Over the last four decades, there has been a significant increase in public-private education partnerships (PPPs). However, rather than reflecting the traditional PPP model where the private sector contributes resources to fulfill public policy agendas, businesses and philanthropies are partnering with urban schools to pursue their goals for reforming public education policy. With billions of dollars being spent by organizations like Microsoft, Meta, the Broad Foundation, and Bloomberg philanthropies on major initiatives to reform public education through teacher training and core curricular Changes, there has been surprisingly little research on the public-private partnership model itself and its impact on education policy. This dissertation intends to address this research gap by considering how public-private partnerships have been traditionally defined and explained in public policy and political science; what has Changed in the structure and purpose of public-private partnerships in education; how do we define and understand an educational public-private partnership in the current context; how do we determine what makes public-private partnerships successful; and based on this new definition, how do we understand their impact on educational public policy priorities? The dissertation aims to accomplish the following: 1) Discuss the existing public policy and political science literature on public-private partnerships. 2) Use anecdotal evidence, research literature, and news reporting to propose a framework for what public-private partnerships in education entail now and what their outcomes appear to be. 3) Identify key performance indicators (KPIs) of success from that literature and test their relevance to the success of current educational PPPs – towards formalizing a new theoretical definition and future guide for applied research. 4) Use both quantitative and qualitative research methods on a sample of partnerships which have already been documented either through original research or third party analytical and narrative reports to analyze and define those key performance indicators which are relevant to current educational PPPs. 5) Through analysis of the intended and actual outcomes of those PPP cases used in previous analysis, demonstrate how current educational PPPs are now both formulating and implementing policy. The importance of this finding is related to debates about the purpose of public education, the definition of public goods, and democratic accountability. 6) Identify the gap between the existing theoretical definition of PPPs and the derived newly proposed framework and the implications for theory, practice and policy. 7) Through a synthesis of the above items, construct an original method and tool for how to form and assess these partnerships for successful outcomes, as well as effective policy.  Applied Qualitative Research The third paper utilizes data from the quantitative research of paper 2 and builds and expands on the findings by using a qualitative methodology to analyze cases which have a more robust narrative. The cases I consider are Bloomberg philanthropies Global Scholars and Mark Zuckerberg’s Newark public schools. I document the functional, political, and financial differences between the cases, as well as how the PPPs were implemented. This applied research considers the indicators which proved relevant in the prior quantitative research through a qualitative analysis of materials, reports, and interviews. Applied Quantitative Research This second paper is applied quantitative research and serves as the bridge between the literature and theory to current applications and directs the focus of the subsequent applied qualitative research in this dissertation. I take the elements identified as standard KPIs from literature and prior research studies and using the documentation from the united way portfolio I test the relevance of those existing KPIs to the current theoretical framework. The Detroit cases are ideal for this portion of the research as those cases were created as PPPs and concluded (at least as far as an initial MOU agreement) within a specific timeframe. I collected all the documentation on those partnerships and their elements using a measurement system I developed. I use a quantitative method of binary logic regression to consider, given the documented outcomes of those cases, whether there is simple significance of an indicator as it relates to a quantitative definition of success. My metric is whether more than 50% of the objectives outlined in the MOUs were successfully completed. The quantitative methodology is important, because it allows us to determine which indicators remain relevant and warrant further study. At the end of this paper the advantages and limitations of quantitative analysis will be discussed, as well as thoughts about how qualitative analysis may help further the research going forward. This serves as a bridge to the next section/chapter. The purpose of this paper is to move beyond simply identifying components of the PPPs, as was done in the second paper, to more fully articulate and define them. I also identify the variance in PPP outcomes which may come from leadership structure, organizational occupation (for profit, nonprofit, public) and other operational and political variables. This section draws heavily on my research which uses a qualitative comparative frame to analyze the BP and Zuckerberg cases. The importance of these findings, as well as the advantages and limitations of this methodology are also be discussed. Toward a Theoretical Framework for PPPs & a New Tool for Evaluation Research The third paper of the dissertation synthesizes the analysis from the previous two papers in order to integrate both sets of findings and limitations in order to better define and understand current educational PPPs. This will lead to a new proposed theory of PPPs in education, to be followed by an analytic discussion, which will rely on research I have already done. The new proposed theory will be compared to the existing theory. The empirical evidence will make clear that new forms of PPPs have been implemented that are not accounted for in the existing theory. The implications of these findings will be important for both public and private actors who will need to think about and formulate PPPs in different ways than they have been doing. Once this is explicated, I consider the implications of substituting PPPs for the traditional policymaking process, and what can reasonably be anticipated as outcomes for public goods and democratic accountability. PPPs must be understood as an alternative pathway to policymaking which most often will not include traditional policy makers, and by virtue of financial and operational conditions, will fast track educational reforms. This increase in speed and coherence of reform is likely to be accompanied by a decline in democratic accountability, which particularly as it concerns public K-12 education, may fundamentally change the nature of that specific public good, and may even extend to a larger reconceptualization in the country of the concept of public goods. The last section of the third paper moves from the theoretical to the applied. This section discusses how the research gathered and synthesized in the previous two papers contributes to an applied framework for formulating and assessing educational PPPs for rates of success. This is especially important as we can expect that there will not be a decline in educational PPPs, but rather an ever-growing prevalence of them in American public education systems. I then make the case specifically for the use of comparative-qualitative analysis as an appropriate analytic frame for an evaluation tool. The section then goes on to detail the development of this tool, which relies on the methods and findings of the previous applied research sections in the dissertation. I provide a methodology for documenting the qualitative elements to be observed through an interview protocol, as well as the methodology by which that qualitative data can be converted to a quantitative value using previously discussed key variables and then cross-assessed with other related variables, weighted, and inputted into a prescribed algorithm (using analytics frames from educational performance evaluations, quantitative regression, and machine learning prediction principles). This will produce a predictive outcome of success and a meta frame to compare and contrast different educational PPPs going forward. This aspect of the research is important, as it provides practitioners, educators, policymakers, and public and private leadership a better understanding of what in fact they are doing when attempting to formulate and implement a public private partnership; what elements they should seek to build into their partnership in order to create increased conditions for successful outcomes; and finally how as researchers, we might, in the future, have a tool to observe, track, and evaluate these partnerships to further our theoretical and applied understanding of educational policy.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), the worst threat for palm trees worldwide, consists in several preventive and curative techniques, but because of its low efficacy the insect still causes major economic and landscape losses. In order to define aspects that have facilitated its rapid dispersal and contribute to improving its management, the effects of vision and flight, which influence the mobility of R. ferrugineus, have been analysed. The chromatic preference of R. ferrugineus has been studied by analysing their captures in coloured bucket traps. Black traps capture the highest number of insects compared with the other colours studied, both when they contain olfactory attractants, as when these compounds are not used, demonstrating that colour by itself is a crucial attraction factor. Moreover, the spectral reflectance of studied colours and of some P. canariensis tissues has been analysed. The wavelength spectrum of black shows great similarity to that of fibres of P. canariensis, so this may be the reason why R. ferrugineus prefers this colour. Regarding sex ratio of the insect in traps, female captures are significantly greater in those baited with olfactory attractants. However, a higher number of female captures does not always occur when these compounds are not used. On the other hand, the study of sex ratio in natural populations of the insect demonstrates that the proportion is one female per male. Therefore, the greater number of captures of females in commercial traps is due exclusively to their greater attraction towards the olfactory attractants used. Another of the analysed aspects has been the flight potential of R. ferrugineus under laboratory conditions. In order to know more about the mobility of this insect, different parameters have been studied using a computer-monitored flight mill. The selected parameters used to define the R. ferrugineus flight potential have been the number of flights, total distance flown, longest single flight, flight duration, and average and maximum speed. Moreover, the influence of sex, body size, and age of the adults on the aforementioned parameters has been examined. R. ferrugineus sex does not have a significant effect on the compared flight parameters. The body size in females is significantly greater, but this does not influence their flight potential. A higher percentage of flight is observed for adults with an age range of 8-23 days old, compared to the 1-7 day old adults. However, age does not significantly influence their flight potential. By analysing the longest single flight undertaken by each adult, up to 63% of the insects can be classified as short-distance flyers (<500m), 27.3% as medium-distance flyers (500-5000m), and >9% as long-distance flyers (>5000m). Finally, the flight behaviour and dispersal of R. ferrugineus have been analysed under field conditions using the mark-release-recapture method. This test focused on detecting the influence of different factors, such as sex, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation, in the take-off and dispersal of the adult insects. Take-off probability of R. ferrugineus adults is significantly greater in males Moreover, this probability increases when temperature and solar radiation rise. Concerning the insect dispersal by flying, the number of recaptures is influenced by temperature, increasing significantly when this factor increases. Likewise, dispersal distances also increase significantly as temperatures rise. The insect tends to fly distances <500m (77.1% of recaptured adults), following the same tendency observed in studies performed using the flight mill. However, R. ferrugineus is able to travel up to 7km, being recorded under laboratory conditions a potential flight up to 20km. To conclude, dispersal time of the adults is very short (more than 90% of the adults were recaptured during the first 7 days), being significantly lower when relative humidity increases. / [ES] El manejo de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), una de las peores amenazas para las palmeras en el mundo, se lleva a cabo mediante la aplicación de diversas técnicas de prevención y control, pero debido a la baja eficacia de éstas la plaga continúa causando importantes pérdidas económicas y paisajísticas. Para definir los aspectos que han intervenido en su dispersión y contribuir a mejorar su manejo, se ha analizado el efecto de la visión y el vuelo en la movilidad de los adultos de R. ferrugineus. Se ha estudiado la preferencia cromática mediante el análisis de sus capturas en trampas cubo coloreadas. Las trampas negras capturan el mayor nº de insectos en comparación con el resto de colores estudiados, tanto cuando contienen atrayentes olfativos como cuando no los contienen, demostrando que el color por sí mismo es un factor importante de atracción. Además, se ha analizado el espectro de longitud de onda de los colores estudiados y de diversos tejidos de P. canariensis. El espectro del color negro muestra gran similitud con el de las fibras de P. canariensis, es por esto por lo que R. ferrugineus podría presentar esta preferencia. En relación a la proporción de sexos en trampas que contienen atrayentes olfativos, las capturas de hembras son significativamente más elevadas. En cambio, sin éstos no siempre se produce un mayor nº de capturas de este sexo. Por otro lado, el estudio de la proporción de sexos en poblaciones naturales muestra una ratio de una hembra por macho. Por tanto, las mayores capturas de hembras en trampas se deben a una mayor atracción de éstas hacia los atrayentes olfativos. Otro aspecto estudiado ha sido el potencial de vuelo de R. ferrugineus bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Con la finalidad de conocer la movilidad de este insecto se han analizado diversos parámetros mediante la utilización de un molinillo de vuelo computerizado. Los parámetros estudiados han sido: nº vuelos, distancia total volada, vuelo más largo, duración del vuelo y velocidades media y máxima. Además, se ha analizado como influye el sexo, el tamaño del cuerpo y la edad de los adultos en dichos parámetros de vuelo. El sexo de R. ferrugineus no muestra un efecto significativo sobre los parámetros de vuelo comparados. El tamaño del cuerpo de las hembras es significativamente mayor, pero no influye estadísticamente en su potencial de vuelo. En adultos con edades de entre 8-23 días se observa un mayor porcentaje de vuelo que en aquellos con 1-7 días de edad. En cambio, la edad no influye significativamente sobre su potencial de vuelo. Al analizar el vuelo más largo, obtenemos que >63% de los insectos se clasifican como voladores de corta distancia (<500m), el 27.3% de media distancia (500-5000m), y >9% de larga distancia (>5000m). Finalmente, se ha analizado en campo el comportamiento de vuelo y dispersión de R. ferrugineus mediante la técnica de marcaje-suelta-recaptura. Este ensayo ha permitido estudiar la influencia del sexo, la temperatura (Tª), la humedad relativa y la radiación solar, en el despegue y dispersión de los adultos. La probabilidad de despegue de R. ferrugineus es significativamente mayor en machos. Además, esta probabilidad se incrementa cuando la Tª y la radiación solar aumentan. Respecto a la dispersión del insecto mediante el vuelo, el nº de recapturas se ve influenciado por la Tª, aumentando significativamente cuando ésta se incrementa. De la misma manera, las distancias de dispersión también se incrementan significativamente a media que lo hace la Tª. El insecto tiende a volar distancias <500m (77.1% de los adultos recapturados), siguiendo la misma tendencia observada en laboratorio. No obstante, R. ferrugineus es capaz de recorrer hasta 7km, llegando a registrarse vuelos potenciales en laboratorio de hasta 20km. Por último, el tiempo de dispersión de los adultos es muy corto (>90% se recapturaron en los 7 primeros días), reduciéndose / [CA] El maneig de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), una de les pitjors amenaces per a les palmeres en tot el món, es porta a terme mitjançant l'aplicació de diverses tècniques de prevenció i control, però degut a la baixa eficàcia d'aquestes l'insecte continua causant importants pèrdues econòmiques i paisatgístiques. Per a definir els aspectes que han intervingut en la seua dispersió i contribuir a la millora del seu maneig, s'ha analitzat l'efecte que tenen la visió i el vol en la mobilitat dels adults de R. ferrugineus. S'ha estudiat la preferència cromàtica mitjançant l'anàlisi de les seues captures en trampes poal acolorides. Les trampes negres capturen el major nombre d'insectes en comparació amb la resta de colors estudiats, tant quan contenen atraients olfactius com quan no els contenen, demostrant que el color per ell mateix és un factor important d'atracció. A més, s'ha analitzat l'espectre de longitud d'ona dels colors estudiats i de diversos teixits de P. canariensis. L'espectre del color negre mostra gran similitud amb el de les fibres de P. canariensis, és per açò pel que R. ferrugineus podria presentar aquesta preferència. En relació a la proporció de sexes a les trampes que contenen atraients olfactius, les captures de femelles són significativament més elevades. En canvi, sense aquests no sempre es produeix un major nombre de captures d'aquest sexe. Per altra banda, l'estudi de la proporció de sexes en poblacions naturals demostra que la ràtio és d'una femella per mascle. Per tant, les majors captures de femelles en trampes es deuen a una major atracció d'aquestes cap als atraients olfactius utilitzats. Altre aspecte estudiat ha sigut el potencial de vol de R. ferrugineus sota condicions de laboratori. Amb la finalitat de conèixer la mobilitat d'aquest insecte s'han analitzat diversos paràmetres mitjançant la utilització d'un molinet de vol computeritzat. Els paràmetres estudiats han sigut: nombre de vols, distància total volada, vol més llarg, duració del vol i velocitats mitjana i màxima dels vols. A més, s'ha analitzat com influeixen el sexe, el tamany del cos i l'edat dels adults en dits paràmetres de vol. El sexe de R. ferrugineus no mostra un efecte significatiu sobre els paràmetres de vol comparats. El tamany del cos de les femelles és significativament major, però no influeix estadísticament en el seu potencial de vol. En adults amb edats d'entre 8-23 dies s'observa un major percentatge de vol que en aquells amb 1-7 dies d'edat. En canvi, l'edat no influeix significativament sobre el seu potencial de vol. En analitzar el vol més llarg, obtenim que més del 63% dels insectes es classifiquen com voladors de curta distància (<500m), el 27.3% de mitja distància (500-5000m), i >9% de llarga distància (>5000m). Finalment, s'ha analitzat en camp el comportament de vol i dispersió de R. ferrugineus mitjançant la tècnica de marcatge-solta-recaptura. Aquest assaig ha permès estudiar la influència del sexe, la temperatura, la humitat relativa i la radiació solar, en l'enlairament i dispersió dels adults. La probabilitat d'enlairament de R. ferrugineus és significativament major en mascles A més, aquesta probabilitat s'incrementa quan la temperatura i la radiació solar augmenten. Respecte a la dispersió de l'insecte mitjançant el vol, el nombre de recaptures es veu influenciat per la temperatura, augmentant significativament quan aquesta s'incrementa. De la mateixa manera, les distàncies de dispersió també s'incrementen significativament a mesura que ho fa la temperatura. L'insecte tendeix a volar distàncies <500m (77.1% dels adults recapturats), seguint la mateixa tendència observada en laboratori. No obstant, R. ferrugineus és capaç de recórrer fins a 7km, arribant-se a registrar vols potencials en laboratori de fins a 20km. Per últim, el temps de dispersió dels adults és molt curt (>90% es recapturaren en els 7 primers die / Ávalos Masó, JA. (2015). Factors influencing the mobility of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59394 / Compendio

The Staunton River is a high gradient, second order stream approximately 6 km in length located on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Shenandoah National Park, VA. In June 1995, a catastrophic flood and debris flow altered the instream habitat and <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i> population of the Staunton River. The debris flow scoured the streambed, deposited new substrate materials, removed trees from the riparian zone, and eliminated fish from a 1.9km section of the stream. By June 1998, both young-of-year (YOY) and age 1+ <i>S. fontinalis</i> had recolonized the debris flow affected area. The event provided a rare opportunity to examine recovery of the <i>S. fontinalis</i> population and instream habitat in addition to addressing potential effects of the debris flow on movement, activity, and growth of fish in the debris flow affected and unaffected areas of the stream. Post-recolonization movement and activity were monitored using two-way fish traps (weirs), mark-recapture techniques, and radio telemetry. The weirs failed to produce any movement data. Most fish (91%) in the mark-recapture study had range sizes less than 100m, however biases common to mark-recapture study designs (low recapture rate, flawed logic, etc.) hampered interpretation of results. For example, subsequent recapture of individually marked fish indicated that as many as 54% of marked fish confirmed to have been alive at the time of a recapture session were not recaptured. Radio telemetry provided information on <i>S. fontinalis</i> movement and activity at seasonal and diel scales during summer and fall. Differences in movement and activity between the debris flow affected and unaffected areas were minimal when compared to seasonal variations. During summer, range sizes were near 0m and crepuscular activity patterns were observed. During the fall range size increased and diel activity was concentrated in the mid-afternoon with a much higher peak than during summer. Basin-wide visual estimation technique (BVET) fish population surveys performed each spring and fall from 1993 = 1999 provided pre- and post-event fish population abundance and density estimates. Post-event fish growth in the debris flow affected and unaffected areas was monitored using mark-recapture techniques. Abundance and density of both YOY and age 1+ <i>S. fontinalis</i> exceeded pre-event levels within 2-3 years. Growth of YOY and age 1+ fish was significantly greater in the debris flow affected area until spring 1999. Population density appeared to have a strong negative influence on growth. The observed changes in fish growth and differences in fish size associated with population density would be of minimal importance to the typical angler but may suggest a mechanism by which <i>S. fontinalis</i> populations can quickly recover from catastrophic events. BVET habitat surveys provided information on total stream area, number of pools and riffles, pool and riffle surface area and depth, substrate composition, and large woody debris (LWD) before (1993), immediately following (1995), and four years post-event (1999). Immediately following the debris flow, the stream channel was highly disordered which resulted in an increase in the total number of habitat units and a decrease in average habitat unit surface area, total stream area, and average depth when compared with pre-event conditions. In addition, substrate composition had shifted from small to large diameter particles and LWD loading had increased in both debris flow affected and unaffected areas. Four years after the event, the total number of habitat units, average habitat unit surface area, total stream area, and average depth had all returned to near pre-debris flow levels and substrate composition had begun to shift towards smaller particle sizes. Changes in LWD loading from 1995-1999 reflected changes in the riparian zone following the debris flow. In the unaffected area, where riparian trees remained intact, LWD loading increased, whereas in the debris flow affected area, where riparian trees were eliminated, LWD loading decreased. For the most part the effects of the debris flow, although immediately dramatic, were in the long term minimal. The debris flow affected area was recolonized rapidly and abundance and density quickly rebounded past pre-event levels. Differences in fish growth between the affected and unaffected area were short lived. Any effect the debris flow affected area may have had on movement or activity was minimal when compared with seasonal variations. Most habitat characteristics reverted to near pre-event levels just four years after the flood and debris flow. Although a number of factors will influence recovery time from such events, these results indicate that immediate management action, such as stocking or habitat modifications, are not necessary in all cases. / Master of Science

[pt] Logo após deixar o recinto do Templo, em meio a conturbados episódios de oposição, Jesus sobe o Monte das Oliveiras para ensinar aos discípulos o que enfrentariam no porvir, naquilo que ficou conhecido como seu Discurso Escatológico (Mc 13,5-27). Uma pequena parte desse discurso chamou particular atenção dos estudiosos, especialmente pela linguagem fortemente judaica e sua aproximação com a literatura apocalíptica. Trata-se do extrato discursivo presente em Mc 13,24-27: o apocalipse de Jesus, o Judeu. Esse texto, embora fascinante, é envolto em uma camada espessa de desafios metodológicos: sua autoria é perpassada por problemas historiográficos, sua composição possui várias nuances redacionais, ele pertence a uma construção narrativa repleta de paralelismos retóricos. Além disso, sua forma literária apresenta diversos elementos de um gênero absolutamente paradigmático: o apocalipse. Esta pesquisa, portanto, apresenta uma proposta de exegese dentro de um percurso realmente transdisciplinar, conciliando métodos diacrônicos, seguindo uma abordagem histórico-crítica, e sincrônicos, particularmente através do uso do método de Análise Retórico Bíblica Semítica. / [en] Soon after leaving the Temple grounds, in the midst of turbulent episodes of opposition, Jesusclimbs the Mount of Olives to teach his disciples what they would face, in what became knownas his Eschatological Discourse (Mk 13,5-27). A small part of this speech caught particularattention from scholars, especially due to the strongly Jewish language and its proximity toapocalyptic literature. This is the discursive extract present in Mc 13,24-27: the apocalypse ofJesus, the Jew. The text of Mc 13,24-27, although fascinating, is surrounded by a thick layer ofmethodological challenges: its authorship is permeated by historiographical problems, itscomposition has several editorial nuances, it belongs to a narrative construction full of rhetoricalparallels, in addition Furthermore, its literary form presents several elements of an absolutelyparadigmatic genre: the apocalypse. This research, therefore, presents a proposal for exegesiswithin a truly transdisciplinary path, reconciling diachronic methods, following a historicalcritical approach, and synchronic ones, particularly through the use of the Semitic BiblicalRhetorical Analysis method.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25343号 / 農博第2609号 / 新制||農||1107(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 田川 正朋, 教授 三田村 啓理, 教授 益田 玲爾 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The North End is one of the most colourful areas in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Plagued by urban decay, the North End is a melting pot of cultures and catch basin for many marginalized people. In the face of adversity, people unite under similar ideals and principles to work towards common goals. This unity is exemplified in co-operatives, which has been in the North End for decades. Co-ops exhibited outstanding camaraderie with the goal of alleviating adverse social conditions. Today, the co-op sector, exemplified by Pollock’s Hardware and Urban Eatin’ Landscapes, continue to operate in the area like conventional business, while practicing social and environmental responsibility under a common set of principles. Due to their ideologies and principles, their impact on neighbourhood and community revitalization is more profound than expected. Through case studies, this research found that co-ops offer urban planners and government officials a complimentary method to conventional urban revitalization methods. Co-operative Urban Revitalization starts by uniting marginalized people and empowering them to devise solutions to social and economic problems. / February 2017

Varumärkesrätten innefattar en bred definition av vilka kännetecken som kan konstituera ett varumärke, vilken inkluderar formen på en vara. När kännetecknet består av en varuform utgör således varan i sig kännetecknet och därmed varumärket. Vid en varumärkesregistrering ska bedömningen av olika kategorier av kännetecken inte skilja sig åt, men för varuformer finns ytterligare hinder vid registrering jämfört med andra typer av kännetecken. Ett sådant registreringshinder avser specifikt funktionella former. Många former tenderar att vara funktionella till viss grad, vilket aktualiserar art. 7.1 e) ii) VmF. Artikeln föreskriver ett absolut registreringshinder mot att registerna former som endast består av ”en varas form eller annan egenskap hos varan som krävs för att uppnå ett tekniskt resultat”. Om en varuform hindras registrering enligt artikeln, är uteslutningen från registrering permanent. Det innebär att registreringshindret inte kan övervinnas även om formen förvärvar särskiljningsförmåga på marknaden. EUD har uttalat att det inte vore skäligt att neka registrering av varuformer endast på grund av att de innehar några funktionella element. För att ett kännetecken ska falla inom ramen för artikeln behöver således en forms alla väsentliga särdrag falla inom ramen för bestämmelsen. Detta medför viss problematik när det kommer till hybridkännetecken vilka innehar vissa element som är funktionella, men även andra element som är icke-funktionella. Enligt gällande rätt kan hybridkännetecken registreras som varumärken om de innehar icke-funktionella särdrag som anses vara väsentliga. Hela formen av ett hybridkännetecken kan således registreras som ett varumärke under förutsättning att endast några av de väsentliga särdragen krävs för att uppnå den tekniska funktionen. Genom en undersökning av rättspraxis konstateras att EUD utför en fri och långtgående undersökning vid bedömning av vad som utgör en forms väsentliga särdrag och dessa särdrags eventuella funktion. EUD är inte bunden till vad som anges i varumärkesansökan, utan undersöker även den faktiska varan på marknaden för vilket kännetecknet är ämnat att användas. EUD verkar generellt vara restriktiv med att låta tredimensionella former registreras, inte minst när de innehåller funktionella element. Möjligen beror den negativa inställningen till att registrera hybridkännetecken på bristen av effektiva lösningar att tydligt undanta de funktionella elementen från registrering. Vid en registrering av hybridkännetecken uppstår även intressanta aspekter ur intrångssynpunkt eftersom formen är registrerad som en helhet, även om vissa väsentliga särdrag inte är ämnade att omfattas av ensamrätten. Vid analoga tillämpningar av rättspraxis framstår det som att dessa element, utan att det explicit framgår av exempelvis en disclaimer, ska vara undantagna från den ensamrätt som erhålls varumärkesinnehavaren. / The trade mark law includes a very broad definition of signs that can constitute a trade mark, which includes the shape of a product. When a sign consists of the shape of a product, the product itself becomes the sign and thus the trade mark. In the case of a trade mark registration, the assessment should not differ between different categories of signs. However, when it comes to registration for signs consisting of the shape of a product, there are further obstacles to overcome before protection can be granted compared to other types of signs. Many shapes tend to be functional to some extent, which brings relevance to the absolute ground for refusal found in art. 7.1 e) ii) EUTMR. The article prohibits registration of signs which consist exclusively of “the shape, or another characteristic, of goods which is necessary to obtain a technical result”. If the registration of a sign is prohibited by the article, the exclusion from registration is permanent. This means that the ground for refusal cannot be overcome even if the sign acquires distinctiveness on the market. The CJEU has stated that it would not be reasonable to deny a shape registration only on the sole ground that it has some functional elements. Therefore, in order for a sign to fall within the scope of the article, all the essential characteristics of a shape must fall within the scope of the provision. This causes certain difficulties when it comes to hybrid signs, which possess some elements that are functional, but also other elements that are non-functional. Under current law, hybrid signs can be registered as trade marks if the non-functional elements are considered as essential. The entire form of a hybrid sign can thus be registered as a trade mark only if some, but not all, essential characteristics are required to achieve the technical function. By examining case law, it can be stated that the CJEU carry out a free and extensive examination when assessing what constitutes the essential characteristics of a shape and the possible function of these elements. The CJEU is not bound to the trade mark application but also examines the actual goods for which the sign is intended to be used. The CJEU generally seems to be restrictive in allowing registration for three-dimensional shapes, especially in regard to those incorporating functional elements. This might be the case since there is no good way to clearly exclude the functional elements from the registration. However, when registering a hybrid sign, interesting aspects also arise from the infringement point of view since the shape is registered as a whole but contains certain essential features, which are not intended to be covered by the exclusive right granted. In analogous applications of case law, it appears that these elements, without being explicitly stated in e.g. a disclaimer, must be excluded from the exclusive right granted to the proprietor.

The aim of this essay is to analyze the implementation process of the International Baccalaureate’s Diploma Programme in four of the approximately 30 schools currently offering the IB at upper secondary level in Sweden. The starting point is a comparison between definitions in fundamental documents in the national programmes for Natural Science (NV) and Social Science (SP) on the one hand, and the IBDP on the other. The evaluation, based on Program theory, focuses in particular on the consistencies in the Organizational plans of each system.  The basic assumption is that the IB due to a deviating organizational system, different structures, aims and objectives makes a challenge for the dominating educational discourse, to use a concept by Michel Foucault, and that resistance against the IB therefore is to be expected. As a second part of the evaluation five people who either play, or have played the role of coordinators of the IB, and who thereby are responsible for the implementation, have been interviewed. The questions have been focused around in what sense the informants can confirm resistance in their implementation work due to the differences found in the first part of the evaluation, and in what ways it manifests itself. Finally, Michel Foucault’s power structures in connection to discourse analysis have been applied on the results of the two previous parts of the essay. Foucault claims a school to be one of the state institutions acting on its behalf in conserving and defending its discourse against outside enemies. Two configurations of power are according to Foucault used in the defence; ‘marginalization’ and ‘normalization’. The result of the study confirms evidence of both power structures being found in the implementation of the IB in the four schools included in the analysis and that the resistance against the IB in these schools can be interpreted accordingly. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera implementeringen av International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) i fyra av det 30-talet gymnasieskolor som för närvarande erbjuder utbildingen i Sverige. Utvärderingen är indelad i två delar baserad på ’programteori’, och fokuserar på delar i respektive utbildnings organisationsplan.  Den första delen har sin utgångspunkt i styrdokument i respektive utbildning och utgör en jämförelse av olika grundläggande definitioner för, å ena sidan de nationella Naturvetenskapsprogrammet (NV) och Samhällsprogrammet (SP), och å andra sidan IBDP. Detta är av relevans för att IB-utbildningen skiljer sig tillräckligt mycket från de nationella programmen för att utgöra en utmaning av det nationella systemet, det som Michel Foucault skulle kalla den dominerande diskursen. Den andra delen består av fem intervjuer med nuvarande eller före detta coordinatorer, de personer som ansvarar för implementeringsarbetet på de enskilda skolorna. Här är frågorna fokuserade runt de områden där implementeringsarbetet antas vara svårast utifrån de skillnader som framkommer i den första delen av utvärderingen. Slutligen används de maktbegrepp som Foucault anger i sin diskursanalys på de två första delarna av arbetet. Foucault hävdar att skolan är en av de institutioner som agerar för att bevara och försvara en stats diskurs mot utomstående makter. Enlig Foucault uttrycks detta i två maktkonfigurationer; ‘marginalisering’ och ‘normalisering’. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns tecken på att båda maktmedel i implementering av IB på de fyra aktuella skolorna och att motståndet mot IB går att förstå enligt denna modell.

« Comic book » est un terme anglo-saxon, plus spécifiquement américain, employé pour désigner les fascicules de bande dessinée. Il a trouvé son autonomie en 1938 avec la création de « Superman » qui a amorcé l'hégémonie de la figure du « super-héros » dans la production. Au cours du vingtième siècle, éditeurs et auteurs ont eu recours à des stratégies de conquête et de fidélisation du lectorat dont le procédé de la réécriture est le plus significatif. Le super-héros fut alors soumis à l'interprétation de nombreux créateurs et devint le témoin à multiples facettes de l'Histoire des États-Unis. Il s'est dessiné à partir des années quatre-vingt une tendance réflexive qui prend cette figure comme objet critique et qui a donné naissance à ce qu'on appelle ici le « metacomic ». À partir d'un corpus représentatif, cette thèse est consacrée aux stratégies qui fondent cette réflexivité et aux discours qu'elle véhicule dans les œuvres. Elle se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier est un descriptif de l'industrie du comic book qui explique ses particularités et l'hégémonie en son sein du genre « superhéroïque ». Le second est dédié aux processus formels qui permettent de justifier la constitution du corpus en définissant la réflexivité des œuvres. Le troisième est voué à une analyse du caractère idéologique de cette métafiction, afin de montrer en quoi la mise en crise du super-héros sert un discours sur l'Histoire et la politique américaines. Le dernier s'intéresse à la manière dont les œuvres consacrent le super-héros comme figure de l'imagination : adoptant une approche fictionnaliste, on y démontre comment transfictionnalité et univers fictionnels sont utilisés pour revisiter / “Comic Book” is the Anglo-Saxon, more specifically American term employed to describe a specific material medium for comics. The epochal moment in the history of the comic book was the 1938 publication of « Superman », which marked the starting point of the hegemony of the figure of the superhero in comic production. Over the course of the twentieth century, authors and publishers have used various strategies for winning over readers and securing their loyalty. Among these, the technique of rewriting is the most significant. Thus, the superhero has been the subject of many reinterpretations, and consequently, has born witness to many facets of the United States’ history. The publications of the 1980s have seen the rise of a reflexive approach in which the superhero becomes an object of critique himself. This new genre is here referred to as Metacomic. Drawing on a representative body of works, the doctoral thesis at hand examines the strategies that constitute this reflexivity, as well as the multiple discourses that it gives rise to. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter gives an account of the comic book industry and explains its particularities, as well as the hegemonic position of the superhero genre in the industry. The second chapter attempts a definition of reflexivity in comic books, which permits to establish a body of works to be examined. The third chapter attempts an analysis of the ideological aspects of this metafiction in order to show how the crisis of the superhero reflects on a certain discourse on American history and politics. The fourth and last chapter examines how the analysed comics establish the superhero as an agent of imag

Mark Twain, renomado autor realista e local colorist, é conhecido pelo seu estilo coloquial de escrever. A modalidade oral regional da língua inglesa é representada na fala dos personagens do romance The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Aventuras de Tom Sawyer). Nesta dissertação, é feita uma análise comparativa entre alguns trechos da obra original de Mark Twain, publicada em 1876, e da tradução feita por Monteiro Lobato, em 1934. A partir dos conceitos de regionalidade apresentados por Arendt (2012) e Stüben (2013), o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as especificidades culturais da obra original e verificar de que forma o tradutor, Lobato, as transpõe para o texto da língua-meta, o português brasileiro. Além disso, a partir da análise dos trechos selecionados, são identificadas as técnicas tradutórias utilizadas por Monteiro Lobato, com base nas propostas de Vinay e Dalbernet (1971), Barbosa (1990) e Hurtado Albir (2001). Duas línguas nunca serão suficientemente iguais para serem consideradas representativas de uma mesma realidade cultural, sendo possível analisar se há perdas e ganhos na tradução, como corrobora Bassnett (2005). Nos moldes de Venuti (1995), verifica-se se a tradução é sobretudo domesticadora ou estrangeirizadora. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-11-27T17:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Bondam Soppelsa.pdf: 1404862 bytes, checksum: c9db702a15ee99a35256e0741dba0f7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T17:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Bondam Soppelsa.pdf: 1404862 bytes, checksum: c9db702a15ee99a35256e0741dba0f7c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS. / Mark Twain was a prominent realistic author and local colorist, known by his colloquial style of writing. He represents the regional oral modality of the English language in the speech of the characters in the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Aventuras de Tom Sawyer). This master’s thesis aims at comparatively analyzing parts of the original work by Mark Twain, published in 1876, and the translation made by Monteiro Lobato, from 1934. Using the concepts of regionality from Arendt (2012) and Stüben (2013), the objective of this research is to analyze the cultural characteristics of the original novel and verify how the translator, Lobato, transposes the text to the target language, Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, the translational techniques used by Monteiro Lobato are identified, based on the proposals by Vinay and Dalbernet (1971), Barbosa (1990) and Hurtado Albir (2001). Two languages are never enough alike to be considered representative of the same cultural reality, so it is possible to analyze whether there are losses and gains in translation, as confirmed by Bassnett (2005). Following the ideas systematized by Venuti (1995), this work analyzes to what extend the selected translation is a domestication or keeps the cultural elements from the original novel.