Thesis (M. Hous. M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Hous.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Suite à l’indépendance de l’Inde en 1947, le Premier Ministre, Jawaharlal Nehru, lance un plan de villes nouvelles sur tout le territoire. Le nouvel État du Punjab devait être doté d’une Capitale dont Nehru demandait qu’elle soit : « …le symbole de l’Inde, désentravée des traditions du passé…une expression de la confiance de la Nation dans le futur… ».À soixante-trois ans, Le Corbusier réalisera enfin une de ses ambitions : concevoir l’urbanisme d’une ville de plus de 500 000 habitants. Il mobilisera des idéaux théoriques en tenant compte du particularisme local. Soixante ans après cette conception, il devient pertinent de revisiter cette « utopie urbaine » par la pratique de ses résidants. Les hiérarchies traditionnelles indiennes structuraient les espaces urbains. À Chandigarh, pour répondre aux vœux du Premier Ministre, de nouvelles dispositions devaient permettre « l’émergence une société nouvelle ». Le Master Plan de Le Corbusier et sa réalisation répondront à cette exigence. Ensuite, nous avons voulu comprendre les liens entre urbanisme et urbanité et comment des rapports sociaux « nouveaux » pouvaient encore s’exprimer six décennies après les premiers coups de crayon. Enfin, nous avons considéré que l’urbanisme d’une ville répond aux attentes de ses résidants dès lors que ceux-ci s’approprient « leur ville ». Chandigarh prévue pour 500 000 habitants, en accueille plus d’un million et devient le centre d’une grande agglomération.Pour comprendre la ville, nous avons mobilisé l’analyse paysagère et réalisé des entretiens qualitatifs auprès de plus de cent personnes pour apprécier les liens sociaux et le niveau d’appropriation. Nous en concluons que cette ville est appréciée et que ces concepteurs ont eu une vision prospective importante. / Subsequent to the independency of India in 1947, its Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, developed a plan of new cities over the whole territory. The new state of Penjab should get a metropole that Nerhu asked it to be : « …the symbol of India, detached of past traditions …an expression of the Nation trust in the future… ».When sixty-three years old, Le Corbusier could achieve one of his ambitions : Conceive the urban planning for a town of more than 500 000 inhabitants. He put forward theoretical ideals while taking into account the local particularism. Sixty years after this inception, it becomes pertinent to revisit such an « urban utopia » by investigating the practice of its residents. The traditional indian hierarchies used to be reflected in urban space management. In the town of Chandigarh, in order to observe the Prime Minister wishes, new regulations were necessary for achieving the « emergence of a new society ». Le Corbusier’s Master Plan and its implementation fulfilled this requirement. Then, we wanted to understand the relationships between ‘urbanism’ and ‘urbanity’ and to which extent « new » social relations could still develop six decades after the original design. At last we have considered that the urbanism of a town meets the expectations of its residents if they take in hand the ownership of « their city ». Chandigarh, initially planned for 500 000 inhabitants, has now more than a million of residents, and it has become the center of a large metropole. In order to get an understanding of the town, we have performed a landscape analysis and conducted qualitative interviews with more than hundred people, the objective being to appreciate their social links and level of appropriation. Our conclusion is that this town is appreciated and that its designers have had a major forward-looking perspective.

Refusant l’image trop souvent négative de certaines composantes de la ville, l’on est convaincu de trouver des solutions pour la ville nouvelle de Tamansourte. Cette recherche montre qu’il est possible de gérer la ville autrement, à l’aide d’outils appropriés en proposant de nouvelles réformes.S’appuyant sur des éléments de référence, c’est-à-dire des récits d’acteurs de l’acte d’aménager, cette recherche propose des pistes de réflexion relatives à la construction d’un nouveau projet de transformation sociale pour une nouvelle politique de la ville. La solution pour une ville comme Marrakech réside certainement dans un compromis entre plusieurs formes urbaines, compromis qui doit tenir compte des spécificités historiques, morphologiques et culturelles de la cité, servant de fondement à une éventuelle politique de la ville. Pour la ville nouvelle de Tamansourte, le constat négatif est facile à démontrer, car à travers la visite des lieux, plusieurs phénomènes montrent la faible fréquentation de la cité doublée d’une animation commerciale timide. Une étude de "requalification urbaine" est à mettre en place d’urgence pour permettre à cette ville nouvelle une dynamisation des activités commerciales et des échanges fructueux entre les différents acteurs de la cité qui fonderont demain la vitalité de cette nouvelle ville. / Refusing the image most oftenly negative of certain parts of urban agglemerations, we are convinced to have found viable solutions for the new town of Tamansourte. This research shows that it is possible to do town planing in a whole new way, by proposing new reforms.Based on references such as feedback and narratives from the actors of the urban layout, this research proposes directions for reflection concerning the construction of a new social transformation project for a new town planning policy. The solution for a city like Marrakesh most certainly resides in a compromise between several urban forms, taking into account historical, morphological and cultural specificites and serving eventually as a basis for city policies. As far the new town of Tamansourte is concerned, the balance sheet is in the negative, easily understandable by a simple visit of the premises where several obvious factors demonstrate the scarcity of the population toghether with a feeble commercial activity. An « urban re-qualification » study is to be done urgently for this new town to be commercially, economically dynamised and permitting fruitful exchanges between all the actors of the township-thus founding a new era of vitality for this new town.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier le lien existant entre les lieux et les sites naturels d'une part, les modèles de cité de l'autre. Le contexte analysé est celui des villes de fondation, c'est-à-dire des villes planifiées et créées en un temps court, totalement constituées, résultant de modèles formels complets et le plus souvent engendrées par un pouvoir centralisé ou une décision concentrée. Dans l'histoire des villes, on peut dire que les villes de fondation réalisées les plus importantes sont les villes idéales grecques, les villes romaines, les villes royales, les villes coloniales européennes, les villes de l'industrie. Au XXe siècle les occasions de créer des ensembles urbains se raréfient au profit de l'extension. Toutefois plusieurs pays ont procédé à des créations des villes de tertiaire : le Brésil avec Brasilia, l'Inde avec Chandigarh et Navi Mumbai (New Bombay), la Chine avec Shenzhen, la Grande-Bretagne avec les New Towns comme c'est le cas de Milton Keynes, la France avec les Villes Nouvelles, dont Marne-la-Vallée ou encore La Grande-Motte. L'imaginaire et les outils de projet se sont par ailleurs nourries d'un important corpus de villes théoriques ou utopiques (de Fourrier à Le Corbusier en passant par Arturo Soria y Mata) et de villes littéraires, le texte le plus célèbre restant Les Villes Invisibles d'Italo Calvino. La fabrication des villes de fondation est toujours une actualité à nos jours. On a assisté récemment à l'achèvement aux nouvelles capitales de la Birmanie et de la Malaisie, tandis que la fabrication de la nouvelle capitale pour la Corée du Sud a dépassé la phase du projet pour entrer dans celle de la réalisation. La question d'une nouvelle capitale de l'Indonésie se pose actuellement dans l'urgence. Cette recherche établira donc la genèse des villes de fondation, en particulier des modèles préexistants qui la sous-tendent : une attention sera portée sur le moment, les acteurs, les contextes de la décision de création, l'autre sera la relation entre la forme de la ville projetée, les données du site, de la société, des fonctions du lieu d'implantation, la réalisation effective pour mettre en évidence la prise en compte ou la non-prise en compte de ces contextes. Au terme de ce travail, on peut affirmer que les villes de fondation et la fabrication des villes de fondation sont un phénomène universel, qui se manifeste tout au long de l'histoire, à travers toutes les époques, en toutes aires géographiques. Y a-t-il alors une structure dans le processus de production qui soit commune à tous les types de villes de fondation, dans laquelle se nouerait un lien structurel entre les trois paramètres de la fabrication : les lieux, les modèles et les acteurs. Après un parcours dans l'histoire longue, à partir d'ouvrages existants, documentant les principales civilisations ayant produit des villes de fondation, la recherche portera sur un échantillon de villes du XXe siècle, en particulière les villes de tertiaire d'après-guerre : Brasilia (Brésil), Chandigarh (Inde), Marne la Vallée, La Grande Motte (France), Milton Keynes (Angleterre), et la ville de l'industrie, Magnitogorsk (U.R.S.S.) / This thesis proposes a study of the existing relationship between places and natural sites on one hand, and the city models on the other hand. The analysed context is the one of the new towns, that is to say the short term planified, totally constituted and realised cities, resulting from complete formal models, most of the time engendered by a centralised power or a concentrated decision.In the history of cities, we can assume that the most important realised new towns are the greek cities, the roman cities, the royal cities, the european colonial cities and the industrial cities. During the 20th century, the opportunities to create urban development become rare in aid of the extensions. However, several countries carried out creations of service cities : Brasil with Brasilia, India with Chandigarh and Navi Mumbai (New Bombay), China with Shenzhen, Great-Britain with the New Towns such as Milton Keynes, France with the Villes Nouvelles (New Towns), like Marne-la-Vallée or La Grande-Motte. Moreover, the project imaginary and tools grew with an important sample of theoretical and utopian cities (from Fourrier to Le Corbusier via Arturo Soria y Mata) and of literary cities, the most famous text being Invisible Cities from Italo Calvino. The making of the new towns is still topical today. We assisted recently to the consecration of the Malaysia and Myanmar capital cities, while the new South Korea capital encompassed the project phase to become real. And the possibility of a new capital for Indonesia is more than ever an emergency. The present research will thus establish the genesis of the new towns, in particular of the pre-existing models which sustain them : on one hand, we will have a specific attention to the moment, the actors and the contexts of the creation decision ; on the other hand, we will study the relationship between the form of the projected city, the site and society datas, the functions of the settlement place and the effective realisation, in order to bring to the fore if theses different contexts were taken into account or not. At the end of this research, we can say that the new towns and the making of the new towns is a universal phenomenon, which appears all along history, through all the ages and in all parts of the world. Thus, is there a structure in the process of production that is common to all types of new towns, in which we could detect a link between the 3 making parameters : the sites, the models and the actors? After a journey throughout history, from existing books, documenting the main civilizations which created new towns, the research will focus on a sample of 20th century cities, in particular the service cities after world war II : Brasilia (Brasil), Chandigarh (India), Marne-la-Vallée and La Grande-Motte (France), Milton Keynes (England), and the industry city of Magnitogorsk (U.S.S.R.)

An atom, a cell and a solar system have very little in common. My science teachers from high school will confirm that I am very far from being an expert on the matter but nontheless, I have studied these three systems in separate classes: chemistry, biology and astronomy. So I believe they must be fairly unrelated from each other! All they have in common is that they are studied through a magnifying lens by people who are better than me in maths. But onceyou look through the lens, you should see a main body and smaller objects rotating around it. The electrons around the protons, the cytoplasm around the nucleus and the planets around the sun. The key element they have in common is structure. Perhaps this is too abstract, even for an abstract, so let’s bring things back to earth. Structures play a fundamental role in shaping the world around us and this thesis aims to understand to what extent and how they influence people’s daily lives. The case study is based on the new town of Arborea in Sardinia, originally designed and owned by a private company to make an efficient and innovative industrial food production system. It aims to show how the ambition to produce was ingrained in the buildings and societal structures and how the surroundings affected the people who moved there. Everything was studied in detail:from the road grid to the houses, the church’s positioning and even selecting people from the north of Italy who were deemed most suitable to work there. The use of structuration theory will be key to uncover the different layers and relations that still shape the community today. 35.000 cows, 3800 people, a history of cultural clashes, a productive system, a very fascist background, a ’sex patrolling’ priest, a dozen volunteering organisations will all feature in thethesis and together enable to draw a picture of the new town.

This thesis deals with archaeological evidence of medieval pottery products which were discovered during the emergency archaeological excavation in the area of former Jiřího z Poděbrad barracks on Náměstí Republiky square in Prague. This area is nowadays called Palladium shopping centre. The first part of the thesis deals with real findings. These are construction debris of burning kilns and historical evolution of its construction. The second part of the thesis compares results of excavation with historical datas. The last part of the thesis evaluates the extraordinarily huge file of ceramic artefacts from waste areas, especially defective pieces which complement the picture of medieval pottery production.

IntroductionLao People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR / Laos) has a population of 5.8 million people and is today one of the least developed countries in Asia. That Luang Marsh (TLM) is the largest remaining urban wetland (2000 hectare) in Vientiane Capital, which historically has supplied wildlife and local people with several eco-services. Some important functions are wastewater treatment, flood control (water storage), and several agricultural and aquacultural services. Due to the flat landscape and the low permeability in soil, the area becomes naturally flooded during the wet season when the water level in the Mekong River is high. All storm water in Vientiane is drained through TLM. There have been several projects in Vientiane aimed to solve the drainage and sanitarian situation. However, the problems have still not been completely solved today. Aim and objectives This Master of Science thesis aims at providing a prestudy for a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), which may be used for creating a full-scale SEA in the future. The main objectives that will be analyzed are: Wastewater treatment in Vientiane. The environmental impact caused by human activity and how it can be reduced in TLM / Vientiane / Mekong River. Sustainable development in Vientiane. The need of SEA in TLM. Flood control in Vientiane. • Agriculture and aquaculture in Vientiane. The WATER Project and New Town Development Project. Socioeconomic overview of Laos / Vientiane. Methodology This thesis is a collaboration between the Swedish university KTH and the Thai university AIT. The student (author of this report) was linked to Dr. Shipin, co-advisor at AIT through Dr. Frostell, supervisor at KTH, and Dr. Berg. A field study was made from October 2008 - December 2008 in Vientiane Capital, Laos. The student has collected information from NGOs, institutions, departments, laboratories, libraries, local people, and Internet in the form of hardcopy literature, electronic documents, e-mail contacts, and interviews. During two days the student had the favour to join a team sent out by WWF for collecting water samples around the marsh. The team consisted of representatives from WWF and the three districts that surround That Luang Marsh. Strategic Environmental Assessment The main purpose of a SEA is to support sustainable decision-making processes in an area. Except from environmental aspects, the SEA also considers socioeconomical aspects. SEAs may differ in terminology and practice between countries and organisations but do usually include stages like preliminary scan, conduction of SEA, preparation of the report, implementation of SEA in PPP (policy, plans, or programmes), and review of the implementation. This report gives a short briefing about how SEAs are produced by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) and according to the European Directive. The European Directive is the standard SEA for several European countries. The report does also present the project oriented EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Wetland valuation Wetlands may be valuated in different ways. This report explains one method where the valuation is separated into: DUV (Direct Use Value), IUV (Indirect Use Value), OV (Option Value), and NUV (Non Use Value). These are added to TEV (Total Economical Value). WATER Project The WATER project is a response to the environmental and socioeconomical problems that have occurred in Vientiane. Several past projects have been less successful, which have resulted in adverse impact on the society and the ecosystem. The WATER project tries to highlight the wetland values and convince authorities to use CWs (Constructed Wetlands) instead of conventional wastewater treatment plants for treating wastewater. This project will first do five pilot studies in Vientiane. Three will be used for treating domestic wastewater and two for industrial. The project is a part of the Wetland Alliance Programme. Main partners during the project are the government of Lao PDR, WWF Laos, WWF Germany, Wild Fowl & Wetland Trust (WWT). Other involved partners are CORIN, AIT, WFC, CIDA, and Sida. It seems that the authorities will allocate 22 hectares for constructing a CW that will purify Vientiane’s most polluted urban water canal Hong Ke. The WATER Project recommends that even Hong Xeng is included which totally requires 61 hectare CW area. New Town Development Project The New Town Development is a collaboration between the Lao and Chinese government. The plan is to develop the city so it attracts more foreign and domestic investors. 1000 hectares low valued land will be developed for business and 200 hectare will be used for creating an artificial lake aimed for compensating lost wetland area. As a part of the negotiations, the Chinese has already constructed a stadium that was used during the SEA Games 2009. 670 hectare will be developed in TLM, 100 hectare in Dongphosy Forest, and 430 hectare close to the new stadium. The Chinese investors will lease the developed land for 50 years. This may be used for business. When the project period is over, the Lao government have the right to reclaim all developed land without compensation. The Chinese Suzhou City stands as model for the development project in Vientiane. The estimated cost of the project is USD 800-1000 million. Discussion and conclusions Choosing SEA, CEA (Cumulative Effect Assessment), or another strategic assessment method should not be the main issue. As long as the method contributes to a strategic sustainable development and is internationally accepted it may be used for PPPs. The main issue of SEA is not to create a report, but convincing authorities about the importance of sustainable decision-making processes. Factors that may inhibit a sustainable development in Laos are low education, corruption, and greedy investors that devastate the environment for own profit. The laws are in several cases enough but due to the lack of a judicial organization and economical funding the legislative system becomes inefficient. It is difficult to valuate wetlands. The greatest challenge is to valuate OVs and NUVs. OVs are difficult because they are just options. NUVs are based on a subjective estimation because these consider cultural and aesthetical values. A problem with the New Town Development Project is that some vulnerable groups that live in TLM will be forced to live in a resettlement area. These people may have difficulties to adapt to the new environment. It is important that the authorities work extra hard with helping project affected people. Wetland degradation is probably a result of i) intense water pollution (wastewater from households and industries), ii) physical destruction (housing, filling, and artificial drainage), iii) overuse of wetland VI resources, iv) invasions or invitations of new species (golden apple snail). In theory, wetlands may be replaced with modern technology for protecting the city against flooding. One way is to build a cement layer in Houay Mak Hiao River for increasing the drainage capacity. However, because the country has very small economical margins and the hydrological situation is not completely investigated, this could be treated as a risk project. Another problem is that the wastewater capacity will reduce and the biodiversity in the river will be lost. The loss of wastewater treatment needs to be compensated with modern technology. Something needs to be done for increasing the sanitarian situation in Vientiane. This report has compared the benefits of using conventional wastewater treatment plants and CWs. Probably the most reasonable solution is to use a CW for treating the wastewater in Hong Ke while the new centre in TLM uses a conventional wastewater treatment plant. This is an optimal solution because a conventional wastewater treatment plant for treating the water in Hong Ke would require a completely new sewage system, which could become very expensive. Maintaining a conventional wastewater treatment plant is also expensive and requires special trained staff. An easier alternative would be to use CWs for the old part of Vientiane. Because the new centre will be built in a modern style with new infrastructure this part of Vientiane could treat wastewater conventionally. Building a conventional wastewater treatment plant would also save some high-valuated land. Conventional Wastewater TreatmentAdvancedStandardizedQuick turnover timeRequire small spaceCould be more sanitarianProcesses better evaluated Constructed WetlandLong lifetimeEffective in warm climatesNo chemical inputEasy to maintainLow sludge productionAestheticalLess need to change infrastructureLow running cost (flat topography) The author will not decide if Vientiane should develop into a top modern city or remain as a small sized capital as it is today. However, today the situation is unsustainable and something needs to be done. Better organization and planning is necessary for not repeating mistakes that were made during past projects. All decisions have to be based on a non-corruptive process and sustainable thinking. Integrating an environmental and socioeconomical strategy into the future of Vientiane should be of interest for all Laotians. Vientiane is the economical centre of Laos and an increased discharge of polluted water into the Mekong would increase the stress of the important river. A collapse of the biodiversity in the Mekong would strike hard on Laos’ fishing industry and economy. Decisions made today will surely more or less affect people at local, regional, national, and international level in the future. / Inledning Mänsklig aktivitet har på vissa håll resulterat i en allvarlig miljöpåverkan. Laos har en befolkningsmängd på 5,8 miljoner invånare och räknas idag som ett av Asiens minst utvecklade länder. That Luang Marsh (TLM) är huvudstaden Vientianes största urbana våtmarksområde (2000 hektar). Våtmarksområdet bjuder på flertalet ekologiska tjänster som under historiens lopp gynnat både människor och djur. Några av dessa är naturlig vattenrening och översvämningsskydd (vattenlager). Våtmarken bidrar till ett rikt jordbruk och akvakultur. Under regnperioden stiger vattennivån i Mekongfloden så att området naturligt svämmas över. Dräneringen av Vientiane försvåras eftersom landskapet är platt och permeabiliteten i jorden är låg. Huvudsakligen flödar vattnet ut via TLM och floden Houay Mak Hiao innan det når Mekongfloden. Flertalet projekt har försökt effektivisera Vientianes dräneringseffektivitet och minska de sanitära problemen. Dock finns det en hel del kvar att göra. Syften och mål Detta examensarbete är en förstudie till en Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Förstudien skulle kunna utnyttjas till uppbyggandet av en komplett SEA. Huvudområden som undersöks i denna rapport är: Vattenreningen i Vientiane. Den mänskliga miljöpåverkan och hur denna kan lindras i TLM / Vientiane / Mekongfloden. Hållbar utveckling i Vientiane. Behovet av SEA i TLM. Översvämningsskydd i Vientiane. Jordbruk och akvakultur i Vientiane. Projekten WATER Project och New Town Development Project. En socioekonomisk översikt för Laos /Vientiane. Metod Projektet är ett samarbete mellan det svenska universitet KTH och det thailändska universitet AIT. Författaren till denna rapport, Fredrik Olsson är mastersstudent på KTH och har genomfört och utvecklat projektet tillsammans med handledaren Dr. Frostell, KTH och bihandledaren Dr. Shipin, AIT. Även Dr. Berg har haft en viktig roll i utvecklandet och det praktiska genomförandet av projektet. Oktober 2008 – december 2008 genomfördes fältstudier i Vientiane, Laos. Fakta till rapporten inhämtades främst från NGOs (Non- Governmental Organizations), institutioner, laboratorier, bibliotek, lokalbefolkning och internet. Detta skedde i form av tryckta papper/avhandlingar, elektroniska dokument, e-mail kontakter samt intervjuer. Under två dagar genomfördes fältstudier i TLM i samarbete med WWF. Syftet var att mäta vattenkvaliteten i våtmarken på ett antal förutbestämda platser. Gruppen bestod av en representant från WWF samt representanter från de tre distrikt som delar TLM. Strategic Environmental Assessment (Strategisk Miljöbedömning) Syftet med en SEA är att skapa hållbarhet i myndigheters beslutsprocesser. SEA integrerar både miljö och socioekonomiska aspekter i samma studie där målet är att sträva mot en hållbar utveckling. Olika SEA kan skilja sig i utformningen beroende på vilken handledning som används. Dock är dessa skillnader små och inträffar oftast i form av annorlunda terminologi och utförande. Normalt ingår moment som preliminär undersökning, genomförande av SEA, förberedelse av rapport, implementering av SEA i PPP (Policy, Plan och Program) samt utvärdering av implementeringen. Den här rapporten redovisar ytligt hur VIII en SEA genomförs enligt CIDA-modellen (Canadian International Development Agency) och enligt Europeiska Direktivet. Den senare handledningen används som standard i flertalet europeiska länder. Denna rapport kommer även att redovisa grunderna i EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). Värdering av våtmarker Det finns ett antal olika sätt att värdera våtmarker. Ett sätt som redovisas i rapporten är att separera värderingsområdena till DUV (Direct Use Value), IUV (Indirect Use Value), OV (Option Value), och NUV (Non Use Value). Dessa summeras sedan till TEV (Total Economic Value). DUV beskriver de direkt synliga värdena av att bevara en våtmark, IUV de värden som är indirekta, OV de värden som kan vara möjliga i framtiden, NUV de värden som inte kan bedömas ur ett ekonomiskt och TEV våtmarkens sammanlagda värde. WATER Project Detta projekt är ett svar på de sanitära och ekologiska problemen som förekommer i Vientiane. Flertalet projekt har varit mindre framgångsrika vilket påverkat både samhället och ekosystemet negativt. För att råda bot på de sanitära problemen pågår för närvarande ett försök att informera myndigheterna om fördelarna med att bygga konstruerade våtmarker. Dessa skulle kunna vara ett alternativ till konventionella reningsverk. För att bevisa våtmarkernas effektivitet planeras nu byggandet av fem pilotanläggningar i Vientiane. Tre kommer användas för att rena kommunalt avloppsvatten medan två är avsedda för industriellt bruk. Projektet är en del av Wetland Alliance Programme. Samarbetspartners för WATER Project är laotiska staten, WWF Laos, WWF Tyskland och Wild Fowl & Wetland Trust (WWT), CORIN, AIT, WFC, CIDA och Sida. Indikationer tyder på att konstruerade våtmarker (22 hektar) kommer att byggas för rening av vattnet i dräneringskanalen Hong Ke. Detta är Vientianes mest förorenade kanal. Dock önskar WATER Project att totalt 61 hektar avsätts så att även kanalen Hong Xeng kan renas. New Town Development Project Projektet är ett samarbete mellan den laotiska och kinesiska staten. Planen är att ett omfattande utvecklingsprojekt ska locka flera utländska och inhemska investerare till Vientiane. Totalt kommer 1000 hektar lågt värderad mark att kommersialiseras. Ytterligare 200 hektar kommer att användas till byggandet av en konstgjord sjö som kompenserar för förlorad våtmarksyta. Kineserna har i gengäld lovat att bygga en sportarena för SEA Games 2009. 670 hektar kommer exploateras i TLM, 430 hektar i närheten av den nya sportarenan och 100 hektar i Dongphosy skogen. Kinesiska investerare kommer att arrendera marken under 50 år. Under denna period kan investerarna fritt göra affärer och har rätt att sälja marken till vem de vill. När 50 år har passerat har den laotiska staten rätt att ta tillbaka den arrenderade marken utan kompensation. Som modell för utvecklingsprojektet står kinesiska Suzhou City. Projektet beräknas kosta 800-1000 miljoner amerikanska dollar. Diskussion och slutsats Det spelar ingen större roll vilken metod som används för att nå en hållbar utveckling om den har någon form av internationell acceptans, är strategisk och tar hänsyn till att integrera både miljö och socioekonomiska frågor i samma studie. SEA och CEA (Cumulative Effect Assessment) är endast några alternativ. Målet med en SEA är först och främst inte avsedd för att skapa en rapport utan snarare hållbarhet i beslutsprocesser på PPP-nivå. Faktorer som motverkar hållbar utveckling i Laos är bland annat korruption, dålig utbildning och giriga investerare som maximerar sina ekonomiska vinster på miljön och samhällets bekostnad. Det är svårt att värdera OV eftersom denna parameter endast tar hänsyn till möjliga framtida värden. Samtidigt är NUV näst intill omöjligt att värdera eftersom denna parameter värderar kulturella och etiska värden. Värderingen av NUV blir då en subjektiv bedömning. Under New Town Development Project kommer flertalet människor i TLM tvingas flytta till en mer urban miljö. Dessa grupper är ofta speciellt sårbara eftersom de har bristfällig kunskap om urbana arbeten. Det är extra viktigt att myndigheterna följer upp dessa människor så att deras lidande minimeras. Förstörelsen av våtmarker beror troligtvis på i) stor tillförsel av vattenföroreningar (kommunalt och industriellt avloppsvatten), ii) fysisk destruktion (husbyggen, utfyllnad och konstgjorda dräneringssystem), iii) överutnyttjande av våtmarksresurser samt iv) invasioner och införanden av främmande arter som till exempel ”golden apple snail”. Teoretiskt skulle det vara möjligt att ersätta våtmarker med moderna tekniska lösningar för att undvika översvämningar. En lösning skulle vara att floden Houay Mak Hiao beläggs med ett cementlager för att öka vattenflödet ut från Vientiane. Dock har landet mycket svårt att finansiera denna typ av projekt och efterkommande underhåll på grund av små ekonomiska marginaler i statens budget. Det är heller inte helt kartlagt hur hydrologin i området fungerar. Ett annat problem med denna typ av lösning är att Houay Mak Hiaos vattenreningskapacitet och biodiversitet går förlorad. Om projektet genomförs måste vattenrening ske på annat sätt. Den här rapporten har försökt jämföra fördelarna med att använda konstruerade våtmarker (CW) istället för traditionella vattenreningstekniker. Att använda CW för att rena vattenmassorna i Hong Ke (avloppsvatten från gamla Vientiane) är nog det enklaste och billigaste alternativet medan den nya stadsdelen i mitten av TLM skulle kunna utrustas med ett konventionellt reningsverk. Detta eftersom de utländska stadsutvecklarna antagligen kommer ha tillräckligt med medel och kunskap för att stödja modern vattenreningsteknik som rymmer inom New Town Development Project. Infrastrukturen för att använda konventionella reningsverk är inte tillräckligt utvecklad i resterande Vientiane så att bygga ett konventionellt reningsverk i dessa delar av staden kan bli kostsamt. Dock blir situationen en annan i den nya stadsdelen eftersom denna byggs upp från grunden. Eftersom marken beräknas få ett avsevärt högre marknadsvärde kommer antagligen modern reningsteknik spara en del yta. Fördelar med konventionella reningstekniker är att dessa allmänt är mer avancerade, standardiserade, har en snabb omsättningstid på avloppsvattnet, är mindre platskrävande och processerna i dessa verk är bättre kartlagda. Däremot kan CWanläggningar användas under en längre tidsperiod, de har en hög effektivitet i varma klimat, har låg slamproduktion, kräver mycket små tillsatser av kemikalier, är enkla att underhålla, är mer estetiska, kräver enklare infrastruktur och har en låg driftskostnad. Författaren till denna rapport kan inte avgöra om det bästa för staden är att utvecklas till ett modernt urbant komplex. Dock är den nuvarande situationen ohållbar och därför bör någon form av åtgärder vidtas. Om organisationen och planering inom och mellan projekt förbättras minskar risken för misslyckade projekt. Det är viktigt att alla beslut som fattas grundas på ett korruptionsfritt hållbarhetstänkande. Om Vientiane strävar mot att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och socioekonomi så kommer landet som helhet att gynnas, eftersom huvudstaden är motorn i Laos ekonomi. Ett ökat okontrollerat utsläpp av vattenföroreningar från Vientiane kommer att öka belastningen på Mekongfloden. En biodiversitetskollaps i Mekongfloden skulle få allvarliga konsekvenser för landets fiske och ekonomi. De beslut som fattas idag kommer i framtiden att mer eller mindre påverka människor på ett lokalt, regionalt, nationellt och internationellt plan.

Dans un contexte de complexité territoriale où les référents spatiaux se multiplient, se fragmentent, se recomposent et entrent en concurrence, aborder la question de la territorialisation culturelle comme un processus communicationnel est le moyen par lequel ce travail contribue à la réflexion sur les phénomènes de requalification et de recomposition des territoires. Par emprunt de la notion de territorialisation à la Science politique et à la Géographie, notre posture s’appuie sur une boîte à outils (théorique et méthodologique) capable de construire un regard oblique dont le principe est celui de l’indissociabilité des composants d’un même phénomène. En effet, l’originalité de cette recherche se situe principalement dans l’articulation d’approches habituellement considérées comme irréconciliables étant donné le caractère polyphonique des discours qui participent de cette poïétique territoriale – les modalités de la (re)génération d’un territoire – : l’approche identificationnelle matérialisée par les discours des acteurs politiques, et l’approche appropriationnelle qui s’intéresse aux récits de pratiques territoriales des habitants et des usagers. L’enjeu scientifique de cette thèse réside donc dans la compréhension du fonctionnement de ce processus communicationnel et de sa capacité à enchanter, par la médiation des discours, un espace intercommunal.Pour la compréhension de ce processus, nous avons pris appui sur le cas d’Ouest Provence, ancienne « ville nouvelle » située sur les rives de l’étang de Berre, au nord-ouest de Marseille, marqué par une imposante activité industrielle et polluante. Cette agglomération se trouve aujourd’hui dans une phase de normalisation, après avoir bénéficié, pendant quarante ans, du régime exceptionnel de ce projet de développement urbain initié et soutenue par l’État. À partir d’une approche ethno-sémiotique, nous avons constitué et analysé un corpus hétérogène de discours circulants (discours d’inauguration de l’identité nouvelle d’Ouest Provence, extrait du numéro inaugural du journal intercommunal, toponyme, logotypes, programmes et éditoriaux de saison de la régie culturelle SCOP), et de discours provoqués (entretiens ethnographiques auprès des acteurs politiques, administratifs et culturels, et auprès des spectateurs-abonnés de la régie culturelle SCOP). L’objectif étant de mettre au jour le travail d’obturation d’une partie du champ de vision de l’habitant et de l’usager que mènent les acteurs politiques, par une restructuration de leurs pratiques ou du moins de leurs effets, afin d’enchanter leur imaginaire territorial. Et c’est par l’intermédiaire d’un opérateur, le dispositif de la régie culturelle Scènes et Cinés, que se met en place cette stratégie. Effectivement, la pratique de sortie au théâtre est donc décrite comme une pratique de mobilisation des habitants et des usagers de manière à leur faire-croire en cette « communauté imaginée » qu’incarne Ouest Provence. Mais à côté de ces discours d’élus, l’analyse des récits des pratiques des abonnés de Scènes et Cinés laisse entrevoir une territorialité dont les trois régimes que esquissés (le sentiment du chez-soi, l’engagement, et l’attachement à un être-ensemble) sont motivés par un rapport sensible au territoire. Cette dimension de la pratique de sortie au théâtre nous semble fondamentale en ce qu’elle révèle la nature du rapport individuel et collectif des spectateurs à leurs espaces de pratiques culturelles qui est, avant tout, façonné par la sensation et l’émotion. La territorialité spectatorielle constitue ainsi une expérience qui participe, tout au moins momentanément, du processus d’enchantement territorial. / Our research contributes to the understanding of a requalification and reorganization phenomenon by questioning cultural territorialization as a communicational process, in a context of territorial complexity where spatial referentials are multiplied, split up, recomposed and brought to compete with one another. Borrowing from the notion of territorialization as found in political sciences and geography, our posture is supported by a theoretical and methodological personal construction that enables us to build an oblique view point, the principle of which is the indivisibility of the above mentioned phenomenon’s components. Indeed, the originality of this research lies mainly in the combining of different approaches usually considered irreconcilable, given the polyphonic character of the discourses that participate in territorial poïetics - conditions of (re)generation of a territory - : the identification-based approach formed by political actors’ discourses, the function of which is the production and the circulation of standards and values in the public space, and the appropriation-based approach which is interested in the narrative given by inhabitants and practitioners of their territorial practices. The scientific argument of our thesis lies in the understanding of how this communicational process functions and its capacity to “enchant” an inter-communal space that becomes meaningful again, through the mediation of a series of discourses.In order to understand this process, we have used, as a case study, the urban community of Ouest Provence, which had the status of a “new town”, and thus benefitted for forty years, from major state development policies. This urban area, on the banks of the Etang de Berre, north west of Marseilles, where France’s major oil refineries, gaz and petro-chemical factories are located, is marked by this impressive industrial activity and the image of pollution that it gives. The Ouest Provence area is about to be “normalized”, by becoming an ordinary group of smaller towns with a new inter-communal status. From an ethno-semiotic approach, we have constituted and analyzed a heterogeneous corpus of circulating discourses (inaugural speech for Ouest Provence’s new identity, excerpts from the inter-communal newspaper inaugural issue, toponyms, logotypes, programs and editorials taken from the Scènes et Cinés’ cultural season) and instigated discourses (ethnographical conversations with political, administrative and cultural professionals and with the Scènes et Cinés’ spectators-subscribers). The intention was to bring to light the attempts by the political actors to modify the representations that local inhabitants and users have of their territory by restructuring in particular their theatre practices in order to re-enchant their territorial imagination. It is through an operator, the device of the cultural institution Scènes et Cinés, that this strategy is set up. The practice of theatre-going is thus described as a practice of mobilization of the inhabitants and the users so as to make them believe in this “imagined community” that the Ouest Provence embodies. The analysis of the practice narratives of the Scènes et Cinés subscribers gives us a glimpse of a territoriality where three aspects which we highlighted (the feeling of being at home, the commitment to the theatre, and the attachment to a sort of togetherness in this practice) are motivated by an emotional relationship to the territory. This theatre-going dimension seems to us fundamental, as it reveals all the complexity of the spectators’ relationships with each other and with the spaces linked to their cultural practices, which are particularly shaped by both individual and collective sensations and emotions. So, such a spectator experience is involved, at least temporarily, in the process of territorial enchantment.

Édifice emblématique de la Renaissance, l’église fut au coeur des réflexions théoriques des architectes italiens. Leur pensée, émanant directement du De architectura de Vitruve et de ses nombreuses éditions renaissantes, accorde également à la ville un rôle majeur dans l’élaboration d’une communauté humaine idéale. Il n’est donc guère étonnant que les deux thèmes, architecture religieuse et art urbain, se rencontrent dans la théorie comme dans la pratique pour magnifier la demeure divine. Toutefois, loin d’être mis à l’écart, le lieu de culte s’insère au sein d’un réseau viaire dense et complexe qu’il faut analyser soigneusement pour juger au mieux de la place accordée à ce type de monuments. Située à proximité d’autres symboles du pouvoir, tels que les palais seigneuriaux et communaux, l’église instaure un dialogue ambivalent avec ces derniers. De même, la place et/ou l’avenue qui la précèdent peuvent aussi bien contribuer à son isolement qu’à son intégration urbaine. Au fil des lectures, les concepts même d’architecture religieuse et de cadre urbain apparaissent donc polysémiques. Et l’analyse des constructions de la Renaissance ne clarifie en rien la situation. S’appuyant sur des sources variées (traités d’architecture, ouvrages d’humaniste, dessins, plans, etc.) le présent travail tend à interroger les valeurs multiples des lieux de culte de la Renaissance. Leur cadre urbain contribue-t-il nécessairement, comme l’affirme Alberti, à en faire les principaux embellissements de la cité ? / Symbolic edifice of the Renaissance, the church was fundamental in Italian architects’ theoretical reflexions. Their thought, based on Vitruvius’ De architectura and its numerous Renaissance editions, attributes also a great importance to the town in the development of an ideal human community. There’s nothing surprising about that both topics, religious architecture and town planning, meet each other in the theory as in the pratice to glorify the God’s house. However, not at all isolated, the place of worship is inserted in a concentrated urban network. Located close to other symbols of power, like seigneurial castle and local council, the church establishes an ambivalent dialogue with them. Similarly, the town square and the avenue can contribute to its isolated location or its urban integration. Therefore, the notions of religious architecture and town planning appear polysemous. Relying on varied sources (treatises, humanists’ writings, drawings, plans, etc.) the present thesis strives to examine the numerous values of Renaissance’s churches. Does their urban setting participate to make the church the city’s greatest and noblest ornament, as claimed by Alberti ?