Cette recherche tente de répondre à la problématique suivante : dans quelle mesure la mise en place d’un manager-hybride et d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire, peut- elle permettre la gestion de la concurrence entre des logiques institutionnelles au sein d’une organisation hybride ? Nous avons alors établi un cadre théorique développant d’abord la notion d’organisation hybride. Ensuite, nous investiguons la notion de manager-hybride en la rapprochant de celle de l’acteur-frontière. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à l’équipe pluridisciplinaire qui apparaît alors comme un espace favorable à la collaboration interprofessionnelle. Concernant notre démarche empirique, celle-ci, dans le cadre d’une étude de cas unique, s’est déroulée au sein du pôle Femme-Enfant d’un centre hospitalier intercommunal de grande taille que nous considérons comme un cas extrême et révélateur. Plus particulièrement nous avons endossé une méthodologie qualitative (entretiens semi-directifs avec analyse de contenu). Quant à nos résultats, nous avons constaté que les contextes institutionnel et organisationnel apparaissent comme empreints de tensions entre les différents groupes d'acteurs. Pour autant, le chef du pôle Femme-Enfant et le trio gestionnaire parviennent, via différents mécanismes, à agir en faveur d’une compréhension mutuelle des différents groupes et d’une hybridité équilibrée. Nous émettons alors deux principaux axes de discussion : l’un traitant des différentes habiletés du manager-hybride à soutenir la conciliation entre des logiques institutionnelles concurrentes ; et l’autre, de l’équipe pluridisciplinaire comme espace favorable à la diffusion d’une hybridité équilibrée et durable / The particular purpose of the research is to answer the following question : to what extent is the implementation of a hybrid-manager and a multidisciplinary team enables the management of competing institutional logics within a hybrid organization ? To this end, we propose a theoretical framework that develops, firstly, the concepts of hybrid organization. Next, we focus on the concept of hybrid-manager to put it closer to the boundary-actor one. Lastly, we focus on the concept of multidisciplinary team. Multidisciplinary team that appears as a favorable space for interprofessional collaboration. Our empirical approach is based on a single case study, which references a particular department in a hospital located in southern France (i.e. the « child-woman pole ») that we consider as an extreme and revelatory case. More specifically, we applied a qualitative methodology (i.e. semi-structured interviews with content analysis). Concerning our results, the data analysis shows an institutional and organizational context marked by tensions between individuals. But, the the head of the child-woman pole and the trio foster a mutual understanding between groups, and in so doing, balances competing logics. Finally, these results lead us to put foward two main themes for discussion : one centred on the skills and competencies of the hybrid-manager to support reconciliation and to balance coexistence of competing logics ; and the second one, centred on the multidisciplinary team as favorable space for the emergence of a hybrid institutional logic and for the dissemination of balanced and sustainable hybridity

Cette thèse porte sur le procédé de passerelle entre la conciliation et la sauvegarde, dans une approche comparative droit français, droit OHADA. Le procédé de passerelle permet au chef d’entreprise d’élaborer un plan de redressement dans le cadre de la conciliation, avant de le faire adopter lors d’une sauvegarde accélérée. La présente thèse se subdivise en deux parties. Dans la première partie, un diagnostic est posé pour comprendre les raisons de l’adoption de ce mécanisme de traitement des difficultés des entreprises en droit français, et celles qui pourraient ou non justifier sa reconnaissance en droit OHADA. Il ressort de cette partie que, dans les droits français et OHADA, la rigidité du régime de la cessation des paiements ainsi que l’unanimité obligatoire de l’accord de conciliation constituent un handicap au redressement des entreprises, car le principe d’unanimité donne un droit de véto à chaque créancier. Le procédé de passerelle permet de passer outre l’opposition des créanciers minoritaires qui utilisent ce droit de véto pour faire adopter le projet de redressement du chef d’entreprise par vote majoritaire sur le terrain judiciaire. Dans la deuxième partie, une étude prospective est menée ; le procédé de plan pré-négocié joue un rôle à la fois préventif et curatif : il permet, d’une part, la libre négociation, entre un débiteur et ses créanciers, d’un plan conventionnel de restructuration et, d’autre part, l’anticipation de l’intervention du tribunal pour optimiser l’actif et maîtriser le passif. Le procédé de passerelle est adopté en droit français ; la présente thèse propose une étude de son régime juridique. Il n’est pas reconnu pour le moment en droit OHADA ; son applicabilité y est analysée. Pour l’amélioration de la prévention et du traitement des difficultés des entreprises dans les droits français et OHADA, des pistes sont proposées. Il en est ainsi notamment, d’un côté, de l’adoption des comités de créanciers dans la procédure de conciliation française et, de l’autre, de la reconnaissance du mécanisme de plan pré-négocié, de la réforme du régime de la cessation des paiements et de la spécialisation des tribunaux connaissant des contentieux régis par l’AUPC en droit OHADA. La présente étude, en plus d’apporter une contribution scientifique à l’étude des nouvelles procédures de sauvegarde accélérée en droit français, vise à lancer le débat sur l’opportunité de l’adoption du procédé de passerelle en droit OHADA. L’organisation de la cession pré-arrangée dans le cadre du mandat ad hoc en droit français et l’opportunité de l’adoption d’une telle cession en droit OHADA sont des problématiques qui pourraient faire l’objet d’une recherche. / This thesis focuses on the bridging process between conciliation and safeguarding, in a comparative French law approach, OHADA law. The gateway method allows the entrepreneur to develop a recovery plan in the context of conciliation, before adopting it during an accelerated backup. This thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, a diagnosis is made to understand the reasons of the adoption of this mechanism of treatment of the difficulties of the companies in French law, and those which could or could not justify its recognition in OHADA law. It appears from this section that, in the French and OHADA laws, the rigidity of the system of cessation of payments and the compulsory unanimity of the conciliation agreement constitute a handicap to the recovery of the undertakings, since the principle of unanimity a veto right to each creditor. The gateway process makes it possible to override the opposition of the minority creditors who use this right of veto to get the project of recovery of the head of enterprise adopted by majority vote on the legal ground. In the second part, a prospective study is conducted; The pre-negotiated plan process plays both a preventive and curative role : it allows, on the one hand, the free negotiation, between a debtor and its creditors, of a conventional restructuring plan and, on the other hand, the anticipation of court intervention to optimize assets and control liabilities. The gateway method is adopted in French law; this thesis proposes a study of its legal regime. He is not recognized for the moment in OHADA law ; its applicability is analyzed. For the improvement of the prevention and the treatment of the difficulties of the companies in the French rights and OHADA, tracks are proposed. This is notably the case, on the one hand, of the adoption of the creditor committees in the French conciliation procedure and, on the other, of the recognition of the pre-negotiated plan mechanism, of the reform of the cessation of payments and specialization of courts dealing with disputes governed by the AUPC under OHADA law. This study, in addition to making a scientific contribution to the study of new accelerated safeguard procedures in French law, aims to launch the debate on the appropriateness of the adoption of the OHADA gateway process. The organization of the pre-arranged assignment under the ad hoc mandate in French law and the advisability of adopting such an assignment in OHADA law are issues that could be the subject of research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Lucia Nazario Villares.pdf: 1294638 bytes, checksum: 468f08176414bcded911d16586bca0ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-18 / The work is about the legal instruments used by economic agents and the authority of the defense of competition in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to discuss the tools provided by law for the defense of competition, and others adopted by the Brazilian antitrust authority, investigating to what extent are agreed ways to protect competition. Moreover, during the study, it was aimed to identify some questions generated by the adoption of instruments such as its assumptions for adoption, the legal thresholds, intervention of third parties, scope of its provisions, identifying, even if the set of clauses was consensual. The scope of the terms of the instruments raised the analysis of the application of several principles, identifying whether there is violation of the principle of legality in the name of economic efficiency. The study noted the division adopted by the Law of Protection of Competition, in the control of structures and conducts. In the control of structures, it was discussed the Incidental Measure, the Agreement of Reversibility Preservation of Operation - APRO and Term of Commitment to Performance - TCD. On the conducts, were analyzed the Preventive Measure, the Term of Commitment Termination - TCC, and in particular the behavior of cartels and the Leniency Agreement. The research conducted examined the legal instruments concluded between economic agents and CADE from 1994 to 2008, to the analysis of its provisions, we follow the development of instruments over time and the measures adopted in cases analyzed by the Brazilian System of Protection of Competition, considering the different nature of each instrument. Moreover, the study contributed to the debate on the issue of efficiency in the procedural arrangements for protection of competition, under Brazilian antitrust law / O trabalho versa sobre os instrumentos jurídicos utilizados pelos agentes econômicos e a autoridade de defesa da concorrência no Brasil. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de discorrer sobre os instrumentos previstos na lei de defesa da concorrência, bem como outros adotados pela autoridade antitruste brasileira, investigando até que ponto são formas acordadas para proteção à concorrência. Além disso, no decorrer do trabalho buscou-se identificar algumas questões geradas pela adoção desses instrumentos, tais como seus pressupostos para a celebração, a natureza jurídica, intervenção de terceiros, alcance de suas cláusulas, identificando, ainda, se o ajuste das cláusulas seria consensual. O alcance das cláusulas dos instrumentos suscitou a análise da aplicação de vários princípios, identificando se haveria violação ao princípio da legalidade em nome da eficiência econômica. O estudo observou a divisão adotada pela lei de defesa da concorrência, o de controle de estruturas e condutas. No controle de estruturas, discorremos sobre a Medida Cautelar, o Acordo de Preservação de Reversibilidade da Operação - APRO e o Termo de Compromisso de Desempenho - TCD. No controle de condutas, foram analisados a Medida Preventiva, o Termo de Compromisso de Cessação - TCC e, em especial, na conduta de cartel, foi abordado o Acordo de Leniência. A pesquisa realizada examinou os instrumentos jurídicos firmados entre os agentes econômicos e o CADE de 1994 a 2008, para que, da análise de suas cláusulas, pudéssemos acompanhar a evolução dos instrumentos ao longo do tempo e as respectivas medidas adotadas nos processos em trâmite no Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência, considerando a natureza distinta de cada instrumento. Além disso, o estudo contribuiu para o debate sobre a questão da eficiência nos acordos processuais para proteção à concorrência, conforme a lei antitruste brasileira

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Rose Arruda.pdf: 1541498 bytes, checksum: 1a6f5c0c1ccd79883b0a24736c6740c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis discusses the processes of productive restructuring at Volkswagen/Anchieta initiated between 2001 and 2006 by the German headquarters, which were implemented in this company but faced a context of union purposeful practice, also called negotiated restructuring, led by the ABC Metalworkers' Union. In addition to conflicts between business and union representatives, members of the Workers' Committee of Volkswagen/Anchieta also faced internal disagreements with members of the opposition to the leadership of the ABC Metalworkers' Union. It should be remembered that these processes occurred in the contemporary historical context marked by globalization. Companies adopt global strategies regarding the processes of productive restructuring, but these processes, in this case, object of our thesis, have different configurations because of national government policies and the regional performance of the union and workers movement where that company is located. One goal of this thesis is to analyze the negotiations between management and employees representatives during the process of productive restructuring at Volkswagen/Anchieta, between 2001 and 2006, from the speeches enunciated by several social actors including members of the Volkswagen Global Group Works Council (GGWC) about the action proposal. From this perspective, union purposeful practice comprises negotiation and conflict resolution / Esta tese trata dos processos de reestruturação produtiva na Volkswagen/Anchieta desencadeados entre 2001 e 2006 pela matriz alemã, mas que ao serem implementadas nessa empresa se defrontaram com um contexto de prática sindical prepositiva, também chamado de reestruturação negociada, protagonizada pelos metalúrgicos do ABC paulista. Além dos conflitos entre representantes empresariais e sindicais, os integrantes da Comissão de Fábrica da Volkswagen/Anchieta enfrentaram também discordâncias internas com membros da oposição à direção do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC. Convém lembrar que esses processos ocorreram no contexto histórico contemporâneo marcado pelas globalizações, as empresa adotam estratégias globais no que se refere aos processos de reestruturação produtiva, porém esses processos assumem diferentes configurações, tendo em vista as políticas governamentais nacionais e a atuação local do movimento sindical e operário onde aquela empresa se localiza, no caso em análise, no município de São Bernardo do Campo, na região do ABC paulista. Um dos objetivos desta tese seria analisar as negociações entre os representantes empresariais e dos trabalhadores no decorrer dos processos de reestruturação produtiva na Volkswagen Anchieta entre 2001 e 2006 a partir dos discursos enunciados pelos vários alores sociais, inclusive membros do Comité Mundial de Trabalhadores da Volkswagen, em torno dessa proposta de ação. Nessa perspectiva, a ação sindical sindical prepositiva compreende negociações e conflitos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Rose Arruda.pdf: 1541498 bytes, checksum: 1a6f5c0c1ccd79883b0a24736c6740c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis discusses the processes of productive restructuring at Volkswagen/Anchieta initiated between 2001 and 2006 by the German headquarters, which were implemented in this company but faced a context of union purposeful practice, also called negotiated restructuring, led by the ABC Metalworkers' Union. In addition to conflicts between business and union representatives, members of the Workers' Committee of Volkswagen/Anchieta also faced internal disagreements with members of the opposition to the leadership of the ABC Metalworkers' Union. It should be remembered that these processes occurred in the contemporary historical context marked by globalization. Companies adopt global strategies regarding the processes of productive restructuring, but these processes, in this case, object of our thesis, have different configurations because of national government policies and the regional performance of the union and workers movement where that company is located. One goal of this thesis is to analyze the negotiations between management and employees representatives during the process of productive restructuring at Volkswagen/Anchieta, between 2001 and 2006, from the speeches enunciated by several social actors including members of the Volkswagen Global Group Works Council (GGWC) about the action proposal. From this perspective, union purposeful practice comprises negotiation and conflict resolution / Esta tese trata dos processos de reestruturação produtiva na Volkswagen/Anchieta desencadeados entre 2001 e 2006 pela matriz alemã, mas que ao serem implementadas nessa empresa se defrontaram com um contexto de prática sindical prepositiva, também chamado de reestruturação negociada, protagonizada pelos metalúrgicos do ABC paulista. Além dos conflitos entre representantes empresariais e sindicais, os integrantes da Comissão de Fábrica da Volkswagen/Anchieta enfrentaram também discordâncias internas com membros da oposição à direção do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC. Convém lembrar que esses processos ocorreram no contexto histórico contemporâneo marcado pelas globalizações, as empresa adotam estratégias globais no que se refere aos processos de reestruturação produtiva, porém esses processos assumem diferentes configurações, tendo em vista as políticas governamentais nacionais e a atuação local do movimento sindical e operário onde aquela empresa se localiza, no caso em análise, no município de São Bernardo do Campo, na região do ABC paulista. Um dos objetivos desta tese seria analisar as negociações entre os representantes empresariais e dos trabalhadores no decorrer dos processos de reestruturação produtiva na Volkswagen Anchieta entre 2001 e 2006 a partir dos discursos enunciados pelos vários alores sociais, inclusive membros do Comité Mundial de Trabalhadores da Volkswagen, em torno dessa proposta de ação. Nessa perspectiva, a ação sindical sindical prepositiva compreende negociações e conflitos

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,&quot / serif&quot / ">Crime victims once played a prominent role in the criminal justice system. Historically, victims who sought to bring their wrongdoers to justice conducted </span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">their own investigations<span style=""> </span>and argued their own cases or employed others to do so. As time passed,<span style="">&nbsp / </span>a distinction was drawn between offences against the social order and disputes between individuals. Crime control became a function of government and the state increased its responsibility for the investigation and punishment of criminal conduct. Gradually, the victim was removed from the proceedings and relegated to serving as a witness for the state. The assumption was that the state, whilst representing the interests </span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">of society, would represent the interests</span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "> of the victim also. This fallacy provided the foundation for a criminal justice which, until recently, encourage victim exclusion. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards re-introducing the right of victims to participate in the criminal justice process. This international trend has been labelled the &bdquo / return of the victim‟. In South Africa, the Constitution and, in particular, the Bill of Rights contained therein underscore the move towards procedural rights for victims of crime. Moreover, the South African government has taken significant legislative steps to ensure that victims have formal rights in criminal justice proceedings. However, to date, comparatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether or not victims should be allowed a meaningful role in the process of plea and sentence negotiations. One of the aims of this study is to determine whether victims‟ rights are properly understood, defined and implemented within the criminal justice system. In particular, this study aims to clarify the rights of victims who find themselves affiliated with a specific stage of criminal prosecution, namely, negotiated justice.<span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span></span> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </p>

In the past two decades the Swedish compulsory school for students aged 7 to 16 has undergone major processes of reform and change. On a structural level these have ushered in a new era with a fundamentally changed assignment for the schools and its teachers. In this thesis, however, it is assumed that the teachers as individual actors and as groups have agency to accomplish change and alter structures. The thesis has been written within a several years’ inter­active research project with teachers from three compulsory schools. Based on data created in the project on how new and changing groups and working groups within teachers’ work lead to an extended assignment, the study focuses teachers’ negotiation of professional identities regarding the entire work situation. Etienne Wenger’s (1998) social theory on identity, entitled “Communities of Practice”, is used to deepen the understanding of the data. In the framework of an interactive research project the overall aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze how teachers negotiate professional identities in compulsory school. The aim is also to describe and analyze teachers’ learning and development of knowledge in the project. The central research question is: How and about what do teachers negotiate professional identities in different communities of practice? By using the interactive research approach the goal has been to develop a democratic dialogue and learning processes together with the participating teachers. One ambition is to enhance the knowledge of teachers as co-researchers within research projects and as teacher-researchers at work in school. The fora of the interactive project were informal talks, dialogues for learning, individual interviews and focus groups. The results of the study show that teachers negotiate professional identities in a flexible expanding multimembership of communities of practice. As brokers of information and knowledge between and within communities of practice at school, and from various identity positions, the teachers negotiate overlapping identities. Memberships in communities for adults only are growing in relation to teachers’ work regarding the entire work situation. The study’s main conclusion is that teachers in the new era negotiate identities within a web of tensions between fragmentation and coherence of the complexity of the work in its entirety through the multimembership in communities of practice. The thesis proposes that an awareness of complexity is fundamental, and that such an understanding can be enhanced by the teachers by developing themselves as brokers and by their reification of boundary objects within a complex multi­membership. Analysis of data shows that teachers in the interactive project have had the opportunity to further develop competences to negotiate identities as teacher-researchers at work in school. Data from the project are moreover analyzed within the context of globalized and diversified structural changes such as decentralization, economic transformations, cultural standardization, the individua­­­­lized knowledge society and the reflective society. A conclusion is that teachers seem to operate within an increasing globalization of the teaching profession and towards identities as globalized teachers. / Lärare i en ny tid: Om kunskapsbildning mellan lärare och forskare

This thesis is about the economic aspects of public procurement of services through auctionsin Sweden. It focuses on two different institutions, auctions used to find foste r-parents forboarded out children in the 19th century, and auctions of cleaning service contracts in the 20 thcentury. I n both cases, the contracting entity is the municipality or its representative, thelowest bidder wins the auction, and is paid in accordance with his/her bid.In the child auctions, c hildren were allotted to foster-parents by means of an open biddingprocess, the descending English auction, where the bids were given continuously to theauctioneer. In modern public procurement sealed bids ar e used in accordance with the firstprice,sealed bid auction. The first part of this thesis is about price formation in the childauctions and a study is made of the children who were auctioned several times, indicatingasymmetric information among bidders or adverse selection in this market. These subjects arestudied using field data on 601 child auctions held in Northern Sweden during the period 1863to 1889. The empirical findings in the first paper suggest that the foster-parents had a cleareconomic motive in these auctions. The child characteristics significantly affect the amount ofcompensation paid to the foster-parent. There is also evidence that farmers preferred older,more productive children. The second paper studies whether a re-auctioned child commandeda higher or lower price than a child that was not re-auctioned. The results indicate some formof asymmetric information because foster-parents demanded a higher level of compensationfor a re-auctioned child. The results also suggest that the probability that a child was reauctionedincreased if he/she was not healthy.The third paper in the thesis discusses a kind of "paradox". Although there is a competitiveeffect on the bids in the auction of cleaning service contracts, the contracting entity has anoption, given by law, to restrict the number of bidders. In th is paper, an implementation costis introduced fo r the contracting entity to justify such a restriction. The results, based onSwedish municipality data, indicate that contract and municipality characteristics, assumed toaffect the implementation cost, affect the volume of the procurement, and the number ofbidders, but not necessarily the choice of allocation mechanism. The final paper studiesregional differences in bids, costs, and competition in municipal procurement using the samedata as in paper [3]. The results show higher estimated costs for completing the contract, butlower estimated mean bids in the major city area of Stockholm compared with the res t of thecountry. This is explained by lower profit margins and higher operational costs in the majorcity area. An analysis is also carried out of why the lowest bidder is not always the contractedbidder. / <p>Härtill 4 delar.</p> / digitalisering@umu

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,&quot / serif&quot / ">Crime victims once played a prominent role in the criminal justice system. Historically, victims who sought to bring their wrongdoers to justice conducted </span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">their own investigations<span style=""> </span>and argued their own cases or employed others to do so. As time passed,<span style="">&nbsp / </span>a distinction was drawn between offences against the social order and disputes between individuals. Crime control became a function of government and the state increased its responsibility for the investigation and punishment of criminal conduct. Gradually, the victim was removed from the proceedings and relegated to serving as a witness for the state. The assumption was that the state, whilst representing the interests </span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">of society, would represent the interests</span> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html / charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "> of the victim also. This fallacy provided the foundation for a criminal justice which, until recently, encourage victim exclusion. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards re-introducing the right of victims to participate in the criminal justice process. This international trend has been labelled the &bdquo / return of the victim‟. In South Africa, the Constitution and, in particular, the Bill of Rights contained therein underscore the move towards procedural rights for victims of crime. Moreover, the South African government has taken significant legislative steps to ensure that victims have formal rights in criminal justice proceedings. However, to date, comparatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether or not victims should be allowed a meaningful role in the process of plea and sentence negotiations. One of the aims of this study is to determine whether victims‟ rights are properly understood, defined and implemented within the criminal justice system. In particular, this study aims to clarify the rights of victims who find themselves affiliated with a specific stage of criminal prosecution, namely, negotiated justice.<span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span></span> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </p>

The thesis explores the evolution of Chinese travel journalism since 1978, the year China launched its economic reforms and opened to the international community and examines its role in facilitating social changes. Discussion is based on texts from the print, television and online media. Four case studies illustrate how Chinese media are influenced by the state, the market and readerships. The central argument of this thesis is that Chinese travel journalism has established itself as a recognised genre of popular journalism due to rapid growth in tourism along with market-driven reforms. Travel journalism has developed within the official media (the Party press), negotiated media (commercially oriented) and flexible (online) media. These divisions promote a range of information, advice and discussion available to travellers and tourists. In the case of the official media, the information is framed by concerns to regulate; in the case of the negotiated media, there is more scope for commercial promotions; the flexible online media allows non-professional participation. As such, the development of travel journalism reflects the evolution of Chinese media from a propaganda institution to a modernising media industry, and more recently, to a platform for personal expression and alternative voices. The government support for the development of the tourism market has been a strong spur for the growth of travel journalism, and the discourses of Chinese modernisation are carried through the popularisation of travel as a subject in the media. Chinese travel journalism provides advice on social conduct for travellers, both in domestic and international situations, and it influences national self-perceptions and international outlook. Developing in the broader context of social, economic and cultural changes, travel journalism provides a valuable gauge for the study of transformations in Chinese society and Chinese lifestyles.