Les travaux de recherche actuels menés dans le domaine des supercondensateurs s’orientent vers l’augmentation des densités d’énergie, notamment via le développement de supercondensateurs hybrides "oxydes de métaux de transition / carbones activés". Dans ce contexte, les présents travaux avaient pour objectif d’évaluer les propriétés d’oxydes de cobalt nanométriques en tant que matériaux d’électrode positive pour supercondensateur hybride.Ces oxydes de cobalt, de structure spinelle, sont préparés par précipitation de nitrate de cobalt en milieu basique (T < 90 °C). Ils possèdent une formule chimique du type HxLiyCo3-δO4•zH2O et présentent une bonne conductivité électronique grâce à la présence d’ions H+, Li+ et Co4+. Les analyses par DRX, ATG, RMN et les mesures de conductivité électroniques ont mis en évidence une réorganisation de la structure spinelle de ces matériaux sous l’effet d’un traitement thermique, conduisant à une augmentation du rapport Co4+/Co3+ ainsi qu’à une amélioration des propriétés de transport électrique. L’association d’une conductivité électronique élevée et d’une forte surface spécifique confère à ces oxydes des performances prometteuses en tant que matériaux d’électrode.L’étude des propriétés électrochimiques a montré la présence de deux modes de stockage des charges, l’un électrostatique (double couche électrochimique) et l’autre faradique via l’oxydation et la réduction du cobalt. Elle a également permis de déterminer la signature électrochimique de ces oxydes (capacité, fenêtre de potentiels), prérequis indispensable à leur intégration dans une cellule complète. Finalement, un supercondensateur hybride "oxyde de cobalt / carbone activé" a été assemblé et équilibré, donnant lieu à des performances attractives (61,6 F/g sur 1,60 V). / Investigations on supercapacitors are focusing on increasing energy densities, in particular with the development of hybrid supercapacitors "metal oxides / activated carbons". In this field, the present work aims at evaluating nanometric cobalt oxides as positive electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors.These oxides, with spinel structure, are synthesized by precipitation of cobalt nitrate in a basic medium (T < 90 °C). They exhibit formulae such as HxLiyCo3-δO4•zH2O and good electronic properties thanks to the presence of H+, Li+ and Co4+ ions. XRD, TGA, NMR analysis as well as electronic measurements have highlighted a structural reorganization of the spinel structure under thermal treatment, resulting in increase of the Co4+/Co3+ ratio and an enhancement of the electronic transport properties. The high electronic conductivity together with a huge specific surface area imparts these oxides promising performances as electrode material.The study of the electrochemical properties underlines two charge storage mechanisms, one electrostatic (electrochemical double layer) and the other one faradic through the oxidation and the reduction of cobalt. The electrochemical signature (capacity, potential window) of these oxides was also determined in order to develop a complete cell. Finally, a hybrid supercapacitor "cobalt oxide / activated carbon" was assembled and balanced, revealing attractive performances (61,6 F/g over 1,60 V).

This thesis deals with the research work carried out for the development of novel applications by integrating biomolecules with various nanostructures. The thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 reviews the properties of nanomaterials which are important to consider while developing them for various biological and other applications. It discusses the factors which affect the cytotoxicity of nanocrystals towards living cells, photocatalytic mechanisms of nanocrystals that work behind the inactivation of bacterial cells and gas sensing properties of nanocrystals. It also mentions about the integration of biomolecules with nanomaterials which is useful for the development of biosensors, materials that are presently used for fabricating biosensors and the challenges associated with designing successful biosensors. Chapter 2 presents the antibacterial and anticancer properties of ZnO/Ag nanohybids. In this study a simple route to synthesize ZnO/Ag nanohybrids by microwave synthesis has been established where ZnO/Ag nanohybrids have shown synergistic cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. The observed synergism in the cytotoxicity of ZnO/Ag nanohybrids could lead to the development of low dose therapeutics for cancer treatment. Chapter 3 presents photocatalytic inactivation of bacterial cells by pentavalent bismuthates class of materials. AgBiO3 which was obtained from KBiO3 by ion-exchange method was investigated for its photocatalytic inactivation properties towards E.coli and S.aureus cells under dark and UV illumination conditions. Chapter 4 presents the integration of DNA molecules with ZnO nanorods for the observation of Mott-Gurney characteristics. In this study, ZnO nanorods were synthesized hydrothermally and were characterized by TEM and XRD analysis. DNA molecules were immobilized over ZnO nanorods which were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and confocal florescence microscopy. Solution processed devices were fabricated by using these DNA immobilized nanostructures and I-V characteristics of these devices were taken in dark and under illumination conditions at different wavelengths of light at fixed intensity. Interestingly, Mott-Gurney law was observed in the I-V characteristics of the devices fabricated using DNA immobilized ZnO nanorods. Chapter 5 presents the chemical synthesis of molecular scale ultrathin Au nanowires. These nanostructures were then used for fabricating electronic biosensors. In this study, the devices were fabricated over Au nanowires by e-beam lithography and a methodology to functionalize Au nanowires and then characterize them by florescence microscopy as well as AFM has been established. The fabricated biosensors were employed for the label free, electrical detection of DNA hybridization process. Chapter 6 presents a simple, cost effective and solution processed route to fabricate devices using ultrathin Au nanowires. The devices were then used for sensing ethanol, H2 and NH3. An important property of these devices is that they can sense these gases at room temperature which reduce their operation cost and makes them desirable to use under explosive conditions.

My thesis is divided into five chapters, starting with a general introduction in first chapter and sample preparation and protein-NMR assignment techniques in second chapter. The remaining three chapters focus on three different areas/projects that I have worked on. Chapter 1: Introduction to nanomaterials and all the experimental techniques This chapter reviews different kinds of nanomaterials and their application utilized for protein-nanomaterial interaction in our study, along with the introduction to different spectroscopy and microscopy techniques used for the interaction studies. Starting with introduction of nanomaterials and all the experimental techniques, which constitute the arsenal for structural studies of the protein-nanomaterial interaction, different steps enroute to structural and dynamic interaction are outlined in detail. Chapter 2: Preparation and Characterization of Proteins used for nanomaterial interaction studies Proteins are generally of three kinds- globular (structured), intrinsically disordered and membrane bound. These proteins have different functions in living organisms and play a major role to maintain metabolism and other important factors. To probe protein-nanomaterial interactions, we have chosen different protein/peptides. This chapter describes the protocol/procedure used for purifying the proteins. For studying a globular protein, ubiquitin was chosen. Nanomaterial-IDP interaction was investigated using the intrinsically disordered central linker domain of human insulin like growth factor binding protein-2 (L-hIGFBP2). The hydrophobic membrane interacting part of the prion protein was chosen as a representative membrane protein. The characterization of the proteins by NMR spectroscopy is also described. Chapter 3: A nanomaterial based novel macromolecular crowding agent Carbon quantum dots (CQD) are nanomaterials with size less than 10 nm, first obtained in 2004 during purification of single-walled carbon-nanotubes. Since then CQDs have been used in a wide range of applications due to their low cost of preparation and favorable properties such as chemical inertness, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and solubility in aqueous medium. One of the applications of CQDs has been their use for imaging and tracking proteins inside cells, based on their intrinsic fluorescence. Further, quantum dots exhibit concentration dependent aggregation while retaining their solubility. Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQD) induce macromolecular crowding making them suitable for probing the structure, function and dynamics of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides/ proteins under near in-cell conditions. We have prepared hydrophilic and hydrophobic quantum dots to see the crowding effect. After characterization of CQD, we tested the property of proteins with CQD and found that CQD behaves as a macromolecular crowding agent by mimicking near in-cell conditions. In our study, we have chosen a globular protein, an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) and one hydrophobic membrane peptide. We have also compared the crowding property of CQD with ficoll which is widely used commercial crowding agent. The overall study tells that the CQD acts like crowding agent and can be used for the study of macromolecular crowding effect. This makes them suitable for structural and functional studies of proteins in near in-cell conditions. Chapter 4: Ubiquitin-Graphene oxide interactions Described here is the interaction of human ubiquitin with GO using NMR spectroscopy and other techniques such as Fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The globular protein ubiquitin interacts with GO and undergoes a dynamic and reversible association-dissociation in a fast exchange regimen as revealed by NMR spectroscopy. The conformation of the protein is not affected and the primary interaction is seen to be electrostatic in nature due to the polar functional groups present on the protein and GO sheet surface. For the first time we have shown that the interaction between ubiquitin and GO is dynamic in nature with fast and reversible adsorption/desorption of protein from the surface of GO. This insight will help in understanding the mechanistic aspects of interaction of GO with cellular proteins and will help in designing appropriate functionalized graphene oxide for its biological application. Chapter 5: Section A: Interaction of an intrinsically disordered protein (L-HIGFBP2) with graphene oxide The interaction between intrinsically disordered linker domain of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (L-hIGFBP2) with GO was studied using NMR spectroscopy and other techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential measurements. The study revealed that the disordered protein L-hIGFBP2 interacts with GO through electrostatic interaction and undergoes a dynamic and reversible association-dissociation in a fast exchange regime. The conformation of the protein is not affected. Section B: Stability of an Intrinsically disordered protein through weak interaction with Silver nanoparticles Using NMR spectroscopy and other techniques we probed the mechanism of L-hIGFBP2–AgNP interactions which render the IDP stable. The study reveals a mechanism which involves a relatively fast and reversible association–dissociation of L-hIGFBP2 (dynamic exchange) from the surface of AgNP. The AgNP–L-hIGFBP2 complex remains stable for more than a month. The techniques employed in addition to NMR include UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to probe the protein-AgNP interaction here in this section.

No description available.

[ES] La biotecnología moderna se basa en la aplicación de una mezcla de herramientas experimentales y computacionales para llevar a cabo de forma dirigida la ingeniería genética. El objetivo es obtener células (re)programadas que implementen nuevas funciones o que sirvan como herramientas para el estudio de sistemas biológicos. En este contexto, el uso de bacterias en biotecnología está muy extendido. Sin embargo, la implementación de circuitos genéticos para el aprovechamiento de estos seres vivos puede verse limitada por procesos biológicos naturales; es decir, los circuitos diseñados (o naturales) pueden verse afectados por el transcurso del tiempo o por cambios en el entorno en el que crecen las bacterias. En esta tesis, nos propusimos seguir un enfoque integrador para estudiar cómo las bacterias responden en el tiempo y el espacio a los cambios genéticos y ambientales, que pueden afectar la funcionalidad de los circuitos de interés biotecnológico. Usamos Escherichia coli como organismo modelo, explotando una variedad de herramientas experimentales para trabajar con él. En primer lugar, estudiamos cómo los cambios ambientales y genéticos afectan la funcionalidad de un circuito genético sintético que implementa un comportamiento lógico sofisticado. Descubrimos que hay amplios rangos de concentración de entrada que el sistema puede procesar correctamente, que el circuito diseñado es bastante sensible a los efectos de la temperatura, que la expresión de pequeños ARN heterólogos es costosa para la célula y que una reorganización genética adecuada del sistema para reducir la cantidad de ADN heterólogo en la célula puede mejorar su estabilidad evolutiva. En segundo lugar, estudiamos el crecimiento bacteriano en entornos en los que existen materiales nanoestructurados. Descubrimos que las poblaciones bacterianas se pueden controlar en gran medida mediante el uso de marcos organometálicos, ya que estos materiales nanoestructurados pueden descomponerse lentamente en medios biológicos liberando agentes antimicrobianos (metales y compuestos orgánicos, incluidos los antibióticos). Analizamos la respuesta bacteriana espaciotemporal siguiendo un enfoque experimental y teórico combinado en un entorno tan complejo y desafiante en medios líquidos y sólidos. Además de las variaciones en el rendimiento debido a cambios ambientales, también se debe considerar que esos circuitos genéticos evolucionarán con el tiempo debido a la acumulación estocástica de mutaciones. Estas mutaciones pueden dar lugar a cambios en la funcionalidad de los circuitos reguladores. Por tanto, en tercer lugar, realizamos un experimento de evolución a largo plazo para estudiar la contribución de un sistema de chaperonas de proteínas en la modulación de la estabilidad evolutiva. En los últimos años, se ha demostrado que los sistemas de chaperonas, como GroES/EL, pueden amortiguar o purgar mutaciones. Realizamos la secuenciación del genoma completo en diferentes líneas con diferentes niveles de expresión de GroEL y también medimos la tasa de crecimiento de las células al principio y al final del experimento evolutivo. Sin embargo, nuestros resultados no fueron concluyentes, por lo que se necesita más investigación para comprender completamente el papel de GroES/EL en la evolución y evaluar su utilidad potencial en biotecnología. En conjunto, esta tesis intenta avanzar en nuestro conocimiento sobre cómo las bacterias, y E. coli en particular, se comportan como se espera cuando el entorno se altera, la fisiología cambia y pasa mucho tiempo, para posibles aplicaciones industriales o (pre)clínicas. / [CA] La biotecnologia moderna es basa en l'aplicació d'una mescla d'eines experimentals i computacionals per a realitzar de forma dirigida l'enginyeria genètica. L'objectiu és obtindre cèl·lules (re)programades que implementen noves funcions o que servisquen com a eines per a l'estudi de sistemes biològics. En aquest context, l'ús de bacteris en biotecnologia està molt estés. No obstant això, la implementació de circuits genètics per a l'aprofitament d'aquests éssers vius pot veure's limitada per processos biològics naturals; és a dir, els circuits dissenyats (o naturals) poden veure's afectats pel transcurs del temps o per canvis en l'entorn en el qual creixen els bacteris. En aquesta tesi, ens vam proposar seguir un enfocament integrador per a estudiar com els bacteris responen en el temps i l'espai als canvis genètics i ambientals, que poden afectar la funcionalitat dels circuits d'interés biotecnològic. Usem Escherichia coli com a organisme model, explotant una varietat d'eines experimentals per a treballar amb ell. En primer lloc, estudiem com els canvis ambientals i genètics afecten la funcionalitat d'un circuit genètic sintètic que implementa un comportament lògic sofisticat. Descobrim que hi ha amplis rangs de concentració d'entrada que el sistema pot processar correctament, que el circuit dissenyat és bastant sensible a l'efecte de la temperatura, que l'expressió de xicotets ARN heteròlegs és costosa per a la cèl·lula i que una reorganització genètica adequada del sistema per a reduir la quantitat d'ADN heteròleg en la cèl·lula pot millorar la seua estabilitat evolutiva. En segon lloc, estudiem el creixement bacterià en entorns en els quals existeixen materials nanoestructurats. Descobrim que les poblacions bacterianes es poden controlar en gran manera mitjançant l'ús de marcs organometàlics, ja que aquests materials nanoestructurats poden descompondre's lentament en medis biològics alliberant agents antimicrobians (metalls i compostos orgànics, inclosos els antibiòtics). Analitzem la resposta bacteriana espai-temporal seguint un enfocament experimental i teòric integrador en un entorn tan complex i desafiador en mitjans líquids i sòlids. A més de les variacions en el rendiment degut a canvis ambientals, també s'ha de considerar que aqueixos circuits genètics evolucionaran amb el temps degut a l'acumulació estocàstica de mutacions. Aquestes mutacions poden donar lloc a canvis en la funcionalitat dels circuits reguladors. Per tant, en tercer lloc, realitzem un experiment d'evolució a llarg termini per a estudiar la contribució d'un sistema de chaperones de proteïnes en la modulació de l'estabilitat evolutiva. En els últims anys, s'ha demostrat que els sistemes de chaperones, com GroES/EL, poden esmorteir o purgar mutacions. Realitzem la seqüenciació del genoma complet en diferents línies amb diferents nivells d'expressió de GroEL i també mesurem la taxa de creixement de les cèl·lules al principi i al final de l'experiment evolutiu. No obstant això, els nostres resultats no van ser concloents, per la qual cosa es necessita més investigació per a comprendre completament el paper de GroES/L en l'evolució i avaluar la seua utilitat potencial en biotecnologia. En conjunt, aquesta tesi intenta avançar en el nostre coneixement sobre com els bacteris, i E. coli en particular, es comporten com s'espera quan l'entorn s'altera, la fisiologia canvia i passa molt temps, per a possibles aplicacions industrials o (pre)clíniques. / [EN] Modern biotechnology is based on applying a mix of experimental and computational tools to perform in a directed way genetic engineering. The aim is to obtain (re)programmed cells that implement new functions or that serve as tools for the study of biological systems. In this context, the use of bacteria in biotechnology is widespread. However, the implementation of genetic circuits for the use of these living beings may be limited due to natural biological processes; that is, the engineered (or natural) circuits may be affected by the course of time or by changes in the environment in which bacteria grow. In this thesis, we proposed to follow an integrative approach to study how bacteria respond in time and space to genetic and environmental changes, which may affect the functionality of the circuits of biotechnological interest. We used Escherichia coli as a model organism, exploiting a variety of experimental tools to work with it. Firstly, we studied how environmental and genetic changes affect the functionality of a synthetic genetic circuit that implements a sophisticated logic behavior. We found that there are wide input concentration ranges that the system can correctly process, that the engineered circuitry is quite sensitive to temperature effects, that the expression of heterologous small RNAs is costly for the cell, and that a proper genetic reorganization of the system to reduce the amount of heterologous DNA in the cell can improve its evolutionary stability. Secondly, we studied of bacterial growth in environments in which there are nanostructured materials. We found that bacterial populations can be greatly controlled through the use of metal-organic frameworks, as these nanostructured materials can slowly decompose in biological media releasing antimicrobials (metals and organic compounds, including antibiotics). We analyzed the spatiotemporal bacterial response following a combined experimental and theoretical approach in a such a complex and challenging environment in both liquid and solid media. In addition to variations in performance due to environmental changes, it must also be considered that those gene circuits will evolve over time due to the stochastic accumulation of mutations. These mutations can lead to changes in the functionality of the regulatory circuits. Then thirdly, we performed an experiment of long-term evolution to study the contribution of a protein chaperone system in modulating evolutionary stability. In recent years, it has been shown that chaperone systems, such as GroES/EL, can buffer or purge mutations. We performed whole-genome sequencing over different lines with varying expression levels of GroEL, and also measured the growth rate of the cells at the beginning and the end of the evolutionary experiment. However, our results were not conclusive, so further research is needed to fully understand the role of GroES/EL in evolution and to assess its potential utility in biotechnology. Taken together, this thesis tries to advance our knowledge on how bacteria, and E. coli in particular, behave as expected when the environment is perturbed, the physiology changes, and long time passes, for potential industrial or (pre)clinical applications. / Montagud Martínez, R. (2023). Study of Spatiotemporal Responses of Bacterial Cells [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193030

No description available.

Alors qu’un nombre non négligeable de produits contenant des nanomatériaux est déjà présent sur les marchés, nous manquons de recul tant en ce qui concerne les risques pour la santé et l’environnement que les bénéfices qu’ils peuvent apporter à la société sur le long terme. La présente thèse aborde la question suivante : quel régime règlementaire est en mesure de procurer le plus haut niveau de protection contre les risques avérés ou suspectés des nanotechnologies tout en soutenant simultanément la compétitivité et l'innovation ? Bien que l’Union européenne et les Etats-Unis se soient efforcés de trouver des solutions nuancées en fonction des besoins, des capacités, des enjeux inhérents à chaque secteur concerné et de leurs traditions juridiques respectives, l’on ne peut que constater l’émergence d’une réglementation des nanotechnologies à géométrie variable. / While a significant number of products containing nanomaterials is already in widespread use, we have little understanding of risks and benefits they can bring to the society in the long term. The objective of this PhD thesis is to answer the following question: which regulatory framework can ensure a high level of protection against real or suspected risks of nanotechnologies while promoting competitiveness and innovation ? Although the European Union and the United States have attempted to find nuanced solutions according to the needs, capacities and challenges, which are proper to each sector concerned and their respective legal traditions, the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnologies is characterised by a high degree of fragmentation.

La génération de surfaces présentant des nanostructurations de surface variées et modulables est l’objectif principal de ce travail. L’auto-assemblage de copolymères à bloc ou de nanoparticules d’or a été privilégié, et nécessite pour se faire de moduler finement les interactions aux interfaces substrat/ matériaux déposés. Dans une première partie, un dispositif expérimental de greffage de silane alkyle en voie vapeur est décrit. Cette technique de greffage permet d’aboutir à des surfaces fonctionnalisées soit de façon homogène, soit de façon graduelle et ce, avec un ou deux silanes (substrat respectivement mono ou bi-composant). La robustesse, la simplicité et la flexibilité de notre procédé ont été démontrés par des caractérisations physico-chimique (mesure des propriétés de mouillabilité), chimique (spectroscopie de photoélectrons X) ainsi que par analyse topographique (microscopie à force atomique). Dans une deuxième partie, l’influence des interactions aux interfaces substrat / film sur l’auto-assemblage de copolymères à bloc PS-b-PMMA a été mise en évidence par AFM. A partir des substrats de silicium homogènes en énergie de surface, il a été possible de moduler la nanostructuration sur différents échantillons et à partir des surfaces fonctionnalisées graduellement, cette variation de nanostructuration a pu être obtenue sur un même substrat. Par l’utilisation de copolymère à bloc PS-b-PI, il est par ailleurs possible de générer des films nanostructurés sans préfonctionnalisation du substrat, sans recuit et ce quelle que soit l’épaisseur du film. Dans une troisième partie, l’influence des interactions aux interfaces sur l’assemblage capillaire/convectif dirigé de nanoparticules d’or a été démontré par microscopie à champ sombre. La nature chimique et la densité de greffage des silanes ainsi que la dimension des échantillons ont été modulées pour mettre en évidence le rôle de ces paramètres sur l’assemblage de ces particules. Cette étude montre que les interactions aux interfaces contrôlent l’assemblage des entités chimiques organiques et inorganiques et donc la nanostructuration de surface qui en résulte. / The purpose of this work is to develop a methodology based on the control of interactions at substrate/deposited material interfaces in order to achieve well-defined structures at the nanoscale (nanostructuration). In particular, silane molecules were grafted onto planar substrates to adjust the physico-chemical interactions in order to consequently control block copolymers / gold nanoparticles self-assemblies. The first part describes the experimental set-up developed to graft alkyl silanes through vapor phase strategy. The modification can be finely tuned such that homogeneously or gradually functionalized surfaces with either one or two silanes (or- or two-component substrate, respectively) are obtained. The versatility and simplicity of our process were demonstrated by wettability measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopic analysis (AFM) performed on these different surfaces. The second part points out the influence of grafting density and polarity on block copolymers self-assembly. PS-b-PMMA films were first used. With using homogeneously-modified substrates, it has been demonstrated that block copolymers self-assembly depends on substrate surface chemistry, and different cases (dewetting, wetting, parallel or perpendicular orientation of nanodomains) were achieved as a function of the grafting density of silanes on the substrate. Using gradually-modified surface, these different nanostructures were obtained on one unique sample. Moreover, by using appropriate deposition conditions with another block copolymer (PS-b-PI), well-oriented nanostructured films were obtained without pre-functionalization or annealing, regardless of film thickness. In the third part influence of surface chemistry on gold nanoparticles deposited through capillary/convective assembly is investigated and characterized by dark field microscopy. The careful selection of silane in conjunction with appropriate grafting density are adjusted in order to emphasize the impact of these parameters on the assembly process and therefore on the surface nanostructures. This study demonstrates that the control of interfacial interactions dictates the self-assembly of organic or inorganic materials deposited on a planar substrate.

Die Verbindung von hoch entwickelten Nanomaterialien mit fluoreszenzbasierten Technologien hat sich zu einem aufstrebenden Forschungsbereich entwickelt. Nichtsdestotrotz ist bis heute der Schritt von einem organischen Indikatormolekül zum anwendbaren Sensorsystem ein komplexer Prozess. Diese Arbeit zielte darauf ab, sensorische Materialien verschiedener chemischer Natur für diverse Analyten zu entwickeln, zu charakterisieren und zu etablieren. Hierbei wurden zunächst pH sensitive Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe entwickelt und in dünnen Membranen immobilisiert. Der Teststreifen ermöglicht die Beurteilung von pH-Änderungen mit dem Auge. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, wie diese Farbstoffe auch in eine wasserlösliche Form überführt werden können. Damit konnten lokale pH-Änderungen an der Wachstumsfront von Silikat-Biomorphs detektiert werden. Auch partikuläre Systeme stellten sich als geeignete Materialien heraus. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie die Silikat-Matrix von Partikeln zu verbesserten Eigenschaften für Farbstoffe führt. Mittels farbstoffbeladener Partikel konnte in einem Lateral-Flow-Assay ein schneller Nachweis von TATP etabliert werden. Ein anderer Ansatz verfolgte das Ziel des sensitiven Nachweises von Quecksilberionen in Wasser. In einem anderen System konnten Silikat-Nanopartikeln so funktionalisiert werden, dass ein sensitiver und selektiver Nachweis von Schwermetallionen und Anionen über ein Quencher-Displacement-Assay gelang. Zusätzlich wurde die einzigartige Oberfläche von Zellulosepartikeln mithilfe eines neu entwickelten Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs untersucht. Die untersuchten Materialien und Strategien zeigen, wie leicht innovative Moleküle für potentielle sensorische Systeme im wässrigen Medium auf Basis von fluoreszierenden Partikeln und dünnen Schichten geschaffen werden können. Das Verhalten der hergestellten Materialien wurde über spektroskopische Methoden evaluiert und dabei, wenn möglich, die Parameter Sensitivität, Selektivität und Ansprechzeit beurteilt. / The combination of fluorescence and nanomaterials has developed into an emerging research area. Nonetheless until now the step from an organic sensory molecule to a final sensor format is a complex endeavor. This thesis aimed at the preparation of particulate and thin-film based platforms for various analytes through combining the features of an appropriate host material with outstanding properties of dyes concomitant with sensitive fluorescence detection techniques. In particular, pH sensitive fluorescent probes were sterically immobilized into a thin membrane. The dip-stick allows the assessment upon change in pH with the eye. Especially a probe working at high basic pH range was converted into a water-soluble analogue and was directly applied at the growth front of silica biomorphs to detect local pH changes. But also particulate structures are suitable host materials. It is shown how the silica matrix of nanoparticles lead to improved optical properties for embedded dyes. The interactions of silica and fluorescent dyes within the pores of mesoporous particles were exploited to develop an actual sensor format based detection of TATP. In another approach it was possible to detect mercury ions in water. Heavy metal ions were also successfully detected in a quencher displacement assay involving receptor-dye functionalized silica nanoparticles. The impact of the unique surface properties of cellulose microparticles was shown by a fluorescent dye which allows an assessment of the surface functional groups and microenvironment through the reactivity and its changes in the optical properties. The performance of the prepared materials were evaluated mostly by spectroscopic methods and if possible assessed in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and response time. The newly developed and investigated materials based on fluorescent particulate and thin-films show the facile application of innovative sensor probes for potentially sensing devices.