Esta dissertação surgiu a partir do desejo de contar a minha experiência como professora de Educação de Jovens e Adultos, como eu a vivi, o que aprendi e o que ainda quero descobrir. É nesta medida que, através deste trabalho, pesquisei e ouvi os relatos dos professores, pensando em suas práticas cotidianas, suas subjetividades e suas relações com os conteúdos escolares e com os saberes dos alunos, buscando identificar práticas emancipatórias em seus processos educativos cotidianos. As vozes dos alunos, tornam-se audíveis também, através das narrativas de suas vivências, que permitem, também, identificar atividades emancipatórias em meio aos seus processos de aprendizagem. Narrativas de alunos e narrativas de professores se entrelaçam criando uma trama da memória cotidiana, sobre a qual Nilda Alves (2008) chama a atenção por ser uma narrativa não linear e sujeita a diversas interrupções e introduções de outras histórias paralelas. Dessa forma, busquei fazer um entrelaçamento entre narrativas de professores e alunos, procurando tecer uma rede a partir da narrativa da vida e da literaturização da ciência. / This thesis came from the desire to tell my experience as an Education of Young and Adults teacher, how I lived it, what i learned and what I still want to discover. To that end, I have researched and heard the testimonies od the teachers, thinking about their daily work, their subjectivities and their relationships with school contents and with the knowledge of the students, looking to identify emancipatory practices in their daily educational processes. The students' voices also become audible, through the narrative of their experiences, which allows us to identify emancipatory activities in the midst of their learning processes. The narratives of both students and teachers connect weaving a web of daily memory, highlighted by Nilda Alves (2008) for being a non-linear narrative susceptible to various interruptions and introductions od other parallel stories. This way, I tried to make an intersection between narratives of teachers and students, looking to weave a web based on the narrative of life and the literarization of science.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is aimed at investigating representations and memories of students, former students and administrative authorities of the UFSM, regarding the National Plan for Student Assistance (PNAES), in order to recognize the different opinions of those who encouraged it and also of those who experienced it. From this empirical object, it discusses the formation of the university in Brazil, as well as power relations involving the university environment, the meaning of social inclusion and the real purpose of social policies. This research was conducted with qualitative approach through the use of references, documentary and field research, in which it was interviewed (former) students and civil servants who worked in the administration of PNAES. During the selection of interviewees, the snowball sampling methodology made possible the discovery of interlocutors who were difficult to reach. In conclusion, it can be observed that the respondents political memory is the foundation of their identity as a group that fought for autonomy and representation facing the administrators of the University. The political conflicts that composed the representations of both leaders and led is permeated with ideological criticism, since there is a consolidated political and partisan doctrine that is clearly disseminated by the students who took part in political organizations of the UFSM. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar representações e memórias de estudantes, ex-alunos e autoridades administrativas da UFSM, a respeito do programa de assistência estudantil, com o intuito de reconhecer os diversos olhares daqueles que o fomentaram e também dos que o vivenciaram. A partir deste objeto empírico, discute-se a constituição da universidade no Brasil, bem como as relações de poder que envolvem o espaço universitário, além do significado de inclusão e as finalidades das políticas sociais. Para a realização desta investigação de cunho qualitativo, utilizou-se de referências bibliográficas, documentais, bem como de pesquisa de campo, na qual se entrevistou ex-estudantes e servidores públicos que atuaram na administração do Plano Nacional de Assistência Estudantil. Durante a escolha dos entrevistados, a metodologia snowball sampling possibilitou a descoberta de interlocutores de difícil acesso. À guisa de conclusão, pode-se observar que a defesa da memória política dos entrevistados é fundamento de suas identidades enquanto grupo que lutou por autonomia e representação frente aos administradores da Universidade. Isto, porque os conflitos políticos que compuseram as representações dos dirigentes e dirigidos estão permeados de críticas ideológicas, visto que há uma doutrina política e partidária consolidada e claramente difundida por parte dos estudantes que participaram das entidades políticas da UFSM.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ecf_dr_araiq.pdf: 1912726 bytes, checksum: 2307761479da3506d743212298df0f82 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nesta tese estudou-se a preparação de filmes finos de PZT não dopados e dopados com Nióbio, depositados sobre substratos de Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si para aplicações em memórias não voláteis de acesso randômico (NVRAM) e memórias ferroelétricas de acesso randômico (FeRAM). A dopagem dos filmes de PZT com Nióbio foi realizada visando obter valores ótimos nas propriedades ferroelétricas para a aplicação destes filmes como memórias ferroelétricas. Todavia, problemas como imprint, corrente de fuga e fadiga na polarização, estão presentes nos dispositivos de memórias contendo filmes de PZT sobre substratos platinizados. Para tentar resolver estes problemas, estudamos a produção de eletrodos de LaNiO3 depositados sobre substratos de SiO2/Si, para substituição dos substratos com eletrodos de Pt na preparação de filmes de PZT. Além disso, a dopagem do PZT com Nb levou a uma melhoria na resistência à fadiga em substratos platinizados. Os filmes foram preparados pelo método das soluções precursoras poliméricas. A influência do tratamento térmico, em forno convencional e em forno microondas, nas propriedades microestruturais e ferroelétricas dos filmes também foi avaliada. / In this thesis, we have studied the preparation of non-doped and Nb-doped PZT thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates for applications in NVRAM and FeRAM devices. Nb doping of PZT films produces good values of ferroelectric properties for the application as ferroelectric memories. PZT films on Pt electrodes present imprint, fatigue and leakage current. We have prepared LaNiO3 films on SiO2/Si substrates to substitute Pt electrodes. Moreover, Nb-doped PZT films deposited on Pt electrodes lead to improved fatigue resistance when compared with non doped PZT films. Non-doped and Nb-doped PZT thin films and LaNiO3 thin films were deposited by the polymeric precursor method. The influence of the thermal treatment in conventional and microwaves oven on the microstructural and ferroelectric properties was evaluated.

O silêncio e o espaço cotidiano das ações das mulheres são referenciais de análise na construção do entendimento da transmissão da memória e da identidade religiosa dos grupos de mulheres da Ordem Auxiliadora de Senhoras Evangélicas na Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil. O silêncio não fala, não é possível traduzi-lo em palavras, mas nas ações ele se torna palavra. As ações cotidianas e o testemunho de fé das mulheres da OASE, em silêncio, são indicações do formato social de nossa realidade sócio-religiosa. A tese do silêncio que sustentamos advém das palavras das próprias protagonistas da ação. Este silêncio não é sinônimo de ausência ou de fraqueza. É presença e também poder. A rede de poder é uma teia que se alastra por toda a sociedade e ninguém pode dela escapar. Também as mulheres da OASE, em seu centenário silêncio, exercem o poder. Analisar as teias do poder que são vivenciados nas relações cotidianas destas protagonistas é olhar para a particularidade da vida. A tentativa de mergulhar no cotidiano, de buscar o significante do invisível é por reconhecê-lo como espaço, tempo e lugar dos conflitos racionais e irracionais de nossa época, onde se estabelecem os problemas de produção da vida concreta. Nas redes do cotidiano, estão os nós, os laços a serem atados ou desatados. É no espaço cotidiano que se cuida das necessidades básicas da vida. A prática do cuidado é um referencial importante da ação das mulheres. Ela acontece em muitos espaços, mas é na cozinha que se concentram a maioria das suas ações, tanto no cotidiano doméstico quanto nas ações comunitárias. A cozinha é o lugar que permite o acesso ao entendimento da cultura, da expressão religiosa que definem o comportamento e a forma de como se entende a vida e a fé cotidianamente. O espaço da cozinha é o lugar da memória, dos cheiros, da continuidade das relações. É em torno da mesa que a comunhão é vivenciada. É através da memória que os valores da fé são transmitidos. Portanto, é a memória guardada pela mãe que as faz pertencer ao universo religioso de comunhão, de testemunho e de serviço. O perfil característico deste grupo tem na memória transmitida a construção do vínculo. Este também é o perfil característico da mobilização religiosa: a perpetuação da memória como construtora da continuidade religiosa. É a memória religiosa que conserva, reproduz e garante a permanência de um pensamento, de uma identidade confessional. Temos no grupo das mulheres da OASE um valorativo e comprovado potencial de guarda da memória da identidade religiosa e da continuidade da mesma. / The silence and the daily space of the women actions are referentials of analysis in the understanding construction of the memory transmission and the religious identity of the groups of women of the Ordem Auxiliadora de Senhoras Evangélicas na Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil. Silence doesnt speak, its not possible to translate it in words, but in actions it becomes word. The daily actions and the Faith Testimony of the OASE women in silence are indications of the social format of our partner-religious reality. The Thesis of silence that we support happens of the words of the proper protagonists of the action. This silence is not synonymous of absence or weakness. It is presence and also to be able. The net of being able is a web that spreads over all the society and nobody can escape of it. Also the OASE women in its centenarian silence exert the power. To analyze the webs of the power that are deeply lived in the daily relations of these protagonists is to look at to the particularity of the life. The attempt to dive in the daily one, to search the significant one of the invisible one is to recognize it as space, time and place of the rational and irrationals conflicts of our time, where are establish the production problems of the concrete life. In the nets of the daily one are the ties, bows to be tied or unfastened. Its in the daily space that we take care of the basic necessities of life. The practical of the care is an important referential of the women action. It happens in many spaces but its in the kitchen that concentrates most part of the two actions, as in the daily domestic service as in the communitarian actions. The kitchen is the place that allows the access to the culture understanding, of the religious expression that defines the behavior and the form of how is understood the daily life and faith. The kitchens space is the place of memory, of smells, of relations continuity. Its around the table that the communion is deeply lived. It is through the memory that the values of Faith are transmitted. Therefore, its the memory kept by the mother that makes them belong to the religious universe of communion, testimony and service. The characteristic profile of this group has in the transmitted memory the links construction. This also is the characteristic profile of the religious mobilization: the perpetuation of the memory as constructor of the religious continuity. Its the religious memory that conserves, reproduces and guarantees the permanence of a thought, of a confessional identity. We have in the group of the OASE women a valuable and proven potential of guard of the religious identity memory and the continuity of the same.

Sweden has a long history of Lutheran Christian influences, manifested spatially by the presence of churches in the build environment. In contrast, Sweden is also described as one of the world’s most secular countries. These secular individual’s experience of these churches is not well explored in geography of religion. Therefore, this study’s aim is to investigate what shapes non-religious individuals’ place attachment to religious spaces. To reveal this, the study is based on transcriptions from a Transect Walk with 12 non-religious individuals at Maria Magdalena church in Södermalm, Stockholm. These narratives are viewed through a place attachment framework together with theories of religion, sacred space and secularization, to answer the research question: What affects non-religious young individuals’ place attachment towards a sacred place? The attachment was formed by the subjective mosaic of combinations, which revealed that churches in general are instrumental venues to obtain the goal of participating in temporary ceremonies. In turn, it was affected by the subjects’ memories, connection to cultural Christianity, lack of religious attachment and the church as a unique place. This contributes to the field by revealing what affects place attachment of non-religious individuals to sacred spaces in a Swedish context.

Les deux principales limitations des mémoires non-volatiles de type Flash à stockage de charges dans des nanocristaux en silicium sont la faible fenêtre mémoire et la dispersion des caractéristiques électriques due à la dispersion en taille des nanocristaux. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs solutions sont étudiées afin de remédier à ces deux défauts. Afin d'augmenter la fenêtre de programmation, une première approche consiste à augmenter la densité de stockage de charges grâce à l'utilisation d'une double couche de nanocristaux en silicium. Le fonctionnement et les performances électriques de ces dispositifs mémoires sont étudiés puis interprétés grâce à un modèle analytique. Une seconde approche, plus amont, consiste à utiliser des nanocristaux métalliques pour augmenter la quantité de charges piégées dans les nanocristaux. Le dépôt, la passivation et l'intégration de nanocristaux à caractère métallique (Pt, TiN, W) en tant que grille flottante dans un dispositif mémoire sont ainsi réalisés. Enfin, l'organisation « bottom-up » des nanocristaux est proposée comme une solution à la dispersion des caractéristiques électriques des dispositifs mémoires. Un procédé original de transfert et de gravure d'un masque auto-organisé à base de copolymères diblocs est développé. / The two main limitations of Flash nonvolatile memories charge storage in silicon nanocrystals are the small memory window and the dispersion of electrical characteristics due to the size dispersion of nanocrystals. In this thesis, several solutions are studied in order to remedy these defects. In order to increase the programming window, a first approach is to increase the density of charges stored in the device through the use of a double layer of silicon nanocrystals. The operation and electrical performance of these memory devices are studied and interpreted through an analytical model. A second approach, more upstream, is the use of metallic nanocrystals to increase the amount of trapped charges in the nanocrystals. Deposition, passivation and integration of metal nanocrystals (Pt, TiN, W) as a floating gate in a memory device have been realized. Finally, the "bottom-up" organisation of nanocrystals is proposed as a solution to the dispersion of electrical characteristics of memory devices. An original process for transferring a self-organized diblock copolymer mask into a hard mask is developed and used to etch nanocrystals with small size dispersion.

Les mémoires à changement de phase sont l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs pour la prochaine génération de mémoires non-volatiles. Un intense effort de recherche est requis pour optimiser les matériaux à changement de phase (PC) utilisés dans ces mémoires. En particulier, il a été démontré que le dopage améliore les propriétés de rétention des dispositifs. Par ailleurs, l'étude des effets de réduction de taille et des effets des matériaux d'interface sur les propriétés des matériaux à changement de phase est encore un sujet de recherche ouvert. Dans ce contexte, la première partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'investigation de la structure locale de GeTe amorphe dopé avec C ou N. L'effet du dopage sur la structure a été observé expérimentalement via l'apparition d'un nouveau pic dans la fonction de distribution de paires de GeTe dopé, ce qui montre la formation d'une nouvelle liaison interatomique absente dans le matériau non dopé. La présence de nouvelles configurations incluant le carbone et l'azote a été confirmée par des simulations ab initio. L'objet de la deuxième partie de la thèse est l'influence de la réduction de taille sur la cristallisation de Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). Des agrégats nanométriques de GST ont été fabriqués par pulvérisation puis déposés et étudiés par diffraction des rayons X en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron. Dans l'état cristallisé une très forte déformation positive des agrégats est observée et attribuée à la matrice d'Al2O3 qui entoure les agrégats. La température de cristallisation des agrégats est de 25°C plus élevée que celle d'un film de GST de 10 nm déposé dans les mêmes conditions. Ce résultat est encourageant pour les futurs développements des mémoires à changement de phase car il montre que l'effet de réduction de taille sur la température de cristallisation peut-être faible. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à l'investigation des effets des matériaux d'interface sur la température de cristallisation de films minces de GeTe et GST par des mesures de réflectivité et de diffraction des rayons X. Pour les deux matériaux, la température de cristallisation de films de 100 nm est plus grande pour une interface avec du Ta que pour une interface avec du TiN ou du SiO2. Une différence aussi marquée n'était jamais montré auparavant. Les résultats suggèrent que l'interface SiO2/GeTe est énergétiquement favorable pour la nucléation et la croissance de grains avec une orientation préférentielle et que les mécanismes de nucléation et croissance sont différents pour différents matériaux d'interface. / Phase Change Memories (PCM) are one of the best candidates for the next generation of non volatile memories. A great research effort is still needed in order to optimize the properties of phase change (PC) materials which are used in PCM devices. In particular, doping has been demonstrated to improve retention in devices. Moreover, a study of the effect of scaling and interface material on PC materials properties is still an open research field. In this context, the first part of the thesis is dedicated to investigate the local structure of C or N doped amorphous GeTe. The impact of doping is observed experimentally with the appearance of a new peak in the pair distribution function of doped GeTe, indicating the formation of a bond at a new distance that is absent in the undoped amorphous material. The presence of new environments involving carbon and nitrogen is confirmed through ab initio simulations. The subject of the second part of this thesis is the impact of confinement on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) crystallization mechanism. Nano-sized clusters of GST have been made by sputtering, deposited and then studied through X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The crystalline clusters experience a tensile strain that can be ascribed to the effect of the embedding Al2O3 matrix. Their crystallization temperature has been found to be only 25°C higher than the one observed for a thin film of GST of 10 nm deposited under the same conditions. This result is positive for the future development PCM because it indicates that the scaling effect on the crystallization temperature in phase change material can be small. The third and last part of the thesis is dedicated to the investigation of the interface material effect on the crystallization temperature of GeTe and GST thin films through reflectivity and X-ray diffraction measurements. In both GeTe and GST film 100 nm thick interfaced with Ta the crystallization temperature is higher than in the case of TiN or SiO2 interface. Such an interface effect on relatively thick films was never reported before. The results suggest that the SiO2/GeTe interface is energetically favourable for the nucleation and growth of grains with a preferred orientation and that nucleation and growth mechanisms are different for different interface materials.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier les phénomènes de commutations d'états de résistance dans des structures Métal-Isolant-Métal (MIM) utilisant l'oxyde d'hafnium comme isolant. L'oxyde d'hafnium est un matériau mature de l'industrie de la microélectronique (procédés de dépôts et de mise en forme contrôlés). Les objectifs sont d'élucider les mécanismes à l'origine de ces phénomènes et d'identifier les différents paramètres des empilements MIM influant sur ces phénomènes. Dans l'introduction générale, il est présenté, en détail, le principe de fonctionnement de la commutation d'états résistifs, ainsi qu'une présentation des principales applications potentielles. Cette partie se termine par une brève revue des mécanismes de fonctionnement proposés dans la littérature et par une présentation détaillée des objectifs de la thèse. Les travaux de cette thèse s'articulent autour de deux parties distinctes, chacune composée de trois chapitres. La première partie de ce manuscrit traite principalement de l'étude de la commutation d'états résistifs par des mesures courant-tension (I-V) afin d'identifier l'effet des matériaux constitutifs de l'empilement MIM. Les deux premiers chapitres traitent de l'influence des électrodes supérieures sur les propriétés mémoires. L'influence de la morphologie et du dopage du métal d'électrode, dans le cas d'électrode en or, est présentée dans ce premier chapitre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, l'étude est étendue à différents métaux utilisés comme électrodes supérieures. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse à suivre l'effet de traitements plasmas post dépôts appliqués à l'oxyde d'hafnium avant métallisation de l'électrode supérieure. La deuxième partie de cette thèse étudie la commutation d'états résistifs par des mesures de courant en fonction du temps (mesures I-t), dans le cas de l'application de tensions constantes. On s'attache plus particulièrement à la cinétique de transitions de résistance. Le premier chapitre de cette partie traite plus spécifiquement d'études I-t réalisées pour de faibles champs électriques afin de caractériser les propriétés des structures MIM avant changement d'état de résistance. Le deuxième chapitre propose une étude visant à modéliser la dégradation de l'oxyde par un modèle cinétique et analytique. Le dernier chapitre propose une caractérisation complémentaire de la transition résistive par des mesures de tension en fonction du temps (mesures V-t), dans le cas de l'application de courants constants. Pour conclure nous rappelons nos principaux résultats et concluons sur les nouveaux éléments de compréhension de la commutation d'états de résistance apportés dans ce manuscrit. / This work deals with resistance switching in HfO2 based Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) devices. Hafnium oxide is a widely used material in microelectronics. The goals are to understand physical mechanisms underlying resistance switching phenomena and to identify MIM key parameters which control these phenomena. As a general introduction, the resistance switching principles and potential applications are presented. The different mechanisms proposed in the literature are briefly reviewed and the detailed objectives of this work are described. This work is divided in two parts; each one is composed of three chapters. The first part mainly deals with the study of resistance switching through I-V measurements in order to identify materials effects. The first two chapters study the impact of top electrode material on memory properties. In the first chapter, the influence of metal electrode doping and morphology are presented for the case of gold electrodes. In the second chapter, the study is enlarged to other metals. The third chapter studies the impact of post deposition plasma treatments applied to HfO2 before metallization of the top electrode. In the second part, the resistance switching properties of MIM stacks are studied using I-t measurements under constant voltage stress (CVS). This part focuses on resistance transition kinetics. In the first chapter, low electric field effect is studied to characterize insulating properties before resistance changes. The second chapter provides an analytical kinetic model for resistance degradation. The results presented in the last chapter confirm the model through V-t measurements under constant current stress (CCS). To conclude, key results are summarized and a better understanding of resistance switching is provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 laubstein_gsp_me_rcla.pdf: 793287 bytes, checksum: 424ee2f84de797b01a762cbe180c0ac2 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa, realizada através do relato oral de uma educadora, busca fornecer subsídios à reflexão histórica da disciplina Geografia. O estudo fundamentou-se, principalmente, na compreensão do relato biográfico de Livia de Oliveira, professora de Geografia que há tempos vem colaborando para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre o Ensino de Geografia, tanto no nível universitário como no nível fundamental de educação. Partindo de suas rememorações, tentamos refletir sobre a influência desta professora na constituição da Geografia Escolar brasileira. Adotamos como método de trabalho as entrevistas e a coleta de depoimentos, como forma de registrar as memórias da professora; a partir de suas memórias fomos delineando nossa pesquisa. No decorrer do trabalho discutimos algumas implicações da metodologia da História Oral, bem como concepções sobre memória e rememoração, fundamentais às nossas reflexões. / This research, made trough the oral report an educator, intends to contribute to the historical reflection of the discipline Geography. The study was mainly based on the understanding of the biographical report of Livia de Oliveira, teacher of Geography that a long time have been collaborating for the development of researches about the teaching of Geography, in the academicals level and in the fundamental level of education. Leaving of your remembrances, we tried to reflect about this teacher's influence in the constitution of the Scholastic Geography in Brazil. We adopted as work method the interviews and the collect of testimony, as a form of registering the memories of this teacher; starting from your memories, we went delineating our research. In elapsing of the work we discussed some implications of the methodology of the Oral History, as well as conceptions about memory and remembrance, fundamental to our reflections.

Esta pesquisa parte da observação de algumas poéticas artísticas contemporâneas que têm experiências e/ou memórias a respeito de Estados de exceção como objeto central de seus trabalhos. A investigação baseia-se na hipótese de que esses trabalhos de arte podem ser percebidos também como espaços para elaborações de memórias, e que a partir dessas construções mnêmicas as identidades sociais fraturadas durante esses momentos de exceção podem ser reestruturadas. A cada uma dessas poéticas artísticas propõe-se a denominação de \"arte da elaboração\", conceito formulado nesta pesquisa tendo por base dois dos usos que o termo \"elaboração\" recebe na teoria psicanalítica freudiana. / This research has as a starting point the observation of some poetics contemporary art that present experiences and/or memories concerning the States of exception as the main object of their work. This critical study is based on the hypothesis that these works of art can also be interpreted as spaces for the elaboration of memories and that these mnemonics constructions lead to a reconstruction of social identities fractured during the moment of exception. For each of these works of art the name \"elaboration\"s art\" is suggested. This concept is adopted in this research and is based on two different appliances of the term \"elaboration\" that can be found in the Freudian psychoanalytical theory.