Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förstå fem vuxna kvinnors levda erfarenheter av eftervåld och deras upplevelser av samhällets stöd. Utgångspunkten är kvinnornas berättelser, där deras erfarenheter och upplevelser, tankar och känslor står i centrum. Studiens vetenskapsteoretiska förankring är hermeneutisk och utgår från en kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats. Studiens empiriska material består av fem intervjuer som analyserats genom ett hermeneutiskt tolkningsförfarande. Bourdieus teori om den manliga dominansen och Ebaughs exitteori har använts som teoretiska utgångspunkter i tolkningen. Resultatet pekar på att eftervåldet kan utövas på olika sätt och innebära olika konsekvenser. Hot och trakasserier är en vanlig våldsform, liksom att gemensamma barn utnyttjas som maktmedel av våldsutövaren i syfte att fortsätta kontrollera den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Resultatet pekar vidare på att upplevelsen av samhällsstödet kan skilja sig åt samt att förståelse och kunskap om våld och eftervåld är en gemensam faktor för att samhället ska kunna stödja kvinnorna på ett adekvat sätt. Våra främsta forskningsfynd är att de våldsutsatta kvinnornas livskvalitet försämras av eftervåldet och dess konsekvenser, men även att motståndskraften hos dem hela tiden ökar trots barriärerna. / The aim of this study is to describe and understand five adult women’s lived experiences of post separation violence and their experiences of society support. The focus is the women’s own stories. The grounding is hermeneutic and emanates from a qualitative method with an abductive approach. The empirical materials consist of five interviews which has been analyzed by a hermeneutic interpretation procedure. Bourdieu’s theory masculine domination and Ebaugh’s theory the process of role exit has been used as theoretical starting points in the interpretation. The results shows that post separation violence can be exerted in different ways and implicate various consequences. Threats and harassment are a common type of violence, as well as using mutual children as a mean of power for the abuser to continue control the exposed woman. The results also shows that the experiences of society support differ and that understanding and knowledge of domestic violence and post separation violence is a common factor for society to be able to support the women in an adequate way. Our main findings are that the exposed women’s quality of life decreases because of the post separation violence and its consequences, but also that the resilience increases despite the barriers.

<p>Denna studie i socialantropologi är baserad på intervjuer med två kvinnor anställda på en kvinnojour. Den handlar om deras uppfattningar och erfarenheter vad gäller uppbrottsprocessen för den kvinna som utsatts för mäns våld och hur hon blir bemött av polis och sociala myndigheter under uppbrottet. Kvinnan som ska bryta sig loss från mannen måste ofta ta kontakt med olika myndigheter för att lösa sin situation och dessa har visat sig agera på olika sätt. Deras kunskap är av stor vikt, men det är också nödvändigt att fundera på hur de personliga känslorna styr bemötandet och utgången av mötet. Människan är mån om att försöka anpassa sina känslor till situationen och tysta regler styr vad som är korrekt i en specifik situation. Dessa känslor går dock inte alltid att kontrollera och kan få konsekvenser för kvinnan i hennes process.</p> / <p>This study in social anthropology is based on interviews with two female employees at a women's aid centre. It is about their perceptions and experiences of the breakup process a woman who has been ill treated by her man goes through, and of the way she is treated by the police and the social authorities during this breakup. The woman who must break away from her man must often make contact with various authorities to resolve her situation and they have been shown to act differently. Their knowledge is of great importance, but it is also necessary to consider how their personal feelings govern how they receive the woman and the outcome of the meeting. Man is anxious to try to adapt his feelings to the situation and silent rules govern what is appropriate in a particular situation. These feelings are not always controlable and may have consequences for the woman in her process.</p>

Denna studie i socialantropologi är baserad på intervjuer med två kvinnor anställda på en kvinnojour. Den handlar om deras uppfattningar och erfarenheter vad gäller uppbrottsprocessen för den kvinna som utsatts för mäns våld och hur hon blir bemött av polis och sociala myndigheter under uppbrottet. Kvinnan som ska bryta sig loss från mannen måste ofta ta kontakt med olika myndigheter för att lösa sin situation och dessa har visat sig agera på olika sätt. Deras kunskap är av stor vikt, men det är också nödvändigt att fundera på hur de personliga känslorna styr bemötandet och utgången av mötet. Människan är mån om att försöka anpassa sina känslor till situationen och tysta regler styr vad som är korrekt i en specifik situation. Dessa känslor går dock inte alltid att kontrollera och kan få konsekvenser för kvinnan i hennes process. / This study in social anthropology is based on interviews with two female employees at a women's aid centre. It is about their perceptions and experiences of the breakup process a woman who has been ill treated by her man goes through, and of the way she is treated by the police and the social authorities during this breakup. The woman who must break away from her man must often make contact with various authorities to resolve her situation and they have been shown to act differently. Their knowledge is of great importance, but it is also necessary to consider how their personal feelings govern how they receive the woman and the outcome of the meeting. Man is anxious to try to adapt his feelings to the situation and silent rules govern what is appropriate in a particular situation. These feelings are not always controlable and may have consequences for the woman in her process.

Våld i nära relationer är ett omfattande socialt problem i Sverige och problemet förekommer regelbundet i nyhetsmedier. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka beskrivningarna av mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer i två välspridda svenska tidningar. Studiens frågeställningar gällde hur våldsutsatta kvinnor och våldsutövande män beskrivs samt hur relationen, våldet och dess händelseförlopp beskrivs. Kritisk diskursanalys, med utgångspunkt i Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell, utgjorde studiens metod och teoretiska ramverk. Analysen visade att våldsutsatta kvinnor beskrivs som anonyma, rädda eller som objekt i motsats till våldsutövande män som porträtteras som subjekt med makt. Det framkom en diskurs kring en viss typ av våldsförövare och ett motsatsförhållande mellan våld och kärlek. Resultatet visade på en fascination vid våldet och detaljerna kring våldet samtidigt som kopplingen mellan våldsutövaren och ansvaret för våldet ofta var svag. Istället kopplades våldet, som kunde beskrivas som extrema våldshandlingar, ofta till själva relationen. / Intimate partner violence is an extensive social problem in Sweden and a recurring subject in Swedish newspapers. This study aimed to explore descriptions of men’s violence against women in intimate partner relationships in two well distributed Swedish newspapers. The research questions focused on how the men and women were described and how the relationship and the violence were depicted. Critical discourse analysis, with inspiration from Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, constituted the theoretical framework and method of analysis. The analysis showed descriptions of the women as anonymous, frightened and as objects in contrast to the men who were depicted as subjects with power. A discourse regarding a certain type of perpetrator was revealed as well as an opposite relationship between violence and affection. A fascination with the violence itself was found and it was often depicted in vivid details. The violence was often connected to the relationship itself while the connection between the perpetrator and the violence was less distinct.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur artiklar från två välkända svenskakvällstidningar beskriver det våld som män brukar mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Vidare har det undersökts vilka orsaksförklaringar tidningsartiklar använder för att beskriva mäns våld mot kvinnor. En kvalitativ textanalys har genomförts där resultatet har tematiserats med teoretisk ansats genom socioekologiska modellen och Socialstyrelsens definition av våld i nära relationer. Media har visat sig ha en betydande roll för människors förståelse av sociala problem. Det som beskrivs i media blir ofta människors verklighet, därför är det av betydelse att media ger en rättvis och korrekt bild av det stora och utbredda fenomen som våld i nära relationer utgör. Resultatet indikerar att fysiskt våld är den vanligast förekommande typ av våld som beskrivs av tidningsartiklar. Vidare skildrar studien att flest tidningsartiklar beskriver orsaker till mäns våld mot kvinnor med ett strukturellt perspektiv. Endast en av alla inkluderade tidningsartiklar beskriver mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer genom den socioekologiska modellens alla fyra perspektiv. Modellen som i enlighet med Socialstyrelsen är av stor vikt för att få en helhetsbeskrivning av mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. / The aim of this study was to investigate how articles from two well-known Swedish evening newspapers describe the violence that men use against women in close relationships. Furthermore, the study examined which causal explanations the newspaper articles use in the descriptions of the violence. This is done through a qualitative text analysis of newspaper articles' descriptions of violence. The results of the study have been thematized with a theoretical approach through the socio-ecological model and the National Board of Health and Welfare's definition of violence in close relationships. The media has proven to play a significant role in helping people understand social issues as what is described in the media often becomes people's reality. Therefore, it is important that the media provide a fair and correct picture of the large and widespread phenomenon that violence in close relationships constitutes. The results show that physical violence is the most described violence of newspaper articles. Furthermore, most causes of men's violence against women are described by newspaper articles with a structural perspective. Only one of all included newspaper articles describes men's violence against women in close relationships through all four perspectives of the socioecological model. The model which, in accordance with the National Board of Health and Welfare, is of great importance for obtaining a comprehensive description of men's violence against women in close relationships.

I denna studie har nio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts utifrån en kvalitativ studie med yrkesverksamma på kvinnojourer runt om i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma på kvinnojourer har upplevt det att arbeta på en kvinnojour samt hur deras bemötande och kommunikation gentemot våldsutsatta kvinnor har påverkats under tiden för pandemin. Resultatet har analyserat med hjälp av tidigare forskning, Lipskys teorier om gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme samt utifrån begreppen bemötande och kommunikation. Med en tematisk analys visar resultatet på att de yrkesverksamma på kvinnojourerna har fått göra omprioriteringar i sina arbetsuppgifter i samband med de implementerade restriktioner och rekommendationer på arbetsplatsen som smittspridningen av Covid-19 har medfört.  De har även bidragit till att en del kvinnojourer har fått en hög arbetsbelastning som lett till en sliten personal. Vidare framkommer det i resultatet att opinionsbildning och föreläsningar som är en viktig del i deras arbete, inte har kunnat bedrivas såsom önskat under pandemin. Resultatet visade även på att yrkesverksamma på kvinnojourer inte har sett en ökning av stödsökande kvinnor under Covid-19, vilket de tror sig kommer att se efter pandemins slut. / In this study, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted based on a qualitative study with ten various women’s shelters representatives around Sweden. The aim of the study was to investigate how representatives in women's shelters have experienced working in a women's shelter and how their treatment and communication towards abused women has been affected during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results have been analyzed with the help of previous research, Lipsky's theories of street-level bureaucracy and discretion and the concepts of treatment and communication. Using a thematic analysis, the results show that the representatives at the women's shelters have had to re-prioritize their work tasks because of the implemented restrictions and recommendations in the workplace that the spread of Covid-19 has entailed. They have also contributed to several women's shelters having a high workload, which has led to a worn-down staff. Furthermore, the results show that opinion formation and lectures, which is an important part of their work, have not been able to be conducted as desired during the pandemic. The results also showed that the representatives at the women's shelters have not seen an increase in women seeking support during Covid-19. They do however believe that they will see it when the pandemic has come to an end.

Men’s violence against women is a global social problem that occurs in all arenas of society, regardless of factors such as age, ethnicity, and social class. The portrayal of the victimized woman and dominant discourses present in guiding documents establish a framework for determining the appropriate support measures to address the needs that arise as a result of violence. Women who are victims of violence risk being left without support from social services if they do not identify with the institutional identity provided. Therefore, a critical examination of the subject positions for women who are victims of violence and how their support needs are portrayed in government propositions becomes important to understand the intentions behind the legislated support. The purpose of this study is to use critical discourse analysis to examine how government propositions in the field of intimate partner violence portray women who are victims of violence and their support needs. As part of this, the study aims to identify dominant discourses by highlighting and creating an understanding of how different subject positions and support needs are made visible or invisible in the examined material. The study is based on a qualitative research approach, and the research material consists of three government propositions in the field of intimate partner violence. Discourse analysis, based primarily on Fairclough's three-dimensional model, has been used as the methodological approach. Discourse analysis has also been used as a theoretical framework, complemented by intersectional perspectives. The results reveal a hidden aspect of dominance in the linguistic expression and modality of the material that risks disregarding marginalized perspectives and neglecting specific needs.

The purpose of the study is to investigate women’s experiences with psychological violence in intimate partner relationships in order to understand how they view their situation based on interactions with their environment and authority representatives. By highlighting this subject, the ambition was to expand knowledge to professionals who meet women in the targeted group, due to knowledge gaps and lack of awareness among professionals regarding how psychological violence affects women. A qualitative approach was used by reading seven autobiographies by women with experience with psychological violence to capture the women’s subjective experiences. The results were analyzed through content analysis which means that common themes were selected from each autobiography by a reading schedule to form a coding scheme. The results showed that the women were exposed to psychological violence in the form of controlling behaviors, isolation and the violence was alternated with warmth and love. The women share experiences regarding the expression and consequences of the psychological violence, while they share differences about interactions with the environment and authorities that contain both positive and negative experiences. The environment was shown to be vital for the woman's opportunities to leave the violent relationship. However, dilemmas may arise for friends and family to help the woman because they may feel codependent, which results in them feeling hopeless. This concludes that professionals and the women’s environment need more knowledge regarding how psychological violence manifests itself, its consequences and how the women normalizes the violence in order to understand the women’s conditions and help them break free from factors that are maintaining the violence. KEY WORDS: psychological abuse, intimate partner violence, effects on mental health, help seeking, men’s violence against women, professional approach

I denna studie har vi undersökt husdjurens roll och påverkan på våldsutsattas uppbrott från relationer där det förekommit våld. Vi har genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal på skyddade boenden och kvinnojourer tagit del av vad de har för kunskap, erfarenhet och egna resonemang kring mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn samt uppbrottsprocessen där det finns husdjur med i bilden. Genom en tematisk analys tog vi oss närmare respondenternas arbetssätt, personliga- och organisatoriska förutsättningar samt utmaningar i arbetet med våldsutsatta och deras husdjur. Resultatet visar på en varierande kunskapsnivå och syn på husdjurens betydelse. Det vi kan se i studien är att husdjuren inte är uteslutna från våld i hemmet och våldet är både ett straffrättsligt lindrigt och ett känslomässigt effektivt sätt att skada även de tvåbenta i hushållet. Husdjuren kan vara en starkt kvarhållande faktor och möjligheten att rädda husdjuren från våldsutövaren kan vara en fråga om liv och död för husdjuren. För människorna som ändå lyckas lämna utan att ta med sig djuret kan det innebära stora trauman, känslor av skuld och skam samt en risk att hon till slut väljer att gå tillbaka till förövaren.Vi har tagit del av respondenternas tankar och förslag på framtida lösningar och önskemål. Studien visar att problemet med djurens utsatthet i våldsamma relationer är något som på flera sätt ingår i ett aktivt förändringsarbete på flera boenden just nu och med hjälp av kunskap och förståelse går det att rädda liv. / In this study we have examined the role and effect that pets have on victims of violence’s process of separation from relationships where violence exists. With semi-structured interviews with the staff from shelters and women’s shelters, we learnt more about their experience, knowledge, and reasoning around the violence in relationships and breakups where pets are present. Through a thematic analysis we have approached the respondents’ work procedures, organizational- and personal conditions as well as challenges in the work with victims of violence and their pets. The results show a varying knowledge level and view of the importance of pets. The study shows that the animals are not excluded from the domestic violence and that the violence is both punitively cheap but also an emotionally effective way to also harm the two-legged in the household. The animals can be a strong detaining factor and the opportunity of saving the animals from the perpetrator can be a matter of life and death for the animal. For the people that still manage to leave without bringing the animal with them it can amount to large trauma, feelings of guilt and shame, and that she in the end chooses to go back. We also got to take part of the respondents' thoughts and suggestions for future solutions and wishes. The study also shows that the problem with vulnerability of animals is something that in many ways is part of an active work for change in several shelters at this moment and that with the help of knowledge and understanding it is possible to save lives.

Men's violence against women and intimate partner violence (IPV) exists all over the World. This occurs regardless of culture, ethnicity, sexuality, age, religion and social affiliation. The aim of the study was to analyse and review, what influences women's decision to stay or to leave a violent intimate relationship, based on current research on men's violence against women in heterosexual relationships. This qualitative study was conducted through a method called systematic literature review. Data was collected through two databases: PsycInfo and Social Services Abstracts. The study result identified factors such as: poor self-esteem, stigma, guilt, shame, children, economy, social status, social norm, men’s power and control, together with women’s dependence completely on the partner. These factors play a key role in a woman’s decision to stay or to leave a violent intimate partner relationship. Gender and masculinity theories used to analys these factors. Furthermore, the study revealed that usually men and women have different status in most developing societies. Men have a superior and women have an inferior status. The results of the studies also showed that usually men exercise violence against women in order to maintain their superior status and women bear this because of their subordination.