender equality approach. Both Ellen and Allan has the aim to give young girls and boys the opportunity to, by dialogue, discourse and challenge gender-patterns in there everyday life. DISA is a method for girls with the aim to prevent stress and negative thoughts. The method is from the beginning translated and accommodated from a gender-neutral method from USA to a method for young girls in Swedish schools. The method is evaluated on girls but the DISA-project in this study also adopts the method in boy-groups. The empirical material consists of five semi-structured interviews with personnel from the three projects. We have also used fundamental documents such as project plans and manuals in our analysis. Our theoretical framework combines theory of who address tension between gender, normalization and change. Butler’s theory, in which gender is formed through acts, words and gestures, is our main point of departure for understanding the formation of gender. We also adopt a social-constructivism approach in our understanding of gender and in our analysis of the empirical material. In our analysis: we illustrate how gender is made by being incorporated into the practice by personnel performance, and the personnel translation of the projects ideology and documents. The personnel justifications for gender-segregated work is throughout their own definition of girls and boys needs. Sexuality is a prominent theme in both Ellen and Allan and also the most common motive among the personnel to work gender-segregated. The leaders view is that guys and girls can talk about this together in a group. The approach differs between projects. DISA is based on a hard-structured material. A fact which paradoxically means that we do not know much about the project's practice. Ellen and Allan use the dialogue to discuss and contest traditional gender patterns. However, in all projects the dialogue represents a large part of practice. But for girls the unilateral focus on dialogue tend to reproduce the picture of girls' responsiveness and ability to empathetic. Meanwhile the conversation in Allan can become a opportunity for the boys to express themselves verbally in a way they might not be accustomed to. Personnel in Allan and Ellen describe themselves as free to organize and design the group meetings. The needs that the participants express, as well as the practice offers, consolidates the expectations placed on girls and boys. The participants re-create and construct their gender through conversations about violence, sex, relationships, etc. But we have also seen how femininity and masculinity norms are challenged by the way the dialogue is focused on reflexivity and criticism towards gender patterns.</p></strong></p>

Bakgrund Frukost anses vara den viktigaste måltiden på dagen och behövs för att fylla på med energi efter en natts sömn. Frukost gynnar elevernas inlärningsförmåga och hjälper dem med koncentrationen fram till lunch. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning ungdomar i årskurs 8 äter frukost, om det fanns någon skillnad mellan könen och ungdomars inställning till frukost. Metod Studien genomfördes med en webbaserad enkät med 16 frågor i två skolor i södra Sverige under våren 2020. Urvalet var ett bekvämlighetsurval. Enkätsvaren lades in i Excel och SPSS och analyserades med hjälp av Chi-två test, Kruskal-Wallis test och Mann-Whitney U-test. Signifikansnivån bestämdes till p&lt;0,05. Resultat I studien deltog 142 respondenter. Studien visade att nästan hälften (49,3%) åt frukost varje vardag innan de gick till skolan och 6,3% svarade att de aldrig åt frukost. Av killarna var det 54,3% som alltid åt frukost och motsvarande siffra hos tjejerna var 42,6%. Totalt svarade 42,3% av respondenterna att de ansåg att frukost var viktigt för att orka med skoldagen. Av respondenterna svarade 39,4% att de inte tycker att frukost tar onödigt med tid, signifikant fler tjejer än killar tyckte att frukost tar onödigt med tid (p=0,030). Slutsats Endast hälften av ungdomarna äter frukost varje vardag och fler tjejer än killar uppgav att frukost tar onödigt med tid på morgonen. Mindre än hälften av ungdomarna ansåg att frukost är viktigt för att orka med skoldagen. Hem- och konsumentkunskap är ett viktigt ämne och behöver mer undervisningstid för att få möjlighet att ge eleverna den kunskap de behöver för att bygga upp hälsosamma matvanor. / Background Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day and is needed to refill energy after a night's sleep. Breakfast benefits students' learning ability and helps them to concentrate until lunch. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent adolescents in grade 8 eat breakfast, if there was any difference between genders and their attitude towards breakfast. Method The study was conducted with a web-based survey consisting of 16 questions at two schools in southern Sweden in the spring of 2020. The sample was a convenience sample. The survey responses were entered into Excel and SPSS and analyzed using chi-squared test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. The significance level was set to p&lt;0,05. Results It was 142 respondents that participated in the survey. The study showed that almost half (49.3%) ate breakfast every weekday before going to school and 6.3% said they never ate breakfast. Of the boys, 54.3% always ate breakfast and the corresponding figure for the girls was 42.6%. In total, 42.3% of the respondents said that they felt that breakfast was important for the school day. In the survey, there was 39.4% of the respondents that responded that they don´t think that breakfast takes unnecessary time, significantly more girls than boys thought breakfast takes unnecessary time (p=0,030). Conclusion Only half of the young people eat breakfast every schoolday and more girls than boys stated that breakfast takes unnecessary time in the morning. Less than half of the young people considered that breakfast is important for the school day. Home economics is an important subject and requires more teaching time to be able to give students the knowledge they need to build healthy eating habits.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the increased police presence and surveillance in Ålidhem, Umeå, from the perspective of young men. Ålidhem is an area that the police have identified as having increased social unrest. Previous research has shown that increased police presence and surveillance can have negative effects on young men's experience of safety, and that it is important to develop other methods to create safety in the area. The study is based on interviews with ninth graders and recreational staff in Ålidhem, and examines their experiences of the municipality's and police's work for increased safety. The study shows that young men in Ålidhem experience a high degree of surveillance and police presence, which can create negative effects on their experience of safety. At the same time, the study shows that there are other factors that are important to create safety in Ålidhem, such as the development of meeting places and improvements in the public environment. The results of the study indicate that it is important to develop other methods to create safety in Ålidhem, such as the development of meeting places and improvements in the public environment. It is also important to take into account the perspectives of young men in the planning of measures for increased safety in Ålidhem and other similar areas. Keywords: Social unrest, Ålidhem, security, justice planning, young boys, stigmatization.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur det förhåller sig med alkoholdebuten och alkoholvanorna inom ungdomsfotbollen i Skåne. För att ta reda på detta har jag använt mig av en enkätundersökning. Min undersökningsgrupp är killar som spelar fotboll i Skåne. Jag har valt att göra en uppdelning för att se om det finns några skillnader mellan ett "bättre" lag och ett "sämre" lag, jag har valt att kalla dem grupp 1 och grupp 2. Till Grupp 1 hör de undersökta vars representationslag (herrlag) spelar på förbundsnivå (allsvenskan, superettan, division två och tre), Grupp 2 år de lag vars representationslag spelar på distriktsnivå (division fyra och neråt). Några resultat som framkom från undersökningen är att det inte finns några större skillnader påträffande hur många i varje grupp som druckit alkohol. De som tillhör grupp 1 år lite senare med sitt första berusningstillfälle än grupp 2. I grupp 1 var det fler som var med någon ur fotbollslaget första gången de var berusade. Något fler från grupp 1 är oftast tillsammans med fotbollslaget eller tillsammans med någon därifrån när de dricker alkohol. Killarna i grupp 2 dricker alkohol oftare än killarna i grupp 1.

It is a common-held belief that the social worker for the most part uses oneself as a “tool” in working with clients. This study seeks to examine that “tool” in the context of treatment of teenage boys with psychosocial problems such as criminal behavior, drug-abuse and/or abusive home environment. The main purpose is to identify the conceptions of masculinity, and more specific hegemonic and subordinated masculinity, of the professionals working with the boys. We will take a constructivist approach on masculinity which means that the meaning of the concept isn’t static but dependent on time and place and changeable in the interaction between people. The theoretical base for the purpose, questions and analysis of our study lies on R.W Connell’s theory on the hierarchy of masculinities. Connell states that multiple masculinities are constructed among us that relates to one another in a hierarchical order measured by the content of hegemonic masculinity, which is defined as the culturally and socially accepted ideal of being a man, as defined at a certain time or place. The study seeks mainly to find and problematize the type of hegemonic and subordinated masculinity that could be constructed in the treatment area of adolescent boys, and are based on in-depth interview with six therapy assistants from one institution in southern Sweden. Our study finds that the hegemonic masculinity consists of the following characteristics: sensitivity, reliability, mental strength, honesty, stability and the ability to build relationships and with competence in boundary setting, which could be summarized as a macho-soft masculinity with an emphasize on soft. The subordinate masculinity consists of the following characteristics in a man: sexist, homosexual, immigrant and violent.

This thesis is about masculinity and society with a focus on the consequences of masculinity in a culture of honour. The framing questions in this thesis are the following two; - What consequences does the masculine inheritance inherit in the culture of honour for boys and young men who grow up in socially vulnerable areas? - How are their feelings of confidence in the future affected and what ways they see as open in life and in society? I have chosen to use methods of group interviews with five guys and young men in a segregated area in Stockholm. During these interviews, I assumed Yvonne Hirdman's theories about the gender system. I chose to ask questions to express the boys' perception of how they perceive themselves and indirectly their views on honour, equality and sexuality. The interview results showed that young people experience stigmatisation, they lack a future trust and feel that they are excluded from the majority of society. I realised that it was not enough to explain the culture of honour as only a cultural phenomenon, it also lacked a multi- dimensional power perspective.