Gibbons (2015) writes that speaking is considered as the most important skill in language learning. However, Lundahl (2014) states that there are some pupils, in year 4-6, in Sweden who do not speak during the English lessons. Thus, the aim of this study is to find out what the reasons behind EFL pupils' unwillingness to speak English are. Furthermore, teaching strategies to overcome pupils' speaking anxiety are investigated. There are many studies that investigate the underlying reasons. The data collection, for this thesis, consists of interviews with some student-teachers at Malmö University. The results showed that traditional teaching methods along with fear of making linguistic errors are two of the main reasons. In addition, negative evaluation from peers and fear of producing grammatically incorrect sentences are also factors that contribute to some pupils’ anxiety over speaking English. According to our interviewees, the implementation of a safe, supportive and communicative environment in the classroom is crucial for encouraging and motivating pupils in language learning. Providing different authentic communicative tasks, songs, stories, and games that are related to pupils' lives and interests, as well as their needs and knowledge levels, are some of the strategies employed by some teachers.

The use of learners' first language when teaching English as a second language (ESL) is a topic which has been debated in the field of language learning. Few studies have, however, focused on the learners’ perspectives regarding a monolingual pedagogical approach in language teaching. This research review aims to uncover how Swedish middle school pupils view the use of Swedish during English classes and how a monolingual teaching approach affects learners’ foreign language anxiety (FLA). Our aim is to answer the following: 1) How do pupils view the use of their first language in the teaching of English? 2) How does a monolingual teaching approach relate to the pupils’ experiences of foreign language anxiety? Through a systematic search for and review of the current research in the field, we found strong support among the pupils for the use of the first language during English classes, where they see it as a facilitator for understanding the language. A link between a monolingual teaching approach and the learners FLA was also found, where difficulties regarding understanding the teacher is a source for anxiety. The lack of studies regarding the experiences of Swedish middle school pupils questions the certainty of our findings and implicates a need for further research. Didactical implications of our results concern the need for teachers to be aware of the pedagogical and affective effects of first language use. / I vilken utsträckning elevernas förstaspråk ska användas i undervisning av engelska har diskuterats inom forskningsfältet för språkinlärning. Förespråkare för dess användning menar på att det blir en givande ingång till elevernas språkutveckling medan kritiker menar att det snarare blir ett hinder för att utveckla en fördjupad förståelse. Trots det finns det få studier som är inriktade på elevernas inställning till en enspråkig engelskundervisning, framför allt i en svensk kontext. Med denna kunskapsöversikt ämnar vi skapa en övergripande bild av den aktuella forskningen om hur elever betraktar användningen av deras förstaspråk i engelskundervisningen samt i vilken grad en enspråkig engelskundervisning relaterar till deras foreign language anxiety (FLA). Konkretiserat syftar vi med vår kunskapsöversikt svara på följande frågor: 1) Hur uppfattar elever en engelskundervisning som inkluderar deras förstaspråk? 2) Hur relaterar en enspråkig undervisning i engelska till elevernas upplevda foreign language anxiety? För att svara på våra frågeställningar har vi på ett systematiskt sätt sökt fram, analyserat och diskuterat aktuell forskning om undervisning i engelska som andraspråk. Vårt resultat visar att elever är övervägande positivt inställda till att deras förstaspråk används i engelskundervisningen samt att det finns en koppling mellan en enspråkig undervisning i och på engelska och elevernas FLA. Fåtalet studier utförda i en svensk kontext pekar emellertid på frågan i vilken grad det går att dra en definitiv slutsats om FLA i en svensk kontext och visar på ett behov av fler studier. Didaktiska implikationer av resultatet kretsar kring behovet för lärare att bli medvetna om hur elever ställer sig till och blir påverkade av en enspråkig engelskundervisning.

There is an increased need for bilingual education programs throughout the U.S. as a result of the increasing bilingual population, especially Spanish-English bilinguals. With the implementation of such programs there also exists the need to be aware of issues that affect bilinguals and their language learning experience. One of these issues that has been investigated among foreign language learners, but less among bilinguals, is the issue of language anxiety. This case study reports the findings gathered from classroom observations, a language survey, focus group interviews and teacher interviews in order to better understand the issue of language anxiety among heritage language learners on the border. The information gathered from student and teacher participants at a high school in South Texas describes students' language background and attitudes toward language learning as well as teachers' background, beliefs about language teaching. Results include responses from both students and teachers in reference to what creates language anxiety and what can be done in the classroom to mitigate its effects. Results indicate that language anxiety is not the issue of greatest concern, although some lower proficient bilinguals experience it. Rather, it was found that poor classroom management has the ability to affect nearly every other aspect of a language class, directly affecting language expectations, language use, classroom routine, attitudes, and even the level of language anxiety. Due to poor classroom management, a very low expectation has been set for these students and as a result, there is also a low percentage of students who experience language anxiety. Recommendations for improving bilingual language classes come from students' comments during focus group interviews.

Det engelska språket har genom åren börjat undervisas i allt yngre åldrar i Sverige där muntlig produktion utgör en stor del av undervisningen. För många elever är detta kul och spännande men för vissa elever uppstår talängslan. Talängslan avser att känna oro och obehag inför att tala. Den här studien har genomförts utifrån intresset att undersöka vad elever har för attityder till den muntliga kommunikationen i engelskundervisningen samt vad lärare har för uppfattningar om talängslan och hur de arbetar för att främja muntlig produktion i ämnet. Studien är genomförd utifrån både elev- och lärarperspektiv genom metodkombination där enkäter och semistrukturerade intervjuer använts. All insamlad empiri har koncentrerats, kategoriserats och tolkats utifrån en induktiv ansats samt teorin WTC och det sociokulturella perspektivet. Informanterna i denna studie var 38 elever i årskurserna 2 och 3 samt tre lärare med behörighet att undervisa engelska i årskurserna 1–3. Resultatet visar att elever i årskurserna 2 och 3 till stor del har en positiv inställning till den muntliga produktionen i engelskämnet. Sammantaget visar resultatet från både elevenkäter och lärarintervjuer att talängslan förekommer, om än i liten grad. Resultatet visar även att elevernas trygghet ligger till grund för elevernas vilja att kommunicera på engelska, där varierade arbetssätt, mindre grupper och elevernas intressen förespråkas. / Over the years, the English language has started to be taught at younger ages in Sweden where oral production forms a large part of the education. For many pupils this is fun and exciting, but for some pupils language anxiety can occur. Language anxiety refers to feeling anxiety and discomfort towards speaking. This study has been carried out based on the interest to investigate pupils' attitudes towards oral communication in English education, and teachers' perceptions of language anxiety and how they work to promote oral production in the English language class. The study is carried out from both pupils and teacher perspectives through a combination of methods where questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used. All collected data has been compiled, categorized, and interpreted based on an inductive approach as well as the WTC theory and the socio-cultural perspective. The informants in this study were 38 pupils in grades 2 and 3, and three teachers with authorization to teach English in grades 1–3. The results show that pupils in grades 2 and 3 mainly have a positive attitude towards oral production in the English subject. Overall, the results from both pupils’ questionnaires and teacher interviews show that language anxiety occurs, albeit to a small degree. The results also show that the pupils' sense of safety is the basis for the pupils' willingness to communicate in English, where varied working methods, smaller groups and the pupils' interests are advocated. / <p>Engelska</p>

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som orsakar talängslan i engelska enligt sex mellanstadielärare från tre olika kommuner, samt vilka strategier de använder för att stödja elever som inte vågar att uttrycka sig på engelska vid kommunikativa tillfällen i klassen.  I intervjuer med de deltagande lärarna visade det sig att de är medvetna om olika faktorer som bidrar till talängslan i engelskämnet, såsom klassrumsklimatet, gruppdynamiken, elevernas personligheter och relationen lärare-elev. De deltagande lärarna använder sinsemellan likartade strategier för att stödja eleverna, som att skapa ett tryggt klassrumsklimat, ge eleverna chans att förbereda sig innan presentationer, inkludera olika roliga lekar och talaktiviteter, ge gradvis träning i små grupper med fokus på tryggt kamratskap i början, samt att vara en stödjande och uppmuntrande lärare.

A monolingual target language (TL) teaching norm has been promoted in second language learning over recent decades. Despite this, international studies indicate substantial variation in how and why teachers use the TL. This study investigates the extent of TL use during English lessons in Swedish classrooms in primary school, and how the choice of language correlates with teachers’ beliefs regarding second language learning (SLL) and the inclusion of the first language (L1). This study discusses the teachers’ didactic considerations and implementations of languages during their English lessons, and the teachers’ view on how the students are affected by the use of the TL in the classroom. Semi-structured interviews are carried out with three certified primary school English teachers. The interview data from this study show that the teachers’ main perception of TL use is that it should be used as much as possible. However, they all occasionally include the use of L1 in order to aid comprehension and prevent students’ anxiety. All three teachers emphasized the importance of a safe learning environment, especially when learning a new language. Even though the teachers agreed that the knowledge criterias for the subject of English in primary school do not place high demands on the students’ abilities in English, they as teachers place higher demands. The reason being that Swedish students’ level of English is higher than ever before and in turn teachers’ expectations are higher.

I dagens samhälle blir en välutvecklad kommunikationsförmåga inom det engelska språket allt viktigare, vilket sätter ett ökat ansvar på andraspråkslärare att tillhandahålla elever den muntliga kommunikationskompetens de behöver. Språkångest är ett välkänt fenomen som främst manifesterar sig vid muntliga aktiviteter i lärandesammanhang. Detta fenomen kan beskrivas som en komplexitet av självuppfattningar, känslor och beteenden som är kopplade till språkinlärning i klassrummet. Tidigare forskning om fenomenet har belyst betydelsen av lärarens roll samt identifierat flera faktorer som kan utlösa språkångest hos elever. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurserna 3 och 4 planerar sin undervisning för att reducera språkångest vid muntliga aktiviteter samt att analysera vilka skillnader och likheter som finns i metodvalen hos lärare i dessa årskurser. För att uppnå detta syfte användes semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsinstrumentet med lärare som har erfarenhet av att undervisa i engelska i årskurserna 3 och 4. Resultaten från denna studie visar att lärare använder flera olika metoder för att minska språkångest hos elever. Genom intervjuerna kunde det konstateras att det finns både likheter och skillnader i lärarnas metodval som undervisar i årskurserna 3 och 4. Trots detta resultat kunde ingen markant skillnad i metodvalen för de båda årskurserna identifieras. / In today’s society, well-developed communication skills within the English language are important, placing a responsibility on second language teachers to provide pupils with the ora lcommunications skills they need. Language anxiety is a well-known phenomenon that mainly manifests itself on oral activities in a learning context. This phenomenon can be described as a complexity of self-perceptions, emotions and behaviors that are linked to language learning in the classroom. Previous research into the phenomenon has highlighted the impotence of the teacher’s role and identified several factors that can trigger language anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers in grades 3 and 4 plan their teaching to reduce language anxiety during oral activities and to analyze the differences and similarities in the method choices of teaches in these grades. To achieve this aim, semi-structured interviews were used as the date collection instrument with teachers who have experience teaching English in grades 3 and 4. The results of this study show that teachers use several different methods to reduce language anxiety in pupils. Through the interviews, it could be established that there are both similarities and differences in the methods choices of the teachers how teach grades 3 and 4. Despite this result, no marked differences in the methods choice for the two grades could be identified.

This project aims to research teachers’ and students’ perspectives on Foreign Language Anxiety when speaking English, and what strategies teachers and students report having in the ESL classroom. To achieve this, three ninth-grade students were interviewed in a group setting, and five secondary school ESL teachers used semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in a school south of Sweden. This is done to get both perspectives with a focus on perceptions and strategies to manage speech-related anxiety. Speaking is one of the four important skills that students need to master to fully master a language. The results show that many students find Foreign Language Anxiety to be a factor in hindering their progress in English, as they sometimes have difficulties speaking because of psychological issues where anxiety often occurs as a factor. Through exploration and comparison between the perceptions of students and teachers, the study uncovers effective strategies to lessen or eliminate Foreign Language Anxiety for students and help them develop their speaking skills in English. Additionally, the results show that it is important to give the students the opportunities and conditions for them to succeed regardless of psychological barriers. This study contributes to the existing findings of Foreign Language Anxiety while adding the comparison between the teachers and students and also effective strategies.

Anyone who has been learning a new language knows the feeling of anxiety when facedwith the task to use it in the classroom and in real life. Foreign Language Anxiety isconcept developed by Horwitz et al. (1986) to describe and measure this specific form ofanxiety. In this study, the anxiety levels of a class of Chinese senior middle schoolstudents taking an English class have been measured. The levels were measuredaccording to the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale, developed by Horwitz et al. (1986). 59informants participated in the study. The data were analysed to find which factors invokethe most anxiety. To gather qualitative data and gain further insight, two sets of groupinterviews were performed. The results show that a majority of the students suffer fromanxiety in class. Teacher-generated anxiety seems to be the most provoking factoraccording to the analysis. / Alla som har studerat ett främmande språk känner igen den ängslan man upplever närspråket ska användas i klassrummet eller i en autentisk situation. Språkängslan införfrämmande språk är ett begrepp som utvecklats av Horwitz et al. (1986) för att beskrivaoch mäta den här specifika formen av ängslan. I den här studien har nivån av ängslan ien kinesisk högstadieklass som studerar engelska mätts. Nivån har mätts i enlighet medskalan för språkängslan i samband med undervisning i främmande språk (författarensöversättning) utvecklad av Horwitz et al. (1986). 59 informanter deltog i studien. Datananalyserades för att se vilka faktorer som framkallar mest ängslan. För att samlakvalitativ data och få djupare insyn genomfördes också två gruppintervjuer. Resultatetvisar att en majoritet av studenterna lider av ängslan i klassrummet. Lärargenereradängslan är den mest bidragande faktorn enligt analysen.

The Swedish curriculum is and has been evolving for as long as it has existed. Since 1994 the communicative proficiency has been one of the most central aspects of the English subject in Swedish elementary school. However, an ever-evolving issue is the increasing Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) among pupils. This causes difficulties in the development of communicative proficiency. This literary review aims to find aspects of the educational situation which can be altered to decrease pupils FLA and FLCA. This paper has a basis of five articles and one thesis which have been reviewed and analyzed. The results show several aspects which can have an impact on pupils FLA and FLCA. One of which being that students are less anxious when they feel that mistakes are a natural part of the learning process. Another aspect that can decrease pupils' FLA or FLCA is when they can experience their proficiency evolving. For this development to occur the amount of time spent learning the subject is central. The conclusion of this paper brings forward several both social and organizational factors that can be altered in favor of the pupils feeling less FLA and FLCA. / Kursplanen i engelska har under de senaste 40 åren fokuserat mer ochmer på den kommunikativa förmågan. Samtidigt har elevers ängslankring att kommunicera på engelska ökat. Att elever upplever en ökadForeign Language Anxiety (FLA) och Foreign Language ClassroomAnxiety (FLCA) skapar ökade utmaningar för att i klassrummet kunnautveckla elevernas kommunikativa förmåga. Under dennalitteraturöversikt undersöks och problematiseras hur elevers FLApåverkas av tidig språkstart, men även hur man kan planeraundervisningen för att minska FLA in klassrummet. För att besvaradessa frågor har artiklar och avhandlingar sökts fram i flertaletdatabaser. Resultatet som framkommer är att elevers FLA och FLCAminskar då de inser att misstag är centrala för språkinlärningensamt att deras förmågor utvecklas med tiden. Det framkommer även attelever har en större språklig utveckling av att börja med engelska tidigt,dock är det inte fastställt att detta har med åldern på eleverna att göradå det även kan bero på fler undervisningstimmar. Sammanfattningsvisbeskrivs både sociala och organisatoriska aspekter avundervisningssituationen som är centrala att överväga för att påverkaelevers FLA och FLCA.