Ce mémoire se consacre à l’étude de l’expérience du parrainage conjugal, dans ses dimensions affectives et incorporées et les impacts que cette démarche opère sur les individus et le couple. La catégorie de parrainage conjugal (qui se divise en 3 sous-catégories en fonction du « statut conjugal du couple ») est une catégorie d’immigration qui défie les limites privé/public et intimité/institutions, car elle repose sur une exposition intime de la relation (dans le cadre d’un dossier recoupant des « preuves de relation ») dont le but est de prouver son authenticité. Ce dévoilement effectué par les couples se fait dans le cadre normé et codifié d’une procédure légale, procédure par ailleurs remplie de contraintes. En prenant comme point de départ la rencontre entre l’État et les couples, il s’agit de dresser une analyse de l’expérience de cette catégorie d’immigration pour les couples lesbo-queers. De fait, ce mémoire part du constat que la migration de couple n’aborde que très peu les migrations de couples non-hétérosexuels, lorsque les études d’immigration queer se consacrent surtout aux parcours migratoires individuels. Or, avec l’ouverture au début des années 2000 du parrainage conjugal aux couples non-hétérosexuels au Canada (LaViolette 2004), et la croissante suspicion dont sont sujets les couples passant par le parrainage (Geoffrion 2018 ; D’Aoust 2014), il apparait intéressant de questionner comment les modalités de cette procédure agissent dans la vie des couples qui y sont confrontés. En étant une catégorie qui repose sur l’évaluation des relations conjugales allant de légitimes à illégitimes, d’authentiques à frauduleuses, il est porteur d’étudier comment cette expérience normative est vécue par les couples – lesbo-queers en particulier. Cette recherche se base sur les récits de vie de sept personnes ayant été parrainées dans le cadre de relations lesbo-queers, et vise à questionner les effets affectifs, matériels, symboliques que les modalités du parrainage opèrent sur les couples. Cette recherche invite à approfondir les enjeux sous-tendus par cette rencontre singulière entre les couples et l’État, suivant une perspective queer. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the experience of spousal sponsorship, in its affective and embodied dimensions and the impacts that this process has on individuals and the couple. The category of conjugal sponsorship (which is divided into 3 sub-categories according to the "conjugal status of the couple") is an immigration category that defies private/public and privacy/institutional boundaries, as it relies on an intimate exposure of the relationship (in the context of a file of "relationship evidence") whose purpose is to prove its authenticity. The disclosure made by the couples is done within the normed and codified framework of a legal procedure, a procedure that is also full of constraints. Taking as a starting point the encounter between the State and the couples, the aim is to analyze the experience of this immigration category for lesbo-queer couples. In fact, this thesis starts from the observation that couple migration only very rarely addresses the migration of non-heterosexual couples, when queer immigration studies are mainly devoted to individual migratory paths. However, with the opening of conjugal sponsorship to non-heterosexual couples in Canada in the early 2000s (LaViolette 2004), and the growing suspicion of which couples going through sponsorship are subject (Geoffrion 2018; D’Aoust 2014), it seems interesting to question how the modalities of this procedure act in the lives of the couples facing it. Being a category that relies on the evaluation of marital relationships ranging from legitimate to illegitimate, from authentic to fraudulent, it is a carrier to study how this normative experience is lived by couples - lesbo-queer in particular. This research is based on the life stories of seven people who have been sponsored within the framework of lesbo-queer relationships, and aims to question the affective, material and symbolic effects that the modalities of sponsorship have on the couples. This research invites to deepen the stakes underlying this singular meeting between the couples and the State, according to a queer perspective.

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Elevated social anxiety (SA) is linked to issues with emotional distress, substance use, and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Notwithstanding concerns of how sexuality has been defined in the extant literature, emerging evidence suggests that the prevalence of SA and related challenges may be disproportionately present among sexual minorities, including lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs). This trend may be especially relevant within the developmental context of emerging adulthood, an important period for development of sexual identity, and a time when individuals are already predisposed to heightened feelings of SA. The present study examined the relationship between sexual orientation (measured using sexual identity, sexual attraction, and past romantic and sexual behavior) and social anxiety (related to social interaction and social performance) among emerging adults. minority sexual identities [Welch's F(5,48.08) = 5.56, p = .002, ηp2 = .02.], same-sex attraction [Welch's F(4,108.06) = 11.27, p < .001, ηp2 = .04], and same-sex romantic [Welch's F(5,85.91) = 6.88, p < .001, ηp2 = .03] and sexual experiences[F(5,61.95) = 8.88, p < .001, ηp2 = .04], particularly among those who indicated attraction to multiple sexes. Findings support research that indicates that sexual minority adults experience higher levels of SA than majority (i.e., heterosexual, opposite-sex oriented) adults, and that assessment of sexuality may reflect number of sexual minorities identified. Future directions including intersections of race/ethnicity and gender are discussed.

This study explored and highlighted the experiences of trained Marriage and Family Therapists of Afro-Caribbean descent in working with persons who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or Questioning (LGBTQ). The researcher utilized collected data to help to advance our understanding on the potential impact of the cultural experiences and how they may or may not contribute to institutionalized homophobia within the Caribbean, by Mental Health professionals, specifically Marriage and Family Therapists. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with 3 practicing Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs) with strong Caribbean upbringing, values, and influences. For the purpose of this study, strong has been defined as having being born and/or raised in the Caribbean. This qualitative study employed the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to aid in making sense of the data that was collected. Data gathered from the interviews of three participants revealed two prominent superordinate themes: “Homophobia” and “Evolving Views” with emerging subthemes that explored culture, religion, “checking yourself at the door” and connecting with persons who identify as LGBTQ. The findings from the study helped to add to the limited research available on the lived experiences of Marriage and Family Therapists of Afro-Caribbean descent and their work with persons who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or Questioning (LGBTQ).

Utgångspunkten inför studien är att våld i nära relationer inte sällan benämns som mäns våld mot kvinnor och syftar till att det är ett fenomen som främst förekommer inom heterosexuella relationer, där mannen framförallt ses som förövaren. Vi ser att våld i samkönade relationer därigenom riskerar att inte bli lika uppmärksammat. Från litteraturen går det att utläsa att det kan påverka tillgången till stöd och hjälp för personer som lever i våldsamma samkönade relationer. Vidare ser vi även att hbtq-personer, världen över, många gånger lever utan samma rättigheter som heterosexuella. Studien har som syfte att undersöka hur våld i samkönade relationer, uppbrott och bemötande kan uppfattas och beskrivas från personer som levt i en våldsam samkönad relation. Studiens material har samlats in från offentligt publicerade, personliga, berättelser på sociala forum, både internationellt och nationellt. Studiens resultat visade att våldet i en samkönad relation kan beskrivas på liknande sätt som våld i nära relation. Däremot framgick det i resultatet att målgruppen kan stå inför en specifik utsatthet till följd av samhällets struktur och normer. Denna aspekt återfanns i våldets olika uttryck, uppbrott och bemötande. Det är en aspekt som vanligtvis inte återfinns i våld i nära, heterosexuella, relationer. Ett annat resultat från studien var att hjälp- och serviceorganisationer inte ansetts vara behjälpliga och anpassade att bemöta målgruppen. Däremot framkom det att individuella professionella har ansetts behjälpliga i uppbrottet och tiden efteråt. Det återfanns även ett märkbart fenomen inom resultatet där män som är utsatta av våld tenderar stå utanför samhällets skyddssystem. Det framgick att mäns utsatthet, i sig, osynliggörs genom samhällets förutfattade meningar kring maskulinitet och mannens roll i samhället. Slutsatser från studien är att våld i samkönade relationer till stor del liknar det våld som återfinns i våld i nära relationer, men att det finns aspekter som skiljer sig. Dessa aspekter utgörs av hbtq-personers generella, och karaktäristiska, utsatthet i samhället och kan leda till att personerna blir dubbelt isolerade. Slutligen har vi även kunnat dra en slutsats om att heteronormen i ett samhälle kan bidra till att fenomenet blir obelyst. / Our prior view is that violence in close relationships is not often referred as men's violence against women and aims to be a phenomenon which mainly occurs in heterosexual relationships, where the man is the perpetrator. Therefore, violence in same sex relationships risks not being as well known. Based on the literature this may affect access to support and help for people living in violent same sex relationships. Furthermore, we also see that LGBTQ-people often live without same rights as heterosexuals. The aim of this study was to investigate how break-up and response regarding violence in same sex relationships can be perceived and described from people who have lived in a violent same sex relationship. The materials of the study have been collected from publicly published, personal, stories on social forums, both internationally and nationally. The results of the study show that violence in a same sex relationship can be expressed similarly as violence in a close relationship. However, the results showed that the target group can face a specific vulnerability as a result of the structure and norms of society. This aspect was found in various expressions, break-up and response of violence. It is an aspect usually not found in violence in close, heterosexual, relationships. Another result was that aid and service organizations were not considered helpful nor adapted to meet the target group. However, it emerged that individual professionals were considered helpful in the break-up and afterwards. There was also a noticeable phenomenon where men who were subjected to violence tend to be outside the social protection system. It appears that men's vulnerability is invisible through society's preconceived notions of masculinity and man's role in society. Conclusions drawn in the study are that violence in same sex relationships is similar to the violence found in close relationships, though there are aspects that differ. These aspects constitutes from LGBTQ-peoples general vulnerability in society and how it risks causing them to become doubly isolated. Finally, we have been able to conclude that the heteronorm can contribute to the phenomenon going unresolved.

Plusieurs enquêtes états-uniennes et canadiennes montrent que les personnes de la diversité sexuelle et de genre sont plus vulnérables face aux problèmes de santé mentale (détresse psychologique, dépression, troubles anxieux, problèmes de consommation, etc.) et plus à risque d’être victimes de violences conjugales au cours de leur vie. Mais cette population n’est pas homogène : parmi les différents sous-groupes de la communauté LGBTQ+ (lesbienne, gai, bisexuel·le, trans, queer et autre), les femmes de la diversité sexuelle sont particulièrement vulnérables face à ces problématiques. Le modèle du stress minoritaire explique cette vulnérabilité par le fait que les personnes de la diversité sexuelle et de genre souffrent de facteurs de stress spécifiques qui peuvent avoir des conséquences sur leur santé mentale et leurs relations. Ces facteurs peuvent être exogènes, c’est-à-dire provenir de l’extérieur de l’individu, comme les préjudices vécus dus à son identité sexuelle et de genre (harcèlement, discrimination, violence physique, etc.). Mais ils peuvent aussi être endogènes, c’est-à-dire provenant de l’individu lui-même. Ils sont alors plus subjectifs, comme le fait de s’attendre à être stigmatisé (la stigmatisation anticipée), le non-dévoilement de son identité sexuelle et/ou de genre et l’homophobie ou la transphobie intériorisée. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est d’examiner l’impact des facteurs de stress minoritaire et des différentes formes de victimisation conjugale sur les symptômes de dépression et d’anxiété chez les femmes de la diversité sexuelle, en fonction de leur identité sexuelle et de genre. Pour réaliser cette étude, 209 personnes qui s’identifient comme femme (âge moyen = 33,9 ans), vivant au Canada et qui ont vécu des violences dans une relation intime avec une femme par le passé ont répondu à notre questionnaire en ligne. Nous avons mesuré l’identité sexuelle et de genre, la victimisation conjugale, les facteurs de stress minoritaire, et les symptômes de dépression et d’anxiété. Des régressions hiérarchiques montrent que les sentiments négatifs sur son appartenance à la diversité sexuelle sont positivement associés aux symptômes de dépression et d’anxiété, même après avoir contrôlé pour l’âge, l’ethnie, l’identité sexuelle et de genre et la victimisation. La victimisation psychologique est également positivement associée aux symptômes d’anxiété et la victimisation sexuelle aux symptômes de dépression. L’âge est négativement associé aux symptômes d’anxiété et ne pas être attiré strictement par les femmes (s’identifier comme bisexuel·le, pansexuel·le, queer ou autre) est positivement associé aux symptômes de dépression dans notre échantillon. Ces résultats apportent de nouvelles informations sur l’association entre les violences conjugales, le stress minoritaire et la santé mentale. Ainsi, ce mémoire montre l’impact de la victimisation conjugale sur la santé mentale des femmes de la diversité sexuelle ayant été victimes de violences conjugales. Il met également en avant l’impact significatif des sentiments négatifs sur son appartenance à la diversité sexuelle, une composante de l’homophobie intériorisée, sur les symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression. Il vient souligner la nécessité d’évaluer les besoins de cette population, et plus largement de toute la diversité sexuelle et de genre, et d’adapter les interventions auprès des victimes de violences conjugales à ces besoins. / Canadian and American population surveys show that people from the sexual diversity and gender-diverse people are more at risk of mental health problems (psychological distress, depression, anxiety disorders, substance use problems) and of being victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime. But the LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other) community is not homogeneous: between the different subgroups of this population, sexual minority women (SMW) are at particularly high risk of experiencing stigma, mental health problems and being victims of IPV. This vulnerability can be explained by the sexual and gender minority stress model, stating that sexual and gender minority people suffer from specific stress factors added to general stressors, leading to more mental health and relationship problems. Those stress factors can be distal, such as prejudice events one suffers from based on their sexual or gender identity (harassment, discrimination, physical violence, etc.). But they can also be proximal, and therefore more subjective, such as expecting to be rejected or discriminated (also called stigma consciousness), concealing one’s sexual or gender identity, or suffering from internalized homophobia or transphobia. The main goal of this Master’s thesis was to assess the impact of minority stress factors and of different forms of past IPV victimization on the current mental health of Canadian SMW, as a function of their sexual and gender identity. In total, 209 individuals identifying as women (M age = 33,9), living in Canada and who lived in a violent intimate relationship with a woman in the past answered our online survey. Questionnaire assessed sexual orientation and gender identity, IPV behaviors, minority stress factors, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Hierarchical regressions showed that psychological aggression was positively associated with anxiety symptoms and sexual coercion with depressive symptoms. Not being strictly attracted to women (i.e. identifying as bisexual, pansexual, queer or something else) was also associated to high symptoms of depression and age was negatively associated to anxiety symptoms. After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sexual and gender identity and IPV victimization, having negative feelings about being a SMW was strongly associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms. This Master’s thesis provides new information on the interconnected associations among IPV, minority stress and SMW’s mental health. It shows the importance of LGBTQ+ specific stress factors, particularly of negative feelings about being a SMW, on the mental health of SMW IPV survivors. It highlights the necessity to evaluate the needs of SMW IPV survivors and, more broadly, of all sexual and gender minorities. This could allow clinical intervention to be more adapted to the needs of LGBTQ+ IPV victims and therefore help buffer against victimization they are faced by.

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