Syftet med denna studie är att få en fördjupad förståelse för hur socialarbetare inom social- tjänsten och på skyddat boende arbetar med ärenden som innefattar hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Följande frågeställningar preciseras; Vilka dilemman beskriver socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten och på skyddat boende finns i arbetet för att stödja hedersutsatta kvinnor? Hur kan arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck förstås i relation till en kritisk praktik? Stu- dien baseras på en kvalitativ ansats i form av intervjuer med totalt sex stycken socialarbetare verksamma inom socialtjänst och på skyddat boende med kvinnor utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Studiens resultat visar att hedersvåld och förtryck är ett komplext arbetsom- råde, där det kan ses som en utmaning för socialtjänsten och skyddade boenden att bedöma vart en kvinna kan bosätta sig för att vara säker. Arbetet riskerar dock att skapa stereotypa föreställningar som kan leda till att minoritetsgrupper stigmatiseras. Samtliga respondenter lyfte att beslutet att lämna sin familj som hedersutsatt kvinna är ett svårt beslut som i många fall leder till att kvinnan går tillbaka till sitt gamla liv. När en våldsutsatt kvinna har lämnat sin familj kan det leda till en känsla av isolering och ensamhet. Samtliga respondenter betonade att en stor del av arbetet består i att stärka kvinnans egna resurser och att arbeta för ett själv- ständigt liv. Mot bakgrund av den tidigare forskningen som betonar vikten av samverkan mel- lan aktörer fanns även en enighet hos samtliga respondenter att en samverkan mellan olika aktörer är nödvändig för att i det akuta skedet kunna ge skydd åt kvinnan, men även på längre sikt kunna upprätthålla kvinnans skydd. / The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding how social workers at social ser- vices and sheltered housing work with cases involving honor-related violence and oppression (crimes of honour). The following questions are clarified; What dilemmas do social workers describe at social services and in sheltered housing in the work to support women? How can the work on honor-related violence and oppression be understood in relation to a critical practice? The study is based on qualitative interviews with a total of six social workers active in social services and at sheltered housing with women exposed to honour-related violence and oppression. The study's results showed that honour-related violence and oppression are a com- plex area of work, where it can be seen as a challenge for the social services and sheltered ho- mes to assess where a woman can settle in order to be safe. However, the work risks creating stereotypical ideas that can lead to minority groups being stigmatized. All respondents emphasized that the decision to leave the family for a woman exposed to honour violence is a difficult decision, which can lead a woman to return to her old life. When a woman has left her family, it can lead to a feeling of isolation and loneliness. All respondents emphasized that a big part of the work consists of strengthening the woman's own resources and working towards an independent life. Against the background of the previous research that emphasizes the im- portance of collaboration between authorities, there was also an agreement among all respon- dents that a collaboration between different performers is necessary in order to be able to pro- vide protection for the woman in the acute phase, but also in the longer term be able to maintain the woman's protection.

Svensk hiphop är en växande genre som kan tolkas ha koppling till socialt utsatta ytterstadsområden. Syftet med föreliggande arbete är att kartlägga och analysera innehållet i utvalda svenska hiphoplåtar. I studien analyserades svenska hiphoptexter i form av två delstudier. Den första bestod av en översikt av 100 hiphoplåtar för att kartlägga olika temans förekomst, och den andra delstudien var en fördjupad analys av tio låtar. Empirin analyserades med stöd av tidigare forskning och begreppen territoriell stigmatisering, machokultur och varumärkesbyggande. Resultatet från studien visar att det finns drag av territoriell stigmatisering och machokultur i låtarna, likväl som ett varumärkesbyggande gällande förorten. Studien skulle kunna förstås ge viss inblick i de tematiska drag som återfinns inom svensk hiphop. Diskussion fördes bland annat kring vilka möjliga konsekvenser hiphoptexter kan ha för de unga män som lyssnar på denna typ av musik. / Swedish hip hop is a growing genre that can be understood to be connected with socially stigmatized areas. The purpose of this work is to map out and analyze the content of chosen Swedish hip hop songs. In the study Swedish hip hop lyrics were analyzed in two parts. The first one was an outline of 100 hip hop songs in order to map out the occurrence of different themes, and the second one was an in-depth analysis of ten songs. The material were analyzed with help of previous research and the theoretical concepts territorial stigmatization, macho culture and branding. The result of the study shows that there’s aspects of territorial stigmatization and macho culture within the songs, as well as branding regarding the Projects. The study can be understood to give some insight through the thematic features that can be found within Swedish hip hop. Among other things the possible consequences for the young men listening to this type of music were discussed.

The purpose of this study is to explore professional drug addiction care workers’ attitudes towards harm reduction interventions. The data collection was conducted through digital survey mailed to mangers and staff. In total 73 individuals choose to answer the survey. The biopsychosocial perspective and stigmatization theory were used to theoretically reflect on the results. Most respondents reported positive attitudes towards maintenance treatment, needle exchange programs and overdose prevention with naloxone. The result also shows that the majority of respondents’ have a negative attitude towards injection rooms and decriminalization of drugs for personal use. Moreover, staff with higher education reported more positive attitudes towards maintenance treatment, needle exchange, injection rooms and decriminalization of drugs for personal use. In conclusion, it is important to recognize and spread new developments and evidence-based research regarding harm reduction and decriminalization of narcotics drugs. Based on the respondents’ negative attitudes towards implement injection rooms and decriminalize drugs for personal use, but also the improvement of staffs’ attitudes that present study found it is supposed that neglecting prohibition and showing zero tolerance towards personal use will probably disappear in the future even in Sweden.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capa - Sumario.pdf: 209664 bytes, checksum: ea61e4ecb065c0b1f5009601a9865b0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-18 / As metrópoles brasileiras estão concentrando hoje a problemática social, cujo lado mais evidente e dramático é a exacerbação da violência. Neste cenário, os homicídios, em especial o juvenil, têm merecido crescente interesse tanto pela mídia, quanto pelo poder público e academia. A presente dissertação tem como pano de fundo a industrialização e suas consequências na formação do tecido urbano do Espírito Santo, particularmente, dos municípios de Anchieta e Guarapari, entre 1960 e 1980, mas pauta-se na reflexão sobre a formação de periferias, especificamente dos bairros Recanto do Sol e Mãe-bá em Anchieta e Adalberto Simão Nader e Kubistchek em Guarapari e sua relação com o processo de industrialização na região. Tais bairros são rotulados como sendo foco de criminalidade e que este perfil estaria relacionado uma característica cultural de sua população: regiões representadas como novas bahias , bairro dos baianos . Nesse sentido a dissertação descreve as etapas de industrialização brasileira, com recorte para a industrialização do Espírito Santo, com ênfase na no momento de superação de um modelo agrário-exportador para um modelo capitalista industrial e nos impactos na constituição do tecido urbano nas cidades. A pesquisa analisa o contexto de formação destes bairros, sob o foco do processo de urbanização, que pode ser representado pela superação da população rural pela urbana a partir da década de 1970. Tal fenômeno marca a expansão urbana da região, resultado do aumento do contingente populacional em função da oferta de mão de obra nos centros econômicos, em particular com o surgimento de indústrias. E apresenta um cenário de fragmentação do espaço urbano e de estigmatização da população migrante. A pesquisa justifica-se pela atual posição central da região sul no novo ciclo de desenvolvimento econômico do Estado. / The Brazilian cities are now concentrating on the social problem, whose side is more evident and dramatic exacerbation of violence. In this scenario, murders, especially the youth, have received growing interest by both the media and by government and academia. This dissertation has as background the industrialization and its consequences in shaping the urban fabric of the Holy Spirit, particularly the municipalities of Anchieta and Guarapari between 1960 and 1980, but is guided in considering the formation of suburbs, specifically the Corner neighborhood of the Sun and Mother-bah in Anchieta and Adalberto Simon Nader and Kubistchek Guarapari and its relation to the process of industrialization in the region. Such neighborhoods are labeled as the focus of crime and that this profile is related cultural characteristics of a population: regions represented as "new bays", "neighborhood of Bahia." In this sense the thesis describes the stages of industrialization, with a cutout for the industrialization of the Holy Spirit, with emphasis on the moment of overcoming the agrarian exporting to an industrial capitalist system impacts in the constitution of the urban cities. The research analyzes the context of formation of these districts, from the standpoint of the urbanization process, which can be represented by overcoming the urban rural population from the 1970s. This phenomenon marks the expansion of the urban region, a result of increased population group depending on the supply of labor in the economic centers, particularly with the emergence of industries. It presents a scenario of fragmentation of urban space and the stigmatization of migrants. The research is justified by the current central position in the south in the new cycle of economic development of the state

A travers cette thèse réalisée auprès des français d'origine maghrébine, nous avons essayé de déceler le rôle de certains processus cognitifs, affectifs et motivationnels qui peuvent conditionner la perception de discrimination en milieu professionnel et déterminer les stratégies d’ajustements mises en œuvre face à la privation de l’emploi. Dans une première étude (Etude1), nous avons essayé d’évaluer les effets directs ou indirects du statut « social acquis » sur la perception de discrimination au niveau individuel et groupal ; en ce sens, nous amorçons un questionnement quant à leurs répercussions sur l’estime de soi et les stratégies d’ajustement cognitives et identitaires. Dans la continuité des travaux sur l'ambiguïté attributionnelle (Crocker & Major, 1989), la deuxième étude (Etude 2) s’est intéressée aux effets émotionnels, cognitifs et comportementaux de l’activation de la situation de la discrimination face à l’emploi selon qu’elle est explicite ou ambiguë. Dans la troisième étude (Etude 3), qui s’est déroulée en deux phases, nous avons étudié les processus de perception de discrimination selon la source de discrimination (endogroupale vs exogroupale). Enfin, dans notre dernière étude (Etude 4), également en deux phases, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact du processus de comparaison (intergroupale vs intragroupale) sur la dévaluation du travail et la Croyance en un Monde Juste. / Despite structural dimensions which are linked to the unchanging objective factors of discrimination, we have been focused on the issue of the cognitive, affective and motivational processes that condition the reactions of French citizens with Maghreb origins and their perception. The aim of the first study « Study 1 » was to evaluate the direct and the indirect effects of the « obtained social status » about the feeling of individual and group discrimination towards stigmatized people. In that way to initiate a reflection regarding their impact on the self esteem. Then, within the second study « Study 2 », we were inspired of the work on the attributional ambiguity (Crocker & Major, 1989) in order to interest us on the emotional and behavioural effects which cause explicit or implicit discrimination. Within the third study « Study 3 », in two phases we have studied the perception process according to the source of discrimination. This was carried out in two phases. Finally, in our last study « Study 4 », we were interested on the impact of the comparison impact made (intragroup vs intergroup) concerning the psychological withdrawal and the belief in a righteous world.

This diploma thesis is focused on employment of people with schizophrenia. The main objectives were set up as follows: what are the job opportunities for people with schizophrenia and further explore the experience of people with schizophrenia with employment or unemployment. The diploma thesis consists of theoretical and research part. The theoretical part is divided into six subchapters which not only specify schizophrenia and the issues associated with this disease but are also focused more closely on the employment of schizophrenic people and the history and current status of individuals with schizophrenia and also the Fokus organization. In the empirical part are analysed and processed research results. The qualitative research undertaken for the purpose of this thesis was realized in two phases. In the first phase there was a pre-research and then the research itself. For achievement of the necessary data and information, a qualitative analysis was chosen, which was carried out by the method of questioning using the technique of narrative interview. All interviews were recorded with permission of the communication partners and then rewritten. The obtained data were analyzed in Atlas.ti using open coding. The research sample of communication partners was obtained using snowball sampling. The sample consisted of six clients diagnosed with schizophrenia from the non-profit organization Fokus Tábor. Also, two social workers from the Fokus Tábor organization were questioned for gaining more detailed information. The qualitative research brought finding that employment opportunities are varied depending on individual needs, abilities and health of individuals. Furthermore, it was found that work is positively perceived by persons with schizophrenia, as work helps them primarily in their mental and physical condition. Last but not least, the experience of communication partners with employment or unemployment was examined. These experience according to the information obtained are positive mainly because of the helpfulness of employers. This diploma thesis can be a source of information for both general and professional public. The obtained results can further serve as a feedback to the employees of Fokus Tábor organization and it is also possible to use the work as a potential basis for further investigation.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how men experience living with localized prostate cancer. It includes four substudies carried out between 1997 and 2005. To gather data, the men were interviewed at home and the interviews were recorded. The men (n=27; ages 60-70) who participated in the substudies had a PSA ≤10 ng/ml at the time of diagnosis, and had what is known as low-risk prostate cancer. Seven of the men chose to “wait and see” how the disease would progress after receiving the diagnosis. Twenty men chose curative treatment (10 men external radiation therapy, 10 men radical surgery). The interviews were analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutical method inspired by the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, and qualitative content analysis. Men who live with localized prostate cancer perceive the disease as life-threatening, unpredictable, and without early symptoms, which creates a sense of uncertainty, worry, anxiety, despair, and fear of death. Men primarily share perceptions of the disease and treatment with their wives and relatives, as well as with other men in the same situation. They avoid talking about their illness, and keep their innermost thoughts about their disease, prognosis, and the future to themselves. The choice to share their thoughts and feelings only sparingly with others is related in part to the perceived stigmatization of the diagnosis, as well as to consideration for friends and family. The men report that external radiation therapy and radical surgery have negative side effects such as erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and intestinal leakage. They describe the side effects as socially isolating; for example, urinary leakage can require a change of incontinence pads and clothing, and they feel that they smell bad. Men with erectile dysfunction describe themselves as maimed, and their sex lives have changed or disappeared. They report a change in their self-esteem and identity as men and they long for life as it was before the diagnosis, when they felt they had control over their bodily functions. A few men describe a sense of being literally and figuratively “exposed” when they are undressed for examinations or participate in discussions with female doctors and nurses about their erectile dysfunction. They do not describe this perception in the same way with respect to contact with male personnel. In the new situation after treatment, men try to regain a perceived sense of control in their daily lives, over the disease and the effects of treatment. They experience a sense of control over the disease through regular PSA tests; the implications of regular PSA tests can be interpreted as a life preserver in an uncertain world, considering that at the time they were diagnosed they had no symptoms and only had a PSA elevation. The PSA is important for this sense of control, and each PSA test is preceded by tense expectation. The PSA level is described as a reliable expression of the medical condition. The men cannot trust that their own perception of feeling healthy means that the disease is under control. Low and stable PSA levels over a long period of time give a sense of safety, security, and control over the situation. If the PSA climbs, the men feel that despite everything, they have caught it in time for further treatment. Discussions with other men with prostate cancer are also described as a way of having control over the situation. The men's endeavor to reconcile themselves to the new situation can be understood as a process, where they describe various strategies which can be used to forget the “cancer perspective” and achieve a perception of safety and security. Reconciliation with a new situation can be interpreted as a reorientation after the trauma of the cancer diagnosis. The study results show that the men are restrained in communicating their needs to others, which can be interpreted as their having a greater need for support and information than indicated by their signals. Having an internal image of what a man should be like can be an obstacle to showing these needs.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether parents that obtain long-term maintenance support in Enköping, consider the support as adequate when trying to meet their children's basic needs. The thesis also intends to investigate whether parents experience that their children, because they receive income support, have been socially excluded or stigmatized in their daily lives because of the family’s maintenance support. Further, the thesis aims to examine if there are any discrepancies in the above mentioned issue in relation to how long the parents have received maintenance support. Theoretical starting points used in this thesis mainly consist of the child perspective, social exclusion and the stigmatization theory. The empirical data is based on questionnaires and thus the method for the investigation is of a quantitative nature. Because of the small number of respondents and the large non-respond rate it is important to emphasize that the result merely shows tendencies among the respondents and therefore cannot be seen as a general opinion among all parents who receives long-term maintenance support. The results of the questionnaires show that parents consider the money to be sufficient to a greater extent when meeting the children's need of food and hygiene and to a lesser extent when it comes to clothing, shoes and recreational activities. The results further indicate a variation among the parents’ perception when it comes to social exclusion and the ability to meet their children’s need of recreational activities. The results in regards to possible stigmatization illustrates that the majority of the parents in the survey had not experienced that their financial situation had led to a different or unequal treatment of their children. However, the results shows that there is differences in the way parents think about the above questions in relation to how long they received income support. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad föräldrar, som långvarigt uppburit försörjningsstöd i Enköpings kommun, anser avseende att kunna tillgodose sina barns grundläggande behov. Syftet är också att undersöka om föräldrarna anser att deras barn, på grund av att de uppbär försörjningsstöd, har socialt exkluderats och stigmatiserats i sitt dagliga liv. Därtill syftar undersökningen till att studera om det finns någon skillnad i föräldrarnas syn kring ovanstående frågor i förhållande till hur lång tid som de har uppburit försörjningsstöd. Teoretiska utgångspunkter är barnperspektiv, social exkludering och stigmateori. Det empiriska materialet bygger på enkätformulär och således är metoden för undersökningen av ett kvantitativt slag. Det är viktigt att poängtera att studiens stora bortfall innebär att det inte är möjligt att generalisera resultaten till populationen. Därmed kan vi enbart uttala oss om de 13 respondenter som besvarat enkäten. Resultaten visar att föräldrarna i högre utsträckning anser att pengarna räcker till att tillgodose barnens behov av mat och hygien och i mindre utsträckning till kläder och skor samt fritidsaktiviteter. Avseende social exkludering finns det en variation i hur föräldrarna anser att de har ekonomiskt utrymme att tillgodose sina barns behov av olika fritidsaktiviteter. Dock visar resultaten att alla föräldrar i någon utsträckning anser att de inte har kunnat tillgodose barnens behov av fritidsaktiviteter. Resultaten för stigmatisering visar att majoriteten av föräldrarna anser att deras ekonomiska situation, att uppbära försörjningsstöd, inte i någon större omfattning medfört att deras barn har behandlats eller känt sig annorlunda. Samtidigt visar resultaten att alla föräldrar i någon grad anser att deras ekonomiska situation innebär en stigmatisering för deras barn. Avseende tidsaspekten visar resultaten att det finns en skillnad i hur föräldrarna anser kring ovanstående frågor i förhållande till hur lång tid de uppburit försörjningsstöd. De som har uppburit försörjningsstöd i 18 månader eller mer tenderar i de flesta frågor att vara mindre nöjda med insatsen än de som har uppburit försörjningsstöd i mindre än 18 månader.

<p>Intresset av att studera den institutionaliserade diskrimineringen, det symboliska våldet och de mekanismer som skapar inne- och utestängningsmekanismer på grundskolan härstammar från erfarenheter under mina år som student och lärare i Sverige. Forskning inom ämnet visar på att skolan är en sorteringsarena där symboliskt våld upptar en stor plats. Skolan som den är idag är långtifrån att vara en arena ”för alla” utan vissa personer lider av exkluderande praktiker medan andra njuter av inkluderande praktiker. Jag har använt mig av self-reportmetoden för att undersöka förekomsten av det symboliska våldet ur ett elevperspektiv, samt för att undersöka vad skolchefer gör för att hantera problemet och på så sätt återge alla samma möjligheter i ett medvetande av ”en skola för alla”. Studiens aktionsradie är grundskolan. Elevernas berättelser pekar på brister i lärarnas yrkesetik och visar att det symboliska våldet tar sig uttryck i förhållningssättet hos vissa lärare. Eleverna berättar om olika former av diskriminering såsom i betygssättning, bemötande i klassen i samband med sent ankomst och användandet av mobiltelefoner. Eleverna vittnar om bestraffning av olika typer. Detta sker vid bråk mellan dem och elever av annat etniskt ursprung eller vid betygssättning. Eleverna gör en tydlig koppling mellan bemötandet de möter hos lärarna och deras kultur och/eller etniska bakgrunder. Främlingsfientlighet och fördomar menar eleverna är stark hos några lärare. Dessa elever känner sig maktlösa och stigmatiserade. Utanförskapet hanteras genom att söka stöd hos de kamrater de har i skolan. Det eleverna berättar matchar teorierna om skolan som en arena för symboliskt våld, och i detta fall gentemot elever med annan bakgrund än den svenska. Skolcheferna medverkar i studien med hjälp av samma undersökningsmetod som för eleverna. De berättar hur de hanterar situationen samt redogör för sina erfarenheter som syftar till en dekonstruktion av den institutionella diskrimineringen. Skolcheferna satsar på värdegrundsarbete, utbildning av både personal och elever, integrering av modersmålundervisning i reguljära undervisningar och arbete med likabehandlingsplaner bland annat. Skolcheferna gör det de kan inom ramen för vad staten har bestämt men för att hantera problemet krävs lite mera: en Lex Sarah eller en inblandning av fackföreningen är några punkter jag föreslår. Denna studie kan uppfattas som en ögonöppnare för lärarstudenter, lärare och skolpersonal på alla nivåer, skolchefer, rektorer och statstjänstemän som arbetar med diverse skolfrågor. För lärarutbildare som beslutar om innehållet i en lärarutbildning, är studien också något att reflektera över.</p> / <p>My interest to study institutionalized discrimination, symbolic violence and themechanisms that create pull-in and push-out mechanisms in primary schools arose fromlived experiences both as a student and as a teacher in Sweden. Research on this subjectshows that school is a sieve, a place where symbolic violence is alive. School as it istoday is far from being an arena “for equal opportunities” since some pupils suffer theeffects of push-out mechanisms while others enjoy those of pull-in mechanisms. I haveused self-report as an investigative method to probe into the occurrence of symbolicviolence as experienced by pupils. School directors efforts to curb such practices andfoster equal opportunities within the context of “equal opportunities for everyone” havebeen looked into. Pupils’ experiences as narrated in this study by the pupils themselves,is indicative of weaknesses in portraying the code of ethics teachers are expected toadhere to. This symbolic violence is shown in the way these kids are treated in schoolby some teachers. These pupils tell about different forms of discrimination such as inawarding scores, teachers reaction with respect to late coming and the use of mobilephones in class. They relate stories of varying forms of punishment. Punishment isunleashed in case there is a squabble between them and ethnic Swedes or when scoresare to be awarded. These kids make a clear connection between the way they are treatedand their cultural background as well as their ethnic origins. Xenophobia and prejudiceare believed to be part of the reasons for such treatment in school. These kids feelpowerless and stigmatized. Alienation is struggled with by seeking solace amongst thefriends they have in school. What they recount to me creates a synchrony with thetheories of school as an arena for symbolic violence afore mentioned, and in this case,pupils of non-Swedish heritage. School directors have also been interviewed using thesame self-report method as for the pupils. They give an account of their experiences inconnection to deconstructing institutionalized discrimination. Such efforts by theseschool directors are geared towards working with fundamental values, educating bothpupils and teachers in interaction techniques, incorporating mother tongue teaching intoregular classroom teaching as well as working with equal treatment directive amongstother things. A Lex Sarah option or an involvement of the workers union has beenadvanced as possible solutions. This study can be seen as an eye-opener for students ofpedagogy, teachers and school employees at all levels, school directors, principals andgovernment officials dealing with school issues of all sorts. For those who plan coursesin teacher education, much can be learnt from this thesis.</p>

The purpose of this study was to create a deeper understanding for, and shine a light on the exit process for former criminal gang members. Which conditions appear to be important and what may constitute the enabling and inhibiting factors of an exit process? The study was based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with respondents who themselves have experience of a criminal lifestyle and gang affiliation, and with professionals in social work. Our theoretical approach is based on Helen Ebaugh’s definition of an exit process, labeling theories, strain theory and control theory. Said theories are usually an explanation for why an individual develops and remains in a criminal behavior. We used these theories in an opposite way, that is, as a model to explain how the way out of crime could look like.   The conclusion is that the process of leaving a criminal lifestyle and gang affiliation behind is complex. The criminal lifestyle means a marginalized position and limited resources linked to the conventional society. Throughout the process, the individual must, despite the difficulties, choose the legal options and be sustainable even if emotions like loneliness and disorientation arises. For individuals the way out of crime leads to a role change, to learn again. This indicates in our conclusions of the importance of including assistance in working with their criminal thinking patterns and behavior, orderly housing situation and livelihood as well as the importance of a supportive social network. Individuals who have been part of a criminal gang often have a unique support needs based on the environment they have been in, and not least by the sense of community and identity that the gang has meant to them.   Motivation and their willpower is portrayed as the most central means to cope with the exit process. The absence of one or more conditions increases the risk for the individual to fail while the access to conditions alone is not enough. The right conditions at the right time seems to appear as the key to generate a successful change process.