The late 1980s saw the onset of a rapid expansion of Chinese immigration into Australia. While this influx of Chinese migrants has produced a proliferation of research on the more affluent migrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan, studies on migrants especially women from the People's Republic of China (PRC) have remained few and far between. Among those few studies on PRC-born migrant women, all of them identified settlement stress and its health implications as a major concern among PRC-born migrant, yet there has been little concerted effort on why this is the case, particularly in the area of health needs and solutions. Considering the increasing presence of PRC-born migrant women in Australia, there is a clear need for a comprehensive in-depth investigation into their settlement stress, to address their social and health needs and to provide solutions. This study aims to examine in-depth the PRC-born migrant women's settlement experience in Brisbane, focusing especially on their stress, social and health needs. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. Since this study paid more attention to these migrant women's own life experiences, it is mainly a qualitative one, using informant interview, focus group and in-depth interviews to explore how best their stress could be alleviated. Quantitative method is based on secondary data analysis to provide a community profile of PRC-born migrant women in Brisbane and Queensland. This study firstly draws on literature reviews to explain historical, social, cultural and gender based factors underpinning PRC-born migrant women's settlement stress and health status. Findings reviews that settlement stress comes from social isolation and loneliness; cultural difficulties; lack of support prior to and after childbirth, as well as assistance with childcare; conflicts in both marital and familial relations; academic stress; and finally, problems in utilising public transport. Particularly, this study highlights that downward mobility; barriers to access health services; and language barriers are a major source of stress and the cause of health problems for PRC-born migrant women when settling in Brisbane. As strategies, this study adapts health promotion strategies named as empowerment framework and Ottawa Charter action framework to address the needs highlighted in this study. Settlement stress affects health particularly mental health. Strategies provided in this study can also help migrant women from other non-English speaking countries. More significantly, this study encourages governments and service providers to pay more attention to migrant women's settlement processes in order to help them integrate into Australian society smoothly and quickly.

Master of Philosophy (Medicine) / Health care evaluation serves the purpose of monitoring the quality of health care provided by Health Care Providers (HCP), so that health care services can be provided most effectively and efficiently. Patient satisfaction studies are widely used to assess the quality of outpatient care. A client satisfaction study was conducted at an HIV health care facility in Sydney, Australia during 2007-2008. There were three objectives: 1.) To validate a questionnaire for future determination of client satisfaction in HIV health care facilities. 2.) To identify the levels of satisfaction of clients, and investigate any dissatisfaction and unmet needs towards HIV health care. 3.) To provide recommendations for improving client satisfaction levels in HIV health care. This research used a mixed method approach and consisted of two phases. The first phase was a quantitative survey conducted with 166 clients (both HIV positive and negative) at Albion Street Centre (ASC) using a newly-devised questionnaire. Clients were asked to answer demographic questions, rate their levels of satisfaction with each aspect and each HCP category, and provide suggestions for improvement. Quantitative statistical analysis was conducted to obtain a general view of client satisfaction levels. Dissatisfaction and unmet needs of clients were then investigated in-depth in the second phase of the research through qualitative face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Twenty-two clients (both HIV positive and negative) at ASC were interviewed individually and asked about their attitudes, perceptions, and experiences towards their HCP and the HIV health care services received. Thematic analysis was used to categorise and interpret the qualitative data. More than 90% of the clients were satisfied with most of the aspects covered in the survey, with a mean overall satisfaction score of 84 out of 100. Clients were most iii satisfied with the “technical quality” and “interpersonal manner” of the HCP, and were least satisfied with “waiting time” and “availability of HCP”. The HCP category with which the clients has the highest level of satisfaction was “nurses” (86%), followed by “psychologists” (84%), then “doctors” (83%). Clients who were HIV negative, had a full time job, visited ASC less frequently, or did not possess any type of Health Care Card were more satisfied with the services overall. No common dissatisfaction or unmet needs towards HIV health care service were identified. “Technical quality of HCP” and “the relationship with HCP” were the two most important determinants of client satisfaction, which outweighed the inconvenience contributed by the poor availability of HCP and the location of ASC. The maintenance of “confidentiality/privacy” was shown to be fundamental in HIV health care facilities. The multi-disciplinary nature of ASC increased the degree of convenience and satisfaction level among clients. Suggestions for improvement in client satisfaction levels include increasing the attractiveness of the physical environment and the variety of educational reading materials in the waiting area; introducing beverages, and encouraging clients to be involved in their treatment decisions. Health care administrative staff in particular are reminded not to neglect the importance of the availability of HCP, accessibility, and physical environment when establishing a new HIV health care facility. The mixed method approach (quantitative survey and qualitative interviews) proved beneficial. It increased the validity of the findings by assessing client satisfaction levels using more than one method. This enabled clarification of ambiguities noted in the initial survey through probes used in the interviews, and also allowed investigation of the determinants of client satisfaction through understanding their experiences in HIV health care. Future client satisfaction studies would benefit from using this approach.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the information needs and information seeking behaviour of coaches in the sports of swimming and track and field who had completed level 2 accreditation of the Australian Coaching Council. The study aimed to identify information needs, the sources from which information is currently obtained and to gauge the level of satisfaction with current information provision in terms of the quantity, content and timeliness of information received. The study also aimed to examine the influence of the independent variables of sport, geographic location and education level on information needs and information seeking behaviour. In line with current theoretical thinking in the examination of information needs described in the literature, the researcher took a 'user-centred' approach in the identification of information needs utilising the structured group discussion process, Nominal Group Technique (NGT) as the first stage of the research. This process established the broad parameters of coaches' information needs and provided the basis for the design of a subsequent survey which was distributed to all swimming and track and field coaches who had completed level 2 accrediation. The survey resulted in a response rate of 69 percent from a total population of 568. The study revealed that coaches have a wide range of information needs many of which would not generally be associated with libraries, that there are few differences between coaches from different sports, those of differing education levels and between those of different geographic locations, although access to information is made more difficult through geographic isolation. The study revealed that coaches use multiple sources to obtain information and that libraries and formal sport information providers are not key sources for most types of information. Low levels of satisfaction were found to exist with the quantity and content of information with the highest level of dissatisfaction being expressed with the timeliness of information received. The study concludes by identifying issues, recommending possible actions in relation to these issues and identifies areas for future research.

The present study attempted to investigate the information needs/information seeking behaviour of health researchers at the National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Its objective was to identify the relationship between information needs/information seeking behaviour and the characteristics of those health professionals. Those characteristics include institution to which health professionals belonged, institution geographic location, level of appointment, level of education, and work experience. Research was carried out through survey by using a questionnaire. This survey obtained a response rate of 92 percent from a sample of 131 health professionals. Their information needs/information seeking behaviour were correlated with their characteristics to determine relationships, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Frequency distribution, chi-square analysis, and descriptive analysis were used to obtain the results. The study found that the health information available did not match the health professionals' needs and that there was strong demand by these personnel for automated information services. It also found that total hours reading per week was significantly related to level of appointment, level of education, and work experience at other institutions. The perceived usefulness of journals as information sources was significantly related to institution, geographic location, level of appointment, level of education and work experience at other institutions. Government publications and statistical data as a source of information were found to be related significantly to institution and geographic location. There was also a relationship between the perceived value of reference books and work experience at the current institution. The usefulness of library catalogues as a guide to information was found to be related significantly to institution and geographic location, as was the usefulness of abstracting and indexing services to level of education. Frequency of visiting libraries was significantly related to institution, geographic location and level of appointment. The membership of professional organizations and obtaining useful information from friends, colleagues or personal contact were found to be significantly related to level of education. The study concludes with recommendations and suggestions for further research.

<p>This thesis aims at describing and analysing the process and content in knowledge development within a research circle. The participants in this circle are seven teachers who work with multilingual children diagnosed within the autism spectrum, and me as a researcher.</p><p>The study is conducted within the tradition of participatory-oriented research. The research issue concerns the questions these teachers ask themselves in their everyday work. The study, consisting of twelve meetings, was carried out during 2004-2005. In the final meeting material collected in the circle was analysed together by all participants. The knowledge-content analysis disclosed four main themes: mother-tongue issues, disabilities and diagnoses, the issue of frames and matters related to working with parents and other professionals. The results show that once a child is diagnosed within the autism spectrum the diagnosis “takes over” and mother-tongue instruction is seldom discussed.</p><p>The participants in the circle found it difficult to collaborate with the various authorities involved in working with a child and its family. They also found it difficult to communicate with parents, due to language barriers, different cultural contexts, and the observation that interpreters did not translate properly. The participants noted an existing hierarchy in relation to doctors and psychologists, regarded as having the mandate to assess a child’s ability and suggest placement in class.</p><p>A conclusion is that the work of the teachers entails a high degree of complexity, and that knowledge meetings and collaboration between parents, teachers, and the various authorities are needed. During the circle process emancipating collective knowledge was constructed transcending what any participant had from the start. Experiences discussed in continuing dialogues, and in an on-going process, seem to be essential for generation of knowledge. When experiences were challenged, potentials for different actions were revealed.</p>

<p>Äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik är, enligt studier, undervärderat i forskning. Sömnproblematik hos äldre visar sig vanligen som svårigheter att fästa sömn och uppvaknande nattetid eller tidig morgon. Ett antal kroppsliga, neurologiska och psykiska sjukdomar kan störa sömnen, även miljöförhållanden, samt vissa läkemedel.</p><p><strong>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka förhållanden och omvårdnadsåtgärder som, enligt vårdpersonalen, påverkar och främjar sömnen hos äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik. Som <strong>metod användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sex undersköterskor och fyra sjuksköterskor intervjuades. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys och presenterades i två kategorier: Vårdtagarnas behov och vårdmiljö. Till huvudkategorierna hörde två underkategorier vardera, fysiska och psykiska behov, behov av läkemedel respektive yttre förhållanden och bemötande. <strong>Resultatet visade att otillfredsställda behov så som smärta, förstoppning, hunger och existentiella funderingar samt den sociala situationen ansågs påverka sömnen. Miljön runt vårdtagaren har också betydelse för sömnen, dels utifrån ljus och ljud men även den psykosociala miljön såsom bemötande från vårdpersonalen. <strong>Slutsats, omvårdnadsåtgärder behöver lyftas fram som ett led i att främja sömn hos äldre med sömnproblematik. </strong></strong></strong></strong></p> / <p>Elderly patients with problems related to sleep are, according to studies, undervalued in research. Sleep problems among elderly usually shows as difficulties to fall asleep and awakening during night or early morning. A number of physical, neurological and psychiatric disorders may disrupt sleep, including environmental conditions, and certain medicines. The purpose of the study was to describe the conditions and nursing measures that, according to caregivers, affect and promote sleep in elderly patients with sleeping problems. The method used was semi-structured interviews. Six assistant nurses and four nurses were interviewed. The material was analyzed using manifest content analysis and presented in two categories: patient needs and environment. To the main categories were two sub-categories each, physical and psychological needs, the needs of pharmaceutical respectively external conditions and treatment. The results showed that the unmet needs such as pain, constipation, hunger, and existential concerns and the social situation were considered to affect sleep. The environment around patients is also important for sleep, for example light and sounds but also the psychosocial environment as the response from the staff. Conclusion, nursing measures should be emphasized as a way to promote sleep in elderly people with sleeping problems.</p>

<p>The purpose of this paper is to understand why education is a human right. I will look at works by the late Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator. Paulo Freire worked for many years on developing a pedagogy to promote humanity. His goal was to demonstrate that a literate person will ultimately live a better life because she will be free from oppression and domination.</p><p>I chose to study Paulo Freire as a tool in proving why education is a human right because throughout his work he demonstrated the need for people to be literate in order for them to be considered “truly human”. I will address this term further in my argument.</p><p>This thesis is a work in progress. My goal is to include chapters illustrating Amartya Sen’s theory and ideology, and compare them to those of Freire’s. I would also like to include a chapter specifically dedicated to women and education, since it is common practice for women in many countries to sacrifice their right to education so the males in their families can attend school.</p>

<p>Patienter upplever ofta att den information de får är felaktig. Felaktig på så sätt att det är för lite, för mycket, ingen alls, given vid fel tidpunkt, för komplicerad och given på ett fackspråk med många krångliga ord som patienten inte förstår. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien var att belysa vilket informationsbehov patienter med cancer kan ha. Studien baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar och resultatet visar att de flesta patienter med cancer vill ha all tillgänglig information om såväl diagnos som behandling och även veta vilka valmöjligheter som finns. Det finns dock vissa som endast vill ha begränsad information varför det är viktigt att utvärdera varje patients informationsbehov. Välinformerade patienter upplever minskad oro och ångest och får en känsla av att ha kontroll över sin komplexa situation. Därför är det viktigt för sjuksköterskan att ha kunskap om behovet av information och de betydelsefulla faktorer som kan förändra och tillfredställa detta behov hos patienter. Genom att ge patientundervisning större utrymme i sjuksköterskeutbildningen, och göra sjuksköterskor mer uppmärksamma på ny forskning kan patienters situation underlättas ytterligare i framtiden.</p> / <p>Patients often<strong> </strong>experience that the information they are given is wrong. Wrong in the consideration of too little, to much, none at all, given at the wrong time, too complicated or in a difficult technical language that they do not understand. The purpose of this study was to illuminate what information needs patients with cancer may have. The study was based on 20 scientific articles and shows that most patients with cancer want to have all available information regarding both diagnosis and treatment including the available choices. However, there are some who only want limited information; therefore it is important to evaluate each patient's information needs. Well-informed patients experience less anxiety and distress and get a sense of control over their complex situation. It is therefore important for the nurse to have knowledge of the need for information and the important factors that can alter and satisfy the needs of patients. By providing patient education more space in the education of nurses, and make nurses more aware of new research, the patients' situation can in the future be further improved.</p>

<p> </p><p><strong><p>Sammanfattning</p></strong><p>På 1940-talet föddes det många barn och denna generation skulle ut i arbetslivet under något som kallats rekordåren, vilket innebär att generationen inte i någon större utsträckning har märkt av arbetslöshet. När denna generation nu lämnar arbetslivet kommer de att lämna en hålighet efter sig. Enligt flera studier har det visat sig att människor i dagens samhälle är friskare och lever längre än tidigare. 40-talisterna anses vara annorlunda förhållandevis mot de generationer som idag har omsorg i dagens samhälle. Trots att vi lever längre och är friskare kommer 40-talisterna att behöva omvårdnad i framtiden och genom att de har arbetat hela sitt liv, kan detta leda till att de har andra krav än tidigare generationer. Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka förväntningar 40-talisterna har på äldreomsorgen i framtiden. De frågeställningar vi har haft som utgångspunkt är: Vilka förväntningar har 40-talisterna på sin egen omvårdnad inom äldreomsorgen i framtiden? Hur upplever 40-talisterna att äldreomsorgen fungerar idag? Vilka förändringar är önskvärda inom äldreomsorgen i framtiden?</p><p>Vi har valt att använda oss av kvalitativ metod i vår undersökning, där vi intervjuade 10 informanter som alla är födda under 1940-talet. Informanterna är bosatta i två olika län i Sverige och de är både män och kvinnor. Vi valde vår teoretiska referensram utifrån vårt empiriska material. Den teori vi har använt oss av är empowerment. Utifrån vårt resultat och teori har vi byggt upp vår analys, vi har även valt att jämföra analysen mot tidigare forskning inom området och begreppen trygghet och behov.</p><p>Vi valde att dela upp resultatet i olika teman bland annat, förväntningar på den egna framtida vården, upplevelser till den befintliga vården och önskemål om framtida förändringar av vården. Resultatet visar på att 40-talisterna har andra förväntningar på äldreomsorgen än vad tidigare generationer har. Detta handlar bland annat om att man förväntar sig att få den personliga hjälp man behöver och att man ska få något tillbaka av samhället, genom skatten man har betalat.</p></p> / <p><strong><p>Abstract</p></strong></p><p>Many children were born in the 1940s and this generation was integrated into working life under something called the record years, which means that they have not been noticed by unemployment. As this generation leaves the working life, they will leave a void behind. According to several studies people are living longer and are healthier in the community. People who were born in the 1940s consider being different relative to the generations who have geriatric care in today's society. Although we leave longer and are healthier will the people who were born in the 1940s need geriatric care in the future, and the fact that they have worked their whole life may lead them to have different requirements than previous generations. Our purpose with this essay was to examine the expectations the people who were born in the 1940s have on the geriatric care in the future. The issues we have had as a starting point is: What expectations have the people who were born in the 1940s in their own geriatric care in the future? How are the people who were born in the 1940s experience of the geriatric care today? What changes is desirable in the geriatric care in the future?</p><p>We have chosen to use a qualitative method in our investigation, we interviewed 10 informants and all were born in the 1940s. The informants were living in two different counties in Sweden and they were both men and women. We chose our theoretical frame of reference on the basis of our empirical material. The theory we have used is empowerment. We have built up our analysis based on our results and theory; we have also chosen to compare the analysis against previous research in this field and the concept safety and needs.</p><p>We have chosen to divide the results in different themes, some themes are expectations about their own future care, experiences to the existing care and wishes for future changes in the geriatric care.The results display that the people who were born in the 1940s have greater expectations for their geriatric care then previous generations have.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vilka behov närstående har vid nära anhörigs dödsfall. Litteratursökningar gjordes i databaserna Medline och Cinahl. Sökningarna resulterade i 19 artiklar med ett bortfall på 3 artiklar. Studiens resultat grundades på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades och analyserades. I resultatet framkom sex kategorier. De närstående hade ett behov av att få ärlig och förståelig <em>information </em>från sjuksköterskan samt att få försäkran om att sjukvårdspersonalen gjort sitt bästa för patienten. Att vara välinformerad hade en positiv effekt på de närståendes förmåga att bemästra sorgen. De närstående beskrev ett behov av att få <em>möta samma personal</em> för att känna trygghet och stöd. En <em>avskild plats</em> <em>och möjlighet till ett sista farväl</em> var högt värderat. Att få ett <em>respektfullt och empatiskt bemötande</em> av sjuksköterskan var betydelsefullt för de närstående samt att familjen och patienten betraktades som mänskliga. De närstående hade ett behov av att sjuksköterskan <em>gav dem tid</em> och var fullt närvarande. Många närstående upplevde ett behov av <em>hjälp i ensamheten</em> efter dödsfallet, denna hjälp kunde bestå av brev eller uppföljningssamtal. Sammanfattningsvis är det är av stor vikt att sjuksköterskan är medveten om närståendes behov vid nära anhörigs dödsfall samt det faktum att sörjande är en individuell process.</p> / <p>The aim of this literature study was to describe the needs of family members when a loved one dies. Searches were carried out in the databases Medline and Cinahl. This resulted in 19 scientific articles from which 3 were excluded. The results of this study were based on 16 scientific articles which were examined and analyzed. The result showed six categories. The family members had a need of getting honest and understandable <em>information</em> from the nurse and to get reassurance that everything has been done for the patient. When the family members were well informed, they could easier cope with their grief. The family members described a need of <em>meeting the same staff</em> to feel secure and supported. <em>A separate area and a possibility to say a last goodbye</em> were important needs. To be <em>met with respect and empathy</em> and to be treated as humans were valuable for the family members. The family members also expressed a need of having a <em>nurse who gave them time</em> and was fully present. The family members felt a need to be <em>helped in the lonely times</em> that can occur after the death of a loved one, letters and follow up calls were appreciated. In conclusion, it is very important that nurses are aware of the needs of the family members when their loved one dies and also the fact that grieving is an individual process.</p>