A Constituição é produto do Poder Constituinte. Após a elaboração e edição da Constituição, o Poder Constituinte continua a existir em estado de latência. Contudo, a Constituição, como norma jurídica que é, necessita ser adaptada à realidade social cambiante, caso contrário não será apta a reger a vida da sociedade e do Estado e terá de ser substituída pela ação revolucionária do Poder Constituinte. Assim, o Poder Constituinte incumbe um órgão ou um complexo de órgãos da reforma da Constituição, o qual, contudo, com ele não se confunde. Como o Poder de Reforma Constitucional é um poder instituído, sujeita-se às regras impostas pelo Poder Constituinte, que o cria, e, entre estas regras, encontram-se as limitações à reforma da Constituição. Certa doutrina rejeita as limitações à reforma da Constituição, pela impossibilidade de uma geração vincular as gerações futuras; outra parte defende a superação das limitações por um processo de dupla revisão; finalmente, uma terceira corrente defende as limitações alicerçando-as em três argumentos principais: o precompromentimento constitucional, o dualismo democrático e a defesa da democracia e dos direitos humanos. A Constituição Federal de 1988 prevê quatro espécies de limitações à reforma da Constituição: material, formal, circunstancial e temporal. Os maiores questionamentos, contudo, apresentam-se em relação às limitações materiais, que formam o núcleo intangível da Constituição. Para a garantia de existência de limitações, a reforma da Constituição sujeita-se ao controle de constitucionalidade por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal. / The Constitution is a product of Constituent Power. After elaborating the Constitution, the Constituent power remains asleep. Nevertheless, the Constitution, as a law, necessits to be adjusted to the social reality or will not be able to rule the live of the State and the society and will be replaced by the Constituent Power revoluctionary action. Therefore, the Constituent Power imputes to an Assembly the function of amending the Constitution; however, both of them are not the same phenomenon. The power of amending the Constitution is created by the Constituent Power and consequently is submited to the limitations established. Some authors refuse the limitations of amending process, because the generation can not bind the future generations; others support the possibility to overcome the limitations by a double amending process; finaly, there is a tendency to defend the limitations presenting three mainly arguments: constitutional precommitment, dualist democracy and the defense of the democracy and the human rights. The Brazilian Constitution ordains four sorts of limitations: substantial, formal, circunstantial and temporal. The deepest disagreement refer to the substantial limitations that obstruct the reform of the Constitution nucleus. To guarantee the existence of the limitations, the amending process submits to the control by the Supreme Court.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är en av de vanligaste cancerformerna som drabbar kvinnor i Sverige. Sjuksköterskor som saknade en onkologisk utbildning upplevde att det var svårt att vårda kvinnor med bröstcancer. Kvinnors närstående upplevde ett stort ansvar att ta hand om kvinnorna. Syfte: Var att beskriva kvinnornas upplevelser av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie med en beskrivande syntes enligt Evans analysmodell. Resultat: Det första temat som framkom var ett förändrat liv med subteman att leva med en förändrad kropp och att uppleva oro. Det andra temat som framkom var vikten av stöd från omgivningen och det innehöll subteman att få stöd av kvinnor med bröstcancer, upplevelser av stöd från närstående, behov av stöd från sjukvårdspersonalen samt upplevelser av stöd från religionen. Slutsats: Kvinnorna upplevde kroppsförändringar som begränsade deras möjligheter i tillvaron. Kvinnorna upplevde även oro över framtiden. Kvinnorna fick mer kunskap om bröstcancern när de mötte andra som befann sig i samma situation. Kvinnorna hade både positiva och negativa erfarenheter av stödet de fick från sina närstående och sjukvårdspersonalen. Vissa av kvinnorna upplevde även att religionen gav de hopp och styrka att fortsätta kämpa med sina liv. Nyckelord: Begränsningar, bröstcancer, närstående, sjuksköterskor, stöd, upplevelser / Background: Breast Cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that affects woman in Sweden. Nurses without an oncological education experienced difficulties caring for women with breast cancer. Relatives to women with breast cancer experienced a great responsibility to take care of the women´s. Purpose: To describe women's experience of living with breast cancer. Method: A qualitative literature review with a descriptive synthesis according to Evans method of analysis. Result: The first theme that occurred was a changed life with the subthemes living with a changed body and experience concern. The second theme that occurred was importance of getting support from the environment and with the subthemes to get support from women with breastcancer, experience of support from relatives, the need of support from healthcare professionals and experiences of support from religion. Conclusion: The women experienced changes within their bodies that limited their opportunities in life. The women also experienced concerns about the future. Meeting other women and gave the women more knowledge about breast cancer. The women had both positive and negative experiences of the support they received from their relatives and the healthcare professional. They also felt that religion gave them hope and strength to continue to fight with their lives.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceleLeandro.pdf: 1702311 bytes, checksum: 7690ff333ac782b043b8e30c8c077996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / This research is the object of study of mathematics textbooks used for Distance Education (DE). This research was built having as theoretical studies on distance education and the teaching materials for distance education. The question that guides this study is defined as: what are the characteristics, needs and limitations inherent in the educational material focused on mathematics and Distance Education? Faced with this question, due the following objective: to explain the needs, limitations and specifics of Teaching Materials for Undergraduate courses in mathematics at a distance. This research was conducted in the city of Ponta Grossa / PR, with the fields of research, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), characterized as a case study. In the investigation in question, this study referred to the description of the organization of the course textbook Instrumentation for the Teaching of Mathematics in Distance Education I UEPG, the activities of the platform MOODLE and files that complement the textbook, explaining what the specifics, limitations and needs of educational materials developed for distance education. As that investigation, the textbook analysis meets some needs inherent to a material written for this mode, but it shows with some limitations and resource constraints, compromising student learning. Use of MOODLE platform proved to be a necessity and an important tool for interaction and communication between teachers and students, allowing students a more active role in their education, more autonomy, promoting a more efficient construction of their learning and acquisition of their knowledge. / A presente investigação tem como objeto de estudo o material didático de matemática utilizado para a Educação a Distância (EaD). Essa pesquisa foi construída tendo como fundamentação teórica os estudos sobre EaD e sobre o Material Didático para a EaD. A questão que norteia esse estudo é definida como: quais são as especificidades, limitações e necessidades inerentes ao material didático de matemática voltado para e Educação a Distância? Diante dessa questão, decorre o seguinte objetivo: explicitar as necessidades, limitações e especificidades do Material Didático para Cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática a distância. Essa investigação foi realizada no município de Ponta Grossa/PR, tendo como campos de pesquisa a Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), caracterizando-se como um estudo de caso. Na investigação em questão, esse estudo se referiu a descrição da organização do livro didático da disciplina Instrumentação para o Ensino de Matemática I em EaD da UEPG, das atividades da plataforma MOODLE e dos arquivos que complementam o livro didático, explicitando quais as especificidades, limitações e necessidades dos materiais didáticos elaborados para Educação a Distância. Como resultados dessa investigação, o livro didático analisado cumpre algumas necessidades inerentes a um material escrito para esta modalidade, mas se mostra com algumas limitações e restrições de recursos, comprometendo a aprendizagem dos alunos. A utilização da plataforma MOODLE mostrou-se como uma necessidade e um instrumento importante para a interação e comunicação entre professores e alunos, permitindo ao aluno um papel mais ativo na sua formação, maior autonomia, promovendo uma construção mais eficiente da sua aprendizagem e aquisição do seu conhecimento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Pires.pdf: 545965 bytes, checksum: a9ea384ee3463a0a40050c261609da4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-26 / The work aims to analyze the limitations on movement of vehicles as an instrument of urban policy, which under the light of the Federal Constitution and the Statute of the City, aims to regulate the full development of the social functions of the city in order to guarantee the collective right to sustainable cities. It demonstrates the impacts of the model of circulation centered in automobiles on the quality of life of the population. It notes the importance of the integrated planning among transit, traffic and the use and occupation of urban land. It introduces the concept of urban mobility and the Law Project 1.687/2007, as positive changes in the displacement crisis conditions in the city. It shows the municipal legal authority to regulate the local transit and traffic and, therefore, to establish limitations on the movement of vehicles, which are related to the freedom of transit and traffic. The municipal rules, as issued in the exercise of police power of the State, to be regarded as legitimate, must be established by law, of concurrent initiative, besides being subjected to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality / O trabalho busca analisar as limitações à circulação de veículos enquanto instrumento de política urbana, que, à luz da Constituição Federal e do Estatuto da Cidade, tem por objetivo ordenar o pleno desenvolvimento das funções sociais da cidade de modo a garantir o direito coletivo a cidades sustentáveis. Demonstra os impactos do modelo de circulação centrado nos automóveis sobre a qualidade de vida da população. Verifica a importância do planejamento do trânsito e do transporte, aliado ao uso e ocupação do solo urbano. Apresenta o conceito de mobilidade urbana, bem como o Projeto de Lei n° 1.6 87/2007, como mudanças positivas no cenário de crise das condições de deslocamento na cidade. Evidencia que o Município tem competência para regular o trânsito e o tráfego local e, portanto, para estabelecer limitações à circulação de veículos, que estão relacionadas à liberdade de trânsito e tráfego. As regras municipais, expedidas no exercício de poder de polícia do Estado, para serem consideradas legítimas, devem ser estabelecidas por lei, de iniciativa concorrente, além de estarem sujeitas ao princípio da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade

Since the requirements for a graduate to get an employment has changed must the also education of the graduates’ change. With this said must the education and the requirements for getting a employment have a positive correlation. There are studies that deduces that the case-study method has many beneficial properties that will help accomplishing this, but the case-study method does also come with some difficulties that should be had in mind when considering the implementing of the method. This paper has therefore been constructed to enlighten those who potentially thinks of using the case-study method as a pedagogic tool, in purpose to educate them about the difficulties. In this paper have the current literature been analysed and there been found difficulties in the implementation of the case-study method. These difficulties have therefore been categorised in the purpose the facilitate the conclusions.

Purpose: To examine the association of affective experience and health-related quality of life in lung cancer patients, we hypothesized that negative affect would be positively, and positive affect would be negatively, associated with perceived health. Methods: A sample of 133 English-speaking lung cancer patients (33% female; mean age = 63.68 years old, SD = 9.37) completed a battery of self-report surveys. Results: Results of our secondary analysis indicate that trait negative affect was significantly associated with poor physical and social functioning, greater role limitations due to emotional problems, greater bodily pain, and poor general health. Positive affect was significantly associated with adaptive social functioning, fewer emotion-based role limitations, and less severe bodily pain. In a full model, positive affect was significantly associated with greater levels of social functioning and general health, over and above the effects of negative affect. Conclusions: Reduction of negative affect is an important therapeutic goal, but the ability to maintain positive affect may result in greater perceived health. Indeed, engagement in behaviors that result in greater state positive affect may, over time, result in dispositional changes and enhancement of quality of life.

Sammanfattning  Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är en folksjukdom och ca 250 000 människor i Sverige är diagnostiserade med sjukdomen. Hur drabbade personer upplever sjukdomen i vardagslivet är viktigt för att kunna hjälpa dem så mycket som möjligt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med hjärtsvikt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ och induktiv ansats är genomförd av 13 resultatartiklar. Resultat: Två kategorier framkom vid analysarbetet, känslomässiga och kroppsliga förändringar. Upplevelser som kunde utläsas i resultatet var hopplöshet, frustration och depression, men också glädje över det friska livet de hunnit leva, trygghet i att ha någon nära och viljan att fortsätta trots begränsningar. Slutsatser: Hjärtsvikt genererar många blandade känslor. Fynden visar att det är viktigt för vården att kunna identifiera utmaningarna med att leva med hjärtsvikt. Detta för att kunna stötta och utbilda de drabbade personerna. Kunskap om symptom är en bemästringsstrategi som skapar trygghet.  Nyckelord: Hjärtsvikt, trygghet och otrygghet, begränsningar, Teori om planerat beteende. / Summary  Title: Peoples experiences of living with heart failure - a literature review.   Background: Heart failure is a public disease and about 250 000 people in Sweden are diagnosed with the disease. How affected people experience the disease in everyday life is important in order to be able to help them as much as possible. Aim: The aim was to describe persons experiences of living with heart failure Method: A qualitative literature review with an inductive approach. 13 articles was used for the result. Result: Two categories emerged during the analysis work, emotional and physical changes. Experiences that could be learned in the result were hopelessness, frustration and depression, but also joy for the healthy life that has been, security in having people close and the will to keep going despite of the limitations. Conclusion: Heart failure generate a lot of mixed feelings. The findings show that it is of great importance for the health care system to be able to recognize the challenges of living with heart failure. This is to be able to support and educate the affected people. Knowledge of the symptoms is a coping strategy that creates security.  Keywords: Heart failure, security and insecurity, limitations, Theory of Planned Behaviour.

Family and friends provide substantial daily assistance to older adults with disabilities, but little is known about how that caregiving impacts the health of older adults. Using survey data on a nationally-representative sample of older adults and their caregivers, matched with Medicare claims, I explored several aspects of the relationship between caregiving and the health of older adults receiving care. I relied largely on Andersen’s behavioral model, which describes health services use as a product of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics. I found that 33%-37% of older adults with unmet care needs at one point in time still have them one year later. I also found frequent change in the composition of older adults’ networks of caregivers. Having a formal caregiver was associated with lower odds of unmet care needs for women; conversely, men receiving care from a spouse had three times lower odds of unmet care needs than those receiving care from a non-spousal caregiver. Some caregivers use services such as respite care, training, and support groups, but some caregivers lack access to desired services. I found that caregivers reporting unmet service need were more likely to be Black and Hispanic, while service use was higher among caregivers providing help on a regular schedule. Care-recipient health and function was associated with both service use and unmet service need, but available measures of local caregiver service supply were not. Older adults frequently seek care in emergency departments (EDs), but this care may not always be necessary or desirable. I hypothesized, but did not find, that caregiver service use was associated with care-recipient ED use. Instead, chronic health conditions and other need factors were the strongest predictors of ED use. I found that care-recipients of male caregivers had lower rates of ED utilization for reasons that were urgent and not preventable. I also found that care-recipients of adult children had lower rates of non-urgent ED utilization than care-recipients of more distantly-related or unrelated caregivers. These findings suggest that unmet care needs might be reduced by improving access to formal care for older women with functional limitations and monitoring unmarried older men. In addition, improving service access for Black and Hispanic caregivers, and for caregivers who provide unscheduled care, could reduce caregivers’ unmet service need. Finally, targeting training and support services to male spousal caregivers could improve access both to needed daily care and to emergency care. Future research should focus on replicating these analyses after more data become available and on developing alternate measures of caregiver service supply.

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.