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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

[en] A LACK OF A CLEAR-CUT DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: REFLECTION ON THE EAST TIMOR CASE / [pt] A INDETERMINAÇÃO DO CONCEITO DE INTERVENÇÃO HUMANITÁRIA: REFLEXO NO CASO TIMOR LESTE

PAULA BARTOLINI SPIELER 13 September 2007 (has links)
[pt] A indeterminação do conceito de intervenção humanitária é latente na literatura de Relações Internacionais e do Direito. Apesar de o tema intervenção humanitária ter feito parte da agenda internacional no período pós-Guerra Fria, o que tal prática constitui permanece sem consenso. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a problemática da falta de consenso sobre o conceito de intervenção humanitária. Para tanto, serão analisados sete elementos do referido conceito: (i) o agente da intervenção; (ii) a necessidade ou não do uso da força; (iii) a postura do Estado-alvo em relação à ingerência externa; (iv) os beneficiários da intervenção; (v) as violações de direitos humanos que podem dar ensejo a uma intervenção humanitária; (vi) os objetivos da intervenção humanitária; (vii) o momento da intervenção. Em seguida, será analisado o caso do Timor Leste, a fim de demonstrar as implicações da falta de consenso acerca do referido conceito. Espera-se, assim, poder contribuir para o debate sobre o conceito de intervenção humanitária nas doutrinas de Relações Internacionais e do Direito. / [en] The International Relations and Law literature lacks a clear-cut definition of the concept of humanitarian intervention. Even though humanitarian intervention theme has been present in the political agenda of the post-Cold War period, there is no consensus around its meaning. The objective of the present work is to analyze the lack of consensus regarding the concept of humanitarian intervention. In order to achieve this task, we will analyze seven elements of the referred concept: (i) the agent of intervention; (ii) the use of force; (iii) the target State behavior regarding external intervention; (iv) the beneficiaries of intervention; (v) the human rights violations that enable the practice of humanitarian intervention; (vi) the goals of humanitarian intervention; (vii) the moment of intervention. The next step will be to study the East Timor case so as to demonstrate the implications of the lack of consensus regarding the referred concept. We hope, therefore, to contribute to the debate on the concept of humanitarian intervention in the International Relations and Law literature.
82

[en] INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ON THE ACTIVITIES RELATED TO PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS OF POST-COLD WAR UN SYSTEM: ADAPTING VERSUS LEARNING / [pt] MUDANÇAS INSTITUCIONAIS NAS ATIVIDADES RELATIVAS ÀS OPERAÇÕES DE MANUTENÇÃO DA PAZ DO SISTEMA ONU DO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA: ADAPTAÇÃO VERSUS APRENDIZADO

CARLOS FREDERICO PEREIRA DA SILVA GAMA 13 January 2006 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho se propõe a aferir a mudança institucional que teve lugar nas atividades da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) relacionadas com as Operações de Manutenção da Paz, no período 1992- 2000. A abordagem levada a cabo se localiza no encontro da disciplina das Relações Internacionais com outras Ciências Sociais, através dos autores Ernst Haas e Anthony Giddens. Na Modernidade, organizações sociais, como a ONU, levam a cabo contínuo monitoramento, reflexivo, de suas próprias ações, na busca por solucionar problemas de cuja solução são incumbidos. Nessa dinâmica de monitoramento reflexivo, as organizações sociais podem - ou não - aprender com suas experiências pregressas. / [en] The present research intends to evaluate institutional change that had taken place within United Nations (UN) activities related to Peacekeeping operations, from 1992 to 2000. The following approach is located on the interface between International Relations and other Social Sciences, through the theoretical contributions of Ernst Haas and Anthony Giddens. In Modernity, social organizations (such as UN) continuously monitor its own behavior - reflexively - seeking for solutions for problems to be solved. Amidst this dynamics of reflexive monitoring, social organizations may - or may not - learn from its previous experiences.
83

La guerre des Malouines dans les relations internationales / The Falkland Islands War in International Relations

Masson, Bérengère 20 June 2009 (has links)
Le 2 avril 1982, l’Argentine envahit les îles Malouines et réaffirme sa souveraineté sur ces îles perdues en 1833. Pourquoi l’Argentine décide-t-elle reprendre ces îles ? Par lassitude ? Sans doute, les négociations s’enlisent et ne laissaient entrevoir aucune solution. Par intérêt ? Sans nul doute, le rapport Shackleton évoque les richesses naturelles inexploitées de l’archipel (du pétrole et des eaux poissonneuses). Par opportunisme ? Indéniablement, l’Argentine est alors en crise financière et est gouvernée par une dictature militaire fragilisée par les oppositions. La reconquête des Malouines pourrait être une planche de salut pour la Junte. La force de réaction de Margaret Thatcher à cette invasion semble surprendre : pourquoi vouloir conserver des îles lointaines, qui comptent 1800 habitants, et 700 000 ovins ? Le monde est encore en pleine guerre froide, les Etats-Unis et l’URSS s’opposent toujours, le conflit des Malouines vient leur offrir un terrain d’affrontement supplémentaire. / On the 2nd April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and reclaimed sovereignty over the islands that she had lost in 1833. Why did Argentina decide to retake these islands ? Was it weariness? Without doubt, negotiation had not given hope of a solution. Was it out of interest? Without a doubt the Shackleton connection suggested unexploited natural resources on the islands (petrol and fishable waters). Was it opportunism? Undeniably Argentina was at that time in a financial crisis and governed by a military dictatorship weakened by conflict. The re-conquest of the Falklands could have been the last hope for the Junta. The strength of Margaret Thatcher's reaction to this invasion seemed surprising: why would one want to keep hold of these far flung islands with 1800 inhabitants and 700 000 ovines? The world was still in the middle of a cold war, the United Stated of America and the USSR continued to clash; the conflict in the Falklands offered them an additional battle ground.
84

Semer les graines de la paix : les Organisations Internationales et l’éducation à la paix au Kenya. / Sowing the Seeds of Peace : International Organizations and Peace Education in Kenya.

Clerc, Lidwine 15 December 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse s'intéresse au programme et aux activités d'éducation à la paix menées par le gouvernement Kenyan analysés grâce à un cas d'étude qualitatif et une ethnographie "multi-site". Les violences postélectorales de 2007-2008 ont été le point de départ de considérable programme et activités œuvrant à la construction de la paix. Notre analyse débute à l'indépendance, en 1963; en effet, ce fut un point charnière de l'histoire nationale car le Kenya a été rendu aux Kenyans mais aussi car la violence structurelle du pays, ses injustices sociales, se renforcèrent dans les mains même des Africains. Nous revoyons l'histoire de la politique étatique pour saisir les notions de groupe ethnique, de communauté ethnique, de politique ethnique en plus des répartitions inégales des terres et des frontières intérieures. En conséquence, les principales causes de conflit ethniques sont revues aussi. En dehors de la violence physique, le Kenya est sérieusement défié au cœur de sa sécurité nationale; par l'urbanisation rapide et la croissance incessante des bidonvilles avec de forts taux de chômage chez les jeunes; et par de nombreux problèmes liés aux 500,000 réfugiés habitant sur son sol. Nous revoyons aussi brièvement comment la corruption est omniprésente et sous-jacente à tous les problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus. Le Kenya a fait la paix avec l'aide d'une médiation internationale et de l'implémentation inhérente des quatre agendas adressant les causes urgentes et celles de long terme du conflit Kenyan. Cette thèse explore pourquoi, et surtout, comment l'éducation à la paix s'est développée au niveau national; et si elle a eu un impact sur la violence structurelle. Notre inspection commence à la naissance du programme d'éducation à la paix au Ministère de l'Education, de la Science et de la Technologie, avec le HCR; et ensuite avec l'UNICEF. Après, la campagne nationale d'éducation à la paix a été construite en vue des élections générales, notablement paisibles, de 2013 et aussi grâce à d’autres activités. Le Kenya devint le leader continental de l'ADEA: ICQN-EP, en apprenant et partageant ses expériences avec d'autre pays africains. Une politique nationale d'éducation à la paix a été promulguée en 2014 avec l'UNICEF et l'UNESCO; l'éducation à la paix appartient désormais au patrimoine national kenyan. / This thesis investigates Kenya's governmental journey into peace education through a qualitative case study and multi-sited ethnography. The relentless post-election violence of 2007-2008 signed the beginning of extensive peace building activities. Our analysis starts right at independence, in 1963; a corner stone in the national history since it rendered Kenya to Kenyans but also because the country's structural violence, social injustices, started building up in the hands of Africans. We reviewed the history of national politics to understand notions of ethnic group, ethnic community, ethnic politics in addition to unequal land allocations and internal borders. Accordingly main reasons of ethnic conflicts were assessed as well. Besides behavioural violence, Kenya is greatly challenged in terms of internal security; by rapid urbanization and ever growing slum areas with high rates of unemployed youth and by facing daily tough issues with over 500,000 refugees on its soil. We also reviewed briefly the ubiquitous corruption as an underlying matter of the issues above mentioned. Kenya made peace with an international mediation and the implementation of four agendas attending to proximate and long term issues. This thesis explored why, and most importantly, how peace education rallied round to the national peace building cause; further wondering if peace education had an impact on structural violence. Our review started at the beginning of the peace education programme in the MoEST headquarters with UNHCR and later with UNICEF. Afterwards, a national peace education campaign was built in sight of the notably peaceful 2013-general election, alongside with other activities. Kenya became the continental lead country of the ADEA: ICQN-PE, learning and sharing experiences with fellow African countries. A governmental policy on peace education was launched in 2014 with UNICEF and UNESCO; peace education now belongs to the patrimony of Kenya.
85

Maintenir la paix, mais laquelle ? : Interdépendances, zones d’action et conjoncture de maintien de la paix dans le secteur de la sécurité collective / Keep the peace, but which peace ? : Interdependance, areas of action and conjuncture of peacekeeping in the collective security sector

Godefroy, Maxime 05 April 2016 (has links)
A travers l’exemple des opérations de maintien de la paix (OMP) conjointes entre les Nations Unies et l’Union européenne au Tchad et en République centrafricaine (Eufor Tchad-RCA et Minurcat) entre 2008 et 2010, cette thèse questionne les mécanismes qui mènent au déclenchement d’une opération de sécurité collective dite de maintien de la paix ainsi que son déroulement. Alors que les analyses anglo-saxonnes du maintien de la paix dans le champ des Relations internationales questionnent peu le processus qui mène à leur déploiement, faisant de celui-ci une réponse quasi rationnelle à l’émergence ou la reprise d’une « crise », cette thèse analyse finement le processus non linéaire qui mène au déploiement des opérations Eufor Tchad-RCA et Minurcat. Cela permet d’interroger de manière originale les disfonctionnements du maintien de la paix en ne s’intéressant pas uniquement à l’appropriation locale d’une OMP comme dans la littérature sur la paix libérale mais en analysant les continuités entre les phases dites de décision et celles de mise en oeuvre. La thèse défendue ici est que le déclenchement d’une OMP se comprend comme le produit de l’activité sociale ayant lieu autour d’un enjeu sécuritaire qui mène à la structuration d’une zone d’action conjoncturelle dans le secteur de la sécurité collective. On parle de conjoncture de maintien de la paix. Le déroulement de l’OMP s’analyse alors comme la poursuite de l’activité au sein de cette zone d’action qui intègre de nouveaux acteurs durant la phase de conduite des opérations. La reconfiguration de la zone d’action peut mener à la poursuite de l’OMP ou à sa fin suivant la dynamique sociale qui se met en place. / Through the example of joint peackeeping operations (PKO) between the United Nations and the European union in Chad and Central african Republic (known by their French acronyms as Eufor Tchad-RCA and Minurcat) between 2008 and 2010, the purpose of this research is to question the social process that lead to the launching and the implementation of a collective security operation knwon as a peacekeeping operation.Though the Anglo-Saxon analyses of peacekeeping inspired by the International Relations theory not often question the decisionnal process, considering the deployment as a rational mean to treat a crisis, this thesis is an analysis of the non-linear social process that led to the deployment of Eufor Tchad-RCA and Minurcat. This analysis allows us to question in an orignal way the dysfunction of peacekeeping by shifting the focus from the local appropriation of the PKO as suggested by the Libera Peace approach to the continuity between decisionnal stages and implementation stages of the PKO. The thesis proposed here is that the launching of a PKO must be understood as the output of the social activity that takes place around a security issue that lead to the structuration of an area of action in the collective security sector. We named that periode a conjuncture of peacekeeping. The conduct of the operation is then analysed as the continuity of the activity in this area of action which includes new actors during its implementation stage. The re setup of the area of action can lead to the pursuit of the PKO or to its end, regarding the social dynamic that is set up.
86

Líbia: um estudo de caso da intervenção internacional de 2011 e de seus aspectos jurídicos e políticos / Libya: a case study of the 2011 international intervention and its political and legal aspects

Bruno Berrettini Camponês do Brasil 23 June 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem dois grandes objetivos: analisar a intervenção internacional ocorrida na Líbia em 2011 pelas perspectivas do direito internacional e das relações internacionais, e tratar da atual conjuntura do país no pós-intervenção. Quanto ao primeiro objetivo, aborda-se toda a evolução do uso da força no sistema internacional até o desenvolvimento do conceito de Responsabilidade de Proteger, que constitui o ponto de confluência da longa tradição de guerra justa, do adensamento normativo do direito internacional (sobretudo do jus ad bellum e do jus in bello), da ampliação das atribuições do Conselho de Segurança da ONU e das transformações dos conflitos armados. Após, verificam-se as resoluções aprovadas entre fevereiro e outubro de 2011, sobretudo a Resolução 1973, que autorizou o uso da força para a proteção de civis. Passa-se a estabelecer os limites jurídicos do mandato interventor, visando a determinar se as ações dos Estados mandatados se coadunaram com os parâmetros jurídicos existentes. Nesse sentido, recorre-se ao contexto político no Conselho de Segurança da ONU existente na aprovação da Resolução 1973 e no decorrer da intervenção. Conclui-se que a coalition of the willing violou a Resolução 1973 e o direito internacional ao promover mudança de regime, ao fornecer aos rebeldes armamentos ofensivos e treinamento militar, bem como ao coordenar-se com eles, ao bombardear civis, ao rejeitar propostas de paz da União Africana após a proteção a Benghazi e ao procurar derrotar militarmente o regime de Kadafi. Em seguida, estudam-se as políticas externas dos Estados-membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança da ONU em 2011, tanto suas diretrizes gerais quanto os objetivos específicos para o Oriente Médio e a Líbia. São analisadas as razões por que Estados Unidos, França e Reino Unido decidiram intervir e por que não houve vetos de Rússia e China. Quanto ao segundo objetivo, estuda-se a atual situação da Líbia, a fim de verificar as principais causas de sua presente instabilidade, bem como os fatores por que Estados mandatados pouco se comprometeram com a reconstrução do país após a intervenção. Apontam-se como fatores de instabilidade a proliferação de grupos armados fora de efetivo controle estatal, fronteiras porosas aliadas a crescimento de tráficos e contrabando, vazio institucional desde a independência, hesitante identidade nacional e constante dicotomia centro-periferia. Iniciativas de reconstrução pós-conflito tampouco constituíram norma jurídica a obrigar os Estados. Alto custo financeiro e político de missões de paz/estabilização (capacetes azuis), a exemplo daquelas no Afeganistão e Iraque, em contexto de crise econômica, falta de apoio popular nos principais Estados mandatados e entre as novas lideranças líbias contribuíram para missão da ONU de baixo perfil. Eventos na Líbia de 2011 indicam que intervenções para proteção de civis seguem lógica de maximizar benefícios pretendidos e minimizar custos (Rationality to Protect). Spillover regional da instabilidade e novas intervenções internacionais na Líbia pós-2011 seguido de Mea culpa das principais lideranças dos Estados mandatados. / This research has two objectives: to analyse the 2011 international intervention in Libya through the lenses of both international law and international relations, and to discuss Libya\'s post-intervention political process. Regarding the first objective, the historic evolution of the use of force in international law until the development of the concept of Responsibility to Protect is discussed. Responsibility to Protect is the point into which the long tradition of just war, the development of international law (especially the rules of jus ad bellum and jus in bello), the growing responsibilities of the UN Security Council in the maintenance of world peace and security, and the changing nature of armed conflicts converge. Also, all the resolutions passed by the UN Security Council between February and October 2011 are examined in detail, especially Resolution 1973, which authorised the use of force to protect civilians in Libya, in order to verify if the actions of the states that took part in the intervention were consistent with the existing legal parameters. In this regard, the political context of the UN Security Council when Resolution 1973 was passed and during the intervention is taken into consideration. It is therefore concluded that the coalition of the willing violated Resolution 1973 and international law by promoting regime change, by sending weapons to the rebels, by training and coordinating with them, by bombing civilians, by rejecting the African Union peace overtures after Benghazi was secured, and by pursuing the military defeat of Gaddafi\'s forces. Moreover, the foreign policies of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are analysed, including the strategies concerning the Middle East and North Africa, as well as those concerning Libya in 2011. Thus, the motives that led the United States, France, and Great Britain to push for intervention, as well as those that drove Russia and China to abstain, are explained. As for the second objective, the current political situation of Libya is analysed, especially the reasons for its post-intervention instability, as well as the causes of the intervening states\' lack of commitment to post-conflict reconstruction. Libya\'s political instability derives mostly from the proliferation of armed groups that are not placed under effective government control, from porous borders, from the growth of human and drug trafficking as well as smuggling routes, from the inexistence of strong state institutions since independence, from a hesitant national identity, and from a constant dichotomy between centre and periphery. Post-conflict reconstruction does not constitute a binding legal obligation. High financial and political costs of peace/stabilisation operations, like those in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic crisis, lack of popular support in the leading members of the coalition of the willing and among new Libyan leaders contributed to a low-key UN mission. Interventions to protect civilians are influenced by political calculations of minimising risks and maximising benefits (Rationality to Protect). Libya\'s instability has spread to its neighbours and new international interventions have taken place in the country, as the leaders of the 2011 intervening states have recognised their mistakes.
87

A CONSTRUÇÃO DO REGIME INTERNACIONAL DE COMBATE À CORRUPÇÃO: O PAPEL OCDE.

Wood, Danyelle de Lima 24 June 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANYELLE DE LIMA WOOD.pdf: 1375017 bytes, checksum: b6232c67dc10fef09780b3078a670e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The theme of corruption entered the international agenda and started to integrate the academic field of international relations recently, more precisely since the 1970s when the United States passed the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA), a law with extraterritorial dimensions that criminalized the payment of bribery to foreign public officials. Ever since, states were pressured by the American superpower to create international instruments to curb corruption along the lines of the FCPA. However, the anticorruption began being constructed in the mid- 1990s, almost twenty years after the FCPA. Currently, there are conventions and recommendations in several international organizations, but, because of American and other powerful nations interests, the regime faces standardizing difficulties, as well as problems in its evolution due to a conflicting principal dichotomy within the regime. On one side is the antibribery principal, represented mainly by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, and on the other side is the anticorruption principal, represented mainly by the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The interests of the developed states have been reached with the consolidation of the antibribery principal within the OECD. This is one of the reasons why negotiations on treaties and conventions with a broader scope on corruption have been hampered by these states, hindering the establishment of the anticorruption principle. The objective of this study is to analyze the existence of this conflicting dichotomy of principals through a comparative between the OECD and the UN conventions and their monitoring systems. Therefore, a cost-benefit analysis of corruption on domestic and international relations and an examination of the history of curbing corruption in the international system will be conducted in order to better comprehend the interests and consequences of corruption in the international relations. In the end, it is pointed out the necessity of building a broader anticorruption regime, not just a regime based on the antibribery principle. / O tema corrupção entrou na agenda internacional e passou a integrar o campo acadêmico das relações internacionais recentemente, precisamente desde a década de 1970, quando os Estados Unidos criaram a lei de dimensões extraterritoriais que previa a criminalização do pagamento de propina a funcionários públicos estrangeiros, a Lei Contra Práticas Corruptas Estrangeiras (FCPA). A partir de então, os Estados se viram pressionados pela potência a criar mecanismos internacionais nos moldes da FCPA. O regime anticorrupção começou a ser construído de fato em meados da década de 1990, com convenções e recomendações em diversas organizações internacionais. Entretanto, devido aos interesses dos EUA e das potências, o regime enfrenta dificuldades em se uniformizar e em continuar evoluindo por conta de uma dicotomia de princípios conflitantes dentre do próprio regime. De um lado, como maior representante a Convenção das Organizações para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) Contra o Pagamento de Propina a Funcionários Estrangeiros, encontra-se o princípio antipropina que atendem aos interesses das potências, e do outro lado, representado pela Convenção das Nações Unidas Contra a Corrupção, está o princípio anticorrupção. Os interesses dos Estados desenvolvidos já foram alcançados com o estabelecimento do princípio antipropina, e, por isso, esses dificultam a negociação e o estabelecimento do princípio anticorrupção e, consequentemente, na própria Convenção da ONU. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a existência dessa dicotomia de princípios, fazendo um comparativo entre a convenção da OCDE e da ONU e os seus sistemas de monitoramento. Para tanto, será feita uma análise dos custos e benefícios da corrupção nas relações domésticas e internacionais, assim como um histórico do combate à corrupção, para compreender melhor os interesses e as consequências da prática ao sistema internacional e a necessidade de se continuar construindo um regime internacional anticorrupção mais abrangente.
88

Líbia: um estudo de caso da intervenção internacional de 2011 e de seus aspectos jurídicos e políticos / Libya: a case study of the 2011 international intervention and its political and legal aspects

Brasil, Bruno Berrettini Camponês do 23 June 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem dois grandes objetivos: analisar a intervenção internacional ocorrida na Líbia em 2011 pelas perspectivas do direito internacional e das relações internacionais, e tratar da atual conjuntura do país no pós-intervenção. Quanto ao primeiro objetivo, aborda-se toda a evolução do uso da força no sistema internacional até o desenvolvimento do conceito de Responsabilidade de Proteger, que constitui o ponto de confluência da longa tradição de guerra justa, do adensamento normativo do direito internacional (sobretudo do jus ad bellum e do jus in bello), da ampliação das atribuições do Conselho de Segurança da ONU e das transformações dos conflitos armados. Após, verificam-se as resoluções aprovadas entre fevereiro e outubro de 2011, sobretudo a Resolução 1973, que autorizou o uso da força para a proteção de civis. Passa-se a estabelecer os limites jurídicos do mandato interventor, visando a determinar se as ações dos Estados mandatados se coadunaram com os parâmetros jurídicos existentes. Nesse sentido, recorre-se ao contexto político no Conselho de Segurança da ONU existente na aprovação da Resolução 1973 e no decorrer da intervenção. Conclui-se que a coalition of the willing violou a Resolução 1973 e o direito internacional ao promover mudança de regime, ao fornecer aos rebeldes armamentos ofensivos e treinamento militar, bem como ao coordenar-se com eles, ao bombardear civis, ao rejeitar propostas de paz da União Africana após a proteção a Benghazi e ao procurar derrotar militarmente o regime de Kadafi. Em seguida, estudam-se as políticas externas dos Estados-membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança da ONU em 2011, tanto suas diretrizes gerais quanto os objetivos específicos para o Oriente Médio e a Líbia. São analisadas as razões por que Estados Unidos, França e Reino Unido decidiram intervir e por que não houve vetos de Rússia e China. Quanto ao segundo objetivo, estuda-se a atual situação da Líbia, a fim de verificar as principais causas de sua presente instabilidade, bem como os fatores por que Estados mandatados pouco se comprometeram com a reconstrução do país após a intervenção. Apontam-se como fatores de instabilidade a proliferação de grupos armados fora de efetivo controle estatal, fronteiras porosas aliadas a crescimento de tráficos e contrabando, vazio institucional desde a independência, hesitante identidade nacional e constante dicotomia centro-periferia. Iniciativas de reconstrução pós-conflito tampouco constituíram norma jurídica a obrigar os Estados. Alto custo financeiro e político de missões de paz/estabilização (capacetes azuis), a exemplo daquelas no Afeganistão e Iraque, em contexto de crise econômica, falta de apoio popular nos principais Estados mandatados e entre as novas lideranças líbias contribuíram para missão da ONU de baixo perfil. Eventos na Líbia de 2011 indicam que intervenções para proteção de civis seguem lógica de maximizar benefícios pretendidos e minimizar custos (Rationality to Protect). Spillover regional da instabilidade e novas intervenções internacionais na Líbia pós-2011 seguido de Mea culpa das principais lideranças dos Estados mandatados. / This research has two objectives: to analyse the 2011 international intervention in Libya through the lenses of both international law and international relations, and to discuss Libya\'s post-intervention political process. Regarding the first objective, the historic evolution of the use of force in international law until the development of the concept of Responsibility to Protect is discussed. Responsibility to Protect is the point into which the long tradition of just war, the development of international law (especially the rules of jus ad bellum and jus in bello), the growing responsibilities of the UN Security Council in the maintenance of world peace and security, and the changing nature of armed conflicts converge. Also, all the resolutions passed by the UN Security Council between February and October 2011 are examined in detail, especially Resolution 1973, which authorised the use of force to protect civilians in Libya, in order to verify if the actions of the states that took part in the intervention were consistent with the existing legal parameters. In this regard, the political context of the UN Security Council when Resolution 1973 was passed and during the intervention is taken into consideration. It is therefore concluded that the coalition of the willing violated Resolution 1973 and international law by promoting regime change, by sending weapons to the rebels, by training and coordinating with them, by bombing civilians, by rejecting the African Union peace overtures after Benghazi was secured, and by pursuing the military defeat of Gaddafi\'s forces. Moreover, the foreign policies of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are analysed, including the strategies concerning the Middle East and North Africa, as well as those concerning Libya in 2011. Thus, the motives that led the United States, France, and Great Britain to push for intervention, as well as those that drove Russia and China to abstain, are explained. As for the second objective, the current political situation of Libya is analysed, especially the reasons for its post-intervention instability, as well as the causes of the intervening states\' lack of commitment to post-conflict reconstruction. Libya\'s political instability derives mostly from the proliferation of armed groups that are not placed under effective government control, from porous borders, from the growth of human and drug trafficking as well as smuggling routes, from the inexistence of strong state institutions since independence, from a hesitant national identity, and from a constant dichotomy between centre and periphery. Post-conflict reconstruction does not constitute a binding legal obligation. High financial and political costs of peace/stabilisation operations, like those in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic crisis, lack of popular support in the leading members of the coalition of the willing and among new Libyan leaders contributed to a low-key UN mission. Interventions to protect civilians are influenced by political calculations of minimising risks and maximising benefits (Rationality to Protect). Libya\'s instability has spread to its neighbours and new international interventions have taken place in the country, as the leaders of the 2011 intervening states have recognised their mistakes.
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Um estudo comparativo entre a aderência das matrizes curriculares adotadas pelas IES da capital paulista com a proposta da ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR E MEC/CFC

Rocha, Jeanderson 27 June 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeanderson Rocha.pdf: 1568320 bytes, checksum: 6520fce58e0fa5b5e4a1f36b63f383ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Considering accounting as an applied social science, it seems quite natural that the evolution of the society, its ways of organization, its practices, including the commercial ones, as well as the invention of new technological devices and new business models, that influence the constitution of the set of knowledge necessary to the accounting professional for the proper exercise of their profession. It has been a growing perception that the market expects the accountants to be interdisciplinary agents, with holistic training, with the ability to deal with numbers and computers, which are endowed with logical reasoning and analytical, being capable of making decisions and that know how to communicate yourself efficiently. In this context, the College Institutions develop a prominent role, and must offer to their students an adequate education according to the market needs, each time more demanding and globalized. In this sense, the basic curriculum of accounting science course over the years has undergone to reformulation, where the technical and quantitative nature of the profession has been complemented with disciplines aimed at training more humanistic accountants, in order to efficiently enable them to interact and communicate with the various users of information. This work discuss about the importance of curriculum to the process of accountant formation and to the college degree in general. And finally, from the premisses issued by the UN-UNCTAD noted whether the accounting science courses that are offered in the city of Sao Paulo are appropriate to market needs, as well as the degree of adherence of the curricula of colleges of the state capital the model recommended by the UN / Sendo a contabilidade uma ciência social aplicada, parece bastante natural que a evolução da sociedade, de suas formas de organização, de suas práticas, inclusive comerciais, bem como a invenção de novos aparatos tecnológicos e novos modelos de negócios, influencie a constituição do conjunto de saberes necessários ao profissional da contabilidade para o adequado exercício de sua profissão. Tem sido cada vez maior a percepção de que o mercado espera que os contadores sejam agentes interdisciplinares, com formação holística, com habilidade para lidar com números e informática, que sejam dotados de raciocínio lógico e analítico, que tenham a capacidade de tomar decisões e que saibam comunicar-se eficientemente. Neste contexto, as Instituições de Ensino Superior IES desenvolvem um papel proeminente, devendo oferecer aos seus alunos uma formação adequada às necessidades do mercado, cada vez mais exigente e globalizado. Nesse sentido, o currículo básico do curso de ciências contábeis ao longo dos anos vem sofrendo reformulações, onde o caráter tecnicista e quantitativo da profissão tem sido complementado com disciplinas que visam uma formação mais humanista do contador, com vistas a habilitá-lo a uma interação e comunicação mais eficiente com os diversos usuários da informação. Assim, este trabalho disserta sobre a importância do Currículo no processo de formação do contador e no ensino superior em linhas gerais. E por fim, a partir das premissas emanadas pela ONU-UNCTAD, verificou-se se os cursos de ciências contábeis que são oferecidos na cidade de São Paulo estão adequados às necessidades do mercado, bem como o grau de aderência dos currículos das faculdades da capital paulista ao modelo preconizado pela ONU
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Tortura: testemunhos de um crime demasiadamente humano

Arantes, Maria Auxiliadora de Almeida Cunha 24 October 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Auxiliadora de Almeida Cunha Arantes.pdf: 1554087 bytes, checksum: 2cbbb11a5ab676f9b17bec5352b8875e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / This work aims at the theoretical approach of torture as a practice that runs through and remains in the history of humans. The sustainment of torture through the ages, despite the continuous process of cultural development, presupposes the existence of an intrinsic obstacle to the humans that prevents its exclusion from the realm of civilization. The search of the obstacle to the ultimate eradication of torture is the main objective of this work. Being essentially a human practice, the theoretical framework consists of the Freudian texts referring to culture and texts of contemporary thinkers who wrote about the cruelty and destructiveness as intrinsic to the relations between men. The approach to torture has been possible from testimonies and narratives of events where this was an extreme practice. The work focuses on the testimony of former political prisoners tortured during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil and adds information about the state of exception that prevailed during this period. The reference to history is adressed through events at different times, which makes evident that the practice is age-old, despite the civilizational efforts to prohibit it. In the closing remarks, are expressed the main conclusions: torture is an act that only humans do and practice throughout history; the torturer who exercises it is fully aware of what is and therefore is responsible for his crime of extreme cruelty; and finally, the finding that the psychic inscription of torture cannot be erased, for nothing that once formed can perish / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a abordagem teórica da tortura como uma prática que percorre a história dos humanos, e que se mantém. A sustentação da tortura ao longo dos tempos, apesar do processo contínuo de desenvolvimento da cultura, faz supor que há um empecilho intrínseco aos humanos que impede sua exclusão do campo da civilização. A busca deste entrave à erradicação definitiva da tortura é o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Sendo uma prática essencialmente humana, o referencial teórico é constituído pelos textos freudianos que se referem à cultura e textos de pensadores contemporâneos que escreveram sobre a crueldade e a destrutividade como intrínsecos às relações entre os homens. A aproximação com a tortura foi possível a partir de testemunhos e de narrativas de acontecimentos onde esta foi uma prática extrema. Privilegio os testemunhos de ex-presos políticos que foram torturados durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil e acrescento informações sobre o estado de exceção que vigorou nesse período. A referência à história é abordada através de acontecimentos em diferentes períodos, o que torna evidente que a prática é milenar, apesar dos esforços civilizatórios que a proíbem. Nas considerações finais, estão expressas as principais conclusões: a tortura é um ato que só os humanos praticam e o fazem ao longo da história; o torturador que a exerce é plenamente consciente do que faz e por isso é responsável pelo seu crime de extrema crueldade; e, finalmente, a constatação de que a inscrição psíquica da tortura não se apaga, pois nada do que uma vez se formou pode perecer

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