Abstrakt Studien behandlar begreppskunskap inom området positionssystemet hos elever i matematiksvårigheter. Undersökningen har gjorts i årskurs 4 och omfattar naturliga tal avseende tiobassystemet. Studien består av en kvantitativ undersökning och en kvalitativ del med intervjuer. Resultatet av studien har organiserats i tre områden som har betydelse för individens utveckling av matematiska begrepp. Talområdet 1-10, talsystemets uppbyggnad samt förståelsen av stora tal. Av resultatet framgår att förståelse av ett begrepp kan vara mer ytlig än den ser ut att vara. Brister i grundläggande begreppsförståelse kan leda till att räknesvårigheter uppstår. Svårigheter är bland annat begreppen talsort och platsvärde, särskilt i stora tal. Sökord: begrepp, matematiksvårigheter, positionssystemet, schema, specialundervisning, tiobassystemet. / Abstract The study deals with the conceptual knowledge in the positional system for pupils with mathematical difficulties. The investigation was conducted in grade four and includes natural numbers for the ten-base system. The study consists of a quantitative survey and a quality part with interviews. The result of the study has been organized into three areas which have importance to the development of mathematical concepts for individuals. The number field 1-10, rules for the building of system of numbers and the understanding of large numbers. The result shows that the understanding of a concept may be more superficial then it appears to be. Deficiency in basic conceptual understanding can lead to numeracy problems. The difficulties included the concepts place-value and magnitude of number, especially in large numbers.   Keywords: concept, mathematical difficulties, positional system, schema, special needs education, ten-base system.

This study is about care managers, who process in the care of the elderly, regarding to needs, rules, regulations, guidelines and their freedom of space.   The purpose with this study is to understand how the care managers process out of the basis from the needs of the elderly, the municipal guidelines in relation to the caremanagers freedom of space. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on semistructured interviews with five different care managers. To analyze our interview material we have use the street-level bureaucrat theory by Lipsky and Johansson and the theoretical idea empowerment.   Before we started our research about care managers we had an understanding in that the organization had an influence in the judgment of the needs of the elderly. Now we have an understanding in that the relative to the elderly is the one who wants to affect the care manager during the judgment of needs in what effort to make.   Our study indicates that it exist insecurity regarding to the municipal guidelines, which was surprising. We thought that the guideline was something positive and a help full tool for the care managers. The result in our research points out that the guidelines makes insecurity instead of comfort. Our study shows that the care managers are contradictory regarding to their freedom of space. In the other hand they consider that their freedom of space is positive, but on the other hand when the municipal guidelines don´t work, they become worried and insecure. It´s the none working municipal guidelines who gives the care managers a huge freedom of space. Which leads to that the care managers is afraid of doing misjudgments.   Our result don´t distinguish from other studies made in this subject area.

Bakgrund: Den palliativa vårdens främsta syfte är att främja patienters välbefinnande och den ska utmärkas av integritet och värdighet. Tack vare den allt mer avancerade hemsjukvården finns möjligheten för fler palliativa patienter att vårdas i hemmet. Detta ställer krav på sjuksköterskors och närståendes kompetens. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva närståendes upplevelser samt behov av stöd i palliativ hemsjukvård. Metod: En litteraturstudie utfördes där tretton kvalitativa studier granskades och analyserades enligt Friberg (2006). Resultat: Analysen utmynnade i tre huvudkategorier samt fem underkategorier som bygger på upplevelser hos närstående som vårdar en palliativ anhörig. Resultatet visar att närstående har behov av stöd för att orka vårda. Det visar också på vikten av att se närstående i den situation de befinner sig i, genom detta kan isolering, ensamhet och oro begränsas. Det visar sig att när adekvat information ges känner sig närstående delaktiga. Motsatsen infinner sig när närstående inte ses som en resurs. Konklusion: Mer förståelse för närståendes situation behövs samt mer utbildning i palliativ omvårdnad för vårdpersonalen i hemsjukvård. Det är också önskvärt med mer forskning med kvalitativ ansats. / Background: The palliative care primary purpose is to promote patients comfort and to be characterized by integrity and dignity. Thanks to the ever more sophisticated home care is the possibility for more palliative patients to be cared for at home. This requires nurses and relatives skills. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the relatives experiences and their needs of support in palliative home care. Method: A literature review was conducted in which thirteen qualitative studies were examined and analyzed according to Friberg (2006). Results: The analysis resulted in three major categories and five subcategories based on the experiences of close relatives caring for a palliative relative. The results show that families are in need of support to manage caring. It also demonstrates the importance of seeing relative’s situation they are in, in this way, isolation, loneliness and anxiety can be limited. It turns out that when adequate information is given relatives feels involved. The opposite appears when relatives are not seen as a resource. Conclusions: Further understanding of relatives situation is needed and more education in palliative care for nursing staff in home care. It is also desirable to have more research with a qualitative approach.

Syftet med min studie är att kartlägga hur man som lärare kan arbete för att motivera sina elever i den dagliga undervisningen. Detta sett ur ett pedagogperspektiv. Resultatet är baserat på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre aktiva lärare. Resultat tillsammans med förankring i för studien aktuell litteratur utgör grund för diskussion. Resultatet tillsammans med litteraturen visar att arbete med att främja individers motivation är komplex och att det inte finns några enkla lösningar på hur man skall gå tillväga. En viktig insikt man bör ha som lärare då man arbetar inom pedagogisk verksamhet är att alla individer har olika behov och försättningar vilket bör ligga till grund för individualiserad anpassningen i undervisningen. Slutsatsen i min studie är att man med tydlighet, konkreta målformuleringar och med en positiv inställning medvetet bör arbeta för att stärka samtliga elevers positiva och konstruktiva sidor. / The aim of this study is to investigate how you as a teacher from an educational perspective can motivate pupils in the daily education. The results are based on qualitative interviews with three active teachers. These results together with impressions from relevant literature constitute the base for the discussion and shows that facilitating individuals motivation is complex and that there are no simple solutions how to act. As a teacher it is an important insight that in educational situations all individuals have different needs and qualifications and that these conditions have to be considered for individually adjusted education. The conclusion of this study shows that clarity, concrete goals and a positive attitude is important to encourage all pupils.

The overall aim of the thesis was to describe caregivers’ experiences of caring for women with breast cancer on a surgical ward. The study was based on interviews with narrative parts and tape-recorded clinical supervision sessions. The interviews and clinical supervision sessions were transcribed verbatim, and analysed by content analysis. Nurses (n=10) described life for women with breast cancer as either having freedom or not having freedom, with both physical and existential suffering. Dying occurred either naturally in patients’ own home or unnaturally in hospital. The nurses felt that it is possible to alleviate suffering during dying through providing adequate pain relief but also, through listening, providing information and changing the caring atmosphere (I). Breast cancer as an illness was described from a dark point of view by caregivers (n=37). The descriptions focused on loss of breasts and control, progression of the illness and annihilation. The illness seemed, in the caregivers’ mind, to often end with a painful death. Caregivers who had the opportunity to follow the total care process described a lighter viewpoint (II). According to nurses (=31) the most important needs among women, their relatives and nurses themselves were the needs to talk and receive information. There was a discrepancy between what was described as important needs and the descriptions of how these needs were provided for. Nurses, whose own needs for support were sometimes unsatisfactorily met (III), seemed almost to be unaware of the needs among women and their relatives. In the clinical supervision sessions caregivers reflected on difficult care situations related to women’s, relatives’, and most often caregivers’ feelings (n=38). The care situations were described as evoking feelings of discomfort, powerlessness and reduced self-esteem. These feelings were described by caregivers as arising in connection with caring for especially women with advanced breast cancer in a changing organisation (IV). Caregivers’ descriptions of caring for women with breast cancer show a lot of negative experiences of powerlessness and frustration. They met women and their relatives who suffered in various ways and had considerable need for support. Caregivers often found themselves unable to meet these needs due to organisational obstacles e.g. lack of time and lack of knowledge about other caregivers’ responsibility in the care.

Äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik är, enligt studier, undervärderat i forskning. Sömnproblematik hos äldre visar sig vanligen som svårigheter att fästa sömn och uppvaknande nattetid eller tidig morgon. Ett antal kroppsliga, neurologiska och psykiska sjukdomar kan störa sömnen, även miljöförhållanden, samt vissa läkemedel. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka förhållanden och omvårdnadsåtgärder som, enligt vårdpersonalen, påverkar och främjar sömnen hos äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik. Som metod användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sex undersköterskor och fyra sjuksköterskor intervjuades. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys och presenterades i två kategorier: Vårdtagarnas behov och vårdmiljö. Till huvudkategorierna hörde två underkategorier vardera, fysiska och psykiska behov, behov av läkemedel respektive yttre förhållanden och bemötande. Resultatet visade att otillfredsställda behov så som smärta, förstoppning, hunger och existentiella funderingar samt den sociala situationen ansågs påverka sömnen. Miljön runt vårdtagaren har också betydelse för sömnen, dels utifrån ljus och ljud men även den psykosociala miljön såsom bemötande från vårdpersonalen. Slutsats, omvårdnadsåtgärder behöver lyftas fram som ett led i att främja sömn hos äldre med sömnproblematik. / Elderly patients with problems related to sleep are, according to studies, undervalued in research. Sleep problems among elderly usually shows as difficulties to fall asleep and awakening during night or early morning. A number of physical, neurological and psychiatric disorders may disrupt sleep, including environmental conditions, and certain medicines. The purpose of the study was to describe the conditions and nursing measures that, according to caregivers, affect and promote sleep in elderly patients with sleeping problems. The method used was semi-structured interviews. Six assistant nurses and four nurses were interviewed. The material was analyzed using manifest content analysis and presented in two categories: patient needs and environment. To the main categories were two sub-categories each, physical and psychological needs, the needs of pharmaceutical respectively external conditions and treatment. The results showed that the unmet needs such as pain, constipation, hunger, and existential concerns and the social situation were considered to affect sleep. The environment around patients is also important for sleep, for example light and sounds but also the psychosocial environment as the response from the staff. Conclusion, nursing measures should be emphasized as a way to promote sleep in elderly people with sleeping problems.

Abstract The aim of this Master thesis is to explore why some Swedes want to consume”eco-friendly” and whether this fact gives rise to articulated information needs. Two possible explanations for this ”eco conscious” consumption are being tested, either if it is based on a normative belief that it is the right thing to do if you, as a consumer, want to do something about the environmental degradation, or that it is a reaction to a perceived risk, due to the environmental degradation. The method chosen by the author in this thesis is a qualitative text analysis of five Swedish journals. The author also tries to find articulated expressions for information needs based on the will to consume ”eco friendly” that could either be a result of a perceived risk or a feeling of normative rightness. The findings of this thesis are the following: the opinion among Swedish consumers that it is normatively right to select products perceived to be good for the environment, is the most commonly expressed in the  material examined followed by the view that they (the consumers) need more information as to what products to chose if the they are to satisfy their “environmental ambitions”.

The aim of this master thesis was to examine the European Commission's information resources from a user perspective in order to clarify the needs and circumstances of the search of EU-information among students at Örebro University. 41 students participated in a survey, and four of them was interviewed. On the basis of Pendelton- and Chatmans theories of information behaviour in small worlds, it were assumed that the students' education and citizenship in the European Union affected their needs and the search of EU information. The study showed that the students needs for EU-related information has increased, with the current education, but also been linked to earlier educations. The students Citizens need were mainly associated with elections such as the EMU-election, but also in some cases to a need of the general knowledge. A review of the European Commission's information resources were made with an emphasis on European Documentation Centre, EDC. The survey showed that most students used the EDC and the EU-databases that was made available by the European Commission through the EDC and the university library but were not aware that they used EDC. The survey also showed that students made use of familiar sources and resources when they searched the EU-information, such as the library's regular database list, the library catalogue and search engine on the internet are not requested of other resources. In line with Pendelton and Chatmans's theory the students did not seek information if it was not consider necessary.

Elever som är födda i ett annat land än Sverige, eller som har föräldrar som är födda i ett annat land, har särskilda behov som det är viktigt att ha kunskap om för att på bästa sätt kunna möta dem i undervisningen. Mitt huvudsakliga syfte med detta arbete är att belysa pedagogens roll och betydelse i arbetet med invandrarelever. Mina frågeställningar är: - Hur ser invandrarelevers möte med den svenska skolan ut? - Hur kan man som lärare främja dessa elevers utveckling? - Hur kan man arbeta i skolan för att öka kulturkompetensen och förståelsen för andra kulturer samt motverka fördomar och rasism bland eleverna? Mot bakgrund av mitt syfte samt mina frågeställningar valde jag att göra en kvalitativ intervjustudie med tre lärare som alla undervisar, eller har undervisat, i svenska som andraspråk. Genom dessa intervjuer samt genom att studera befintlig litteratur har jag funnit ett klart samband mellan identitet, känslor och språk. Lika viktigt som det är att öka samarbetet mellan modersmålslärare, svenska som andraspråkslärare och klasslärare, lika viktigt är det att arbeta med elevernas självkänsla och få dem att känna att de du duger som de är. Det är viktigt att eleverna är stolta över sitt ursprung och inte skäms över vem de är. För att på bästa sätt stödja och främja invandrarelevers utveckling anser jag att vi i skolan måste bli bättre på att bejaka det annorlunda och se mångfalden som något positivt. / Pupils who are born in another country than Sweden, or has parents who are born in another country, have special needs in which it’s important that we have knowledge about so that we are able to meet them in school. My primary purpose with this essay is to elucidate the teachers role and significance in the work with immigrant pupils. My questions at issue are: - How does the immigrant pupils meeting with the Swedish school look like? - How can you as a teacher promote these pupils development? - How can you work in school to increase cultural comprehension and understanding for other cultures and counteract prejudice and racism amongst the pupils? On the basis of my purpose with the essay, and my questions at issue, I choose to perform a qualitative study through interviews with three teachers, who all teach, or have taught, in the subject “Swedish as a second language”. Through these interviews and by studying the available literature, I have found a very strong connection between identity, emotion and language. As important as is to increase the collaboration between teachers in mother tongue, “Swedish as a second language” and class teachers, is it to work with the self-esteem of the pupils and make them feel that they are good enough as they are. It is important that the pupils are proud of their heritage and not to feel ashamed of who they are. The best way to support and promote the immigrant pupils development, according to me, is for us at the schools to be better at recognise and accept differences and look upon multitude as something positive.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie var att undersöka och sammanställa befintlig forskning från 2000-talet om patienters behov av olika stöd efter en hjärtinfarkt. Litteraturstudien innefattade14 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades. Resultatet visade två huvudkategorier; individuellt/informationsstöd samt grupp/socialt stöd. Kategorin individuellt/informationsstöd innehöll en önskan om mer information gällande hjärtat, dess funktion och konsekvenserna av hjärtinfarkten. Råd och information angående förändringar i livsstil, återanpassning till vardagsliv och stresshantering efterfrågades också liksom mer information om läkemedlen och dess effekter. Allt detta skulle hjälpt till under tillfrisknandefasen. Under kategorin grupp/socialt stöd framkom att stödgrupper och rehabiliteringsprogram hade en betydande roll för tillfrisknandet efter hjärtinfarkten. Genom att dela upplevelser med andra i samma situation, inte känna sig ensam och att ha en kontinuerlig kontakt med professionell sjukvårdspersonal ökade också livsglädjen. Stöd från familj och vänner hade också en viktig mening för tillfrisknandet. Samtidigt framkom också ofta en överbeskyddarroll hos anhöriga vilket hos de flesta upplevdes ha en negativ effekt och inverkan på tillfrisknandet. Slutsatsen visar att sjuksköterskor har en betydande roll i att kunna hantera, bemöta, visa förståelse och stödja varje individs individuella behov. Nyckelord: / The aim of this literature review was to examine and compile existing research from the beginning of the 21 st century about patients needs for different kind of support after a myocardial infarction. This literature review included 14 scientific articles who where analyzed. The result showed two main categories; individual/information support and group/social support. Individual/information support showed a wish for more information about the heart, its function and the consequences of the myocardial infarction. Advice and information about lifestyle changes, readjustment to daily life and to cope with stress as well as information about the medical treatment and its effects was asked for. That would have helpt uring the process of recovery. Under the category of group/social support it emerged that supportgroups and rehabilitationprograms had an significant part for the recovery after the myocardial infarction. Through sharing experiences with others in the same situation, not feeling alone and to have a continuous contact with health care professionals the zest for life increased. Support from family and friends also had an important meaning for recovery. At the same time it also often emerged an overprotective role in relatives that by most of the patients seemed to have a negative effect and influence on the recovery. The conclusion show´s that nurses have an important role to handle, treat, show understanding and support every persons individual needs. Keywords: