O objetivo central desta tese foi o de testar a hipótese de que o custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher brasileira, afeta positivamente o consumo de alimentos de fácil e rápido preparo e negativamente, o consumo dos alimentos “tempo intensivos”. Os dados utilizados no estudo são oriundos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - (POF) 2002-2003, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. Foram utilizados tanto os microdados quanto as publicações da referida pesquisa. Com base na Teoria da Produção Domiciliar, e por meio da utilização de um modelo econométrico – o procedimento em dois estágios de Heckman, buscou-se avaliar a influência do custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher e de alguns outros fatores como: o nível de renda domiciliar, a composição familiar, a urbanização entre outros, sobre o consumo domiciliar de um grupo selecionado de alimentos – feijão, arroz, batata, mandioca, carnes, farinha de trigo, alimentos prontos, pão, iogurte e refrigerantes e sucos – e sobre o consumo de alimentação fora do domicílio. Os principais resultados mostram que houve uma significativa mudança nos padrões de consumo alimentar das famílias brasileiras desde a década de 1970. Como exemplo cita-se a redução de 46% no consumo domiciliar de arroz polido e 37% no consumo de feijão e, um aumento de 490% no consumo de refrigerantes de guaraná e 216% de alimentos preparados. Os principais indicadores socioeconômicos dão conta de uma intensificação no processo de urbanização no Brasil, ou seja, atualmente 83% da população brasileira vive em áreas urbanas, enquanto em 1970 esse percentual era de apenas 56%. Além disso, 54% das mulheres brasileiras, que são chefe de família ou cônjuges, trabalham e 26% dos chefes de família hoje no Brasil são mulheres. No que se refere aos fatores que afetam os padrões de consumo, verificou-se que, o custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher, está diretamente relacionado a um aumento na probabilidade de consumo e no gasto domiciliar com os alimentos que demandam um menor tempo de preparo, como por exemplo, os alimentos prontos, o pão, refrigerantes e sucos, iogurtes e alimentação fora do domicílio e, uma redução, tanto na probabilidade de consumo quanto no gasto familiar, com os “alimentos tradicionais”, feijão, arroz, mandioca, carnes e farinha de trigo que, em geral, demandam um maior tempo de preparo. Todas as variáveis, custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher, nível de renda, urbanização e composição familiar, foram altamente significativas e importantes na determinação dos padrões de consumo de alimentos no Brasil. / The main objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that the woman’s opportunity costs of time affects positively the consumption of foods that are easy and quick to prepare and negatively the consumption of foods that are time intensive. This study uses micro data from the “Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares” - Family Budget Research (POF) 2002- 2003, carried out by the “Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística” – IBGE – the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Based on the theory of Household Production and making use of an econometric model – Heckman two stages procedure, it was aimed to evaluate the influence of the woman’s opportunity costs of time and other factors such as the level of household income, the family formation, urbanization, among others, on the household consumption of a distinct group of foods – bean, rice, potato, cassava, meat, wheat flour, readymade foods, bread, yogurt, soft drinks and juices - and on the consumption of foods eaten outside the home. The main results show that there has been a significant change in the standards of eating habits of the Brazilian families since the 1970’s. As an example, it was cited the reduction of 46% in household rice consumption and 37% in the bean consumption and, an increase of 490% in the soft drinks consumption and 216% in the ready-made foods. The main socioeconomic indicators show intensification in the urbanization process in Brazil, that is, currently 83% of the Brazilian population lives in urban areas, while in 1970 this percentage was only 56%. Besides that, 54% of the Brazilian women that are the head of the family or spouse are working and 26% of the heads of families in Brazil nowadays are women. As for the factors that affect the standards of consumption, it was verified that the woman’s opportunity cost of time is directly related to an increase in the probability of consumption and of the household expenses on foods that demand a shorter time to be prepared, for example, the ready-made foods, bread, soft drinks and juices, yogurt and foods eaten outside the home and, to a reduction, in the probability of consumption as well as in the household expenses, on “traditional foods” such as bean, rice, cassava, meat and wheat flour that, in general, demand a longer time to prepare. All the variables, woman’s opportunity costs of time, income level, urbanization and family formation were highly significant and important to determine the standards of food consumption in Brazil.

本研究的目的在於以2014-2016年的兼任助理勞動權益運動作為案例，探討社會運動內部的具體訴求、行事風格、時勢判斷等差異，其背後是否反映了一些更根本的歧異。進而檢視兼任助理運動中有哪些路線與策略，各是反映著什麼樣對運動、群眾、國家的理解與想像。希望將往往消耗了參與者熱情的運動內部爭辯，轉化為比較積極、甚至可能有助於運動實踐的路線辯論。 本研究先回顧了19世紀末到20世紀初的歐洲社會主義路線辯論，以及1980年代末至1990年代初的台灣學生運動路線辯論，從中學習如何進行路線辯論。接著依據兼任助理運動的時程分期，以運動中的重大分歧為肌理，歸納成幾種對於運動不同的態度，再將抽象化、概念化。針對兼任助理運動的路線辯論，本研究透過訪談來呈現運動者的實作選擇、傾向特定實作的原因，及其背後對於運動的想像，並以「反資本主義──爭勞工權利」、「爭勞工權利──反資本主義」、「爭學生權利」、「爭生活權益」等四種路線進行詮釋性的對話。 「反資本主義──爭勞工權利」與「爭勞工權利──反資本主義」路線皆以「爭勞工權利」為短期目標，「反資本主義」為長期目標；前者會優先重視長期目標，後者較常為了短期目標而牴觸長期目標，或是因太投入而忘記長期目標。「爭學生權利」與「爭生活權益」路線從經驗出發，前者較在意抽象權利，而兩者皆希望改善學生助理的勞動待遇與生活條件，不會以抽象價值來排除特定運動手段以「實用性」為主要考量。 / Using the campaign of university part-time assistants for labor rights between 2014 and 2016 as a case, this thesis discusses to what extent do internal differences in concrete demands, style of work, judgement about objective situations and others inside a social movement reflect more fundamental differences. Furthermore, this thesis seeks to explore what kinds of lines and strategies there are in the part-time assistants’ campaign, and how they correspond to different understandings and imaginations of the movement, the masses, and the state. This analysis is done in the hope that internal disagreements can develop into more proactive and productive debates about political lines of a social movement. I start with exploring the elements and characters of political line debates by reviewing crucial debates in the European socialist movement in late 19th to early 20th century and in the Taiwanese student movement in the 1980s. Then, I divide the part-time assistants’ campaign into different periods. Major disagreements emerged in those periods are summarized into several different attitudes toward the movement. These are further abstracted and conceptualized into different lines inside the movement. I focus on choices on practical issues, reasons for such choices, and their imaginations of the movement as a whole in my interview with activists. Based on those differences, I divide the interviewees into four distinct tendencies: “anti-capitalist labor rights,” “labor-rights anti-capitalist,” “student rights,” and “rights in daily lives.” Those tendencies are engaged in intermittent dialogues with each other, and they become visible through proper interpretations. Both “anti-capitalist labor rights” and “labor-rights anti-capitalist” tendencies see the struggle for labor rights as short-term goals and the struggle against capitalism as the long-term objective. The latter, however, is more willing to sideline the long-term objective in exchange for gains in immediate short-term goals. The “student rights” and “rights in daily lives” tendencies base their activism on daily experiences of part-time student-workers. The former is more concerned with abstract political rights than the latter, but both see themselves as pragmatists in seeking to improve the labor and living conditions of their constituency. Besides, both “student rights” and “rights in daily lives” tendencies are not willing to exclude certain means for campaign based on abstract political principles.

Magister Educationis - MEd / This study investigated the reasons why FET part-time students enrolled at a FET college by examining their learning orientations. Guided by the literature, the focus was on the vocational orientation to learning and orientations to learning were further investigated within the vocational orientation based on orientations developed for part-time students found in the literature. In addition, it was investigated whether students' expectations have been met and if they were satisfied with the college experience. Lastly, the study examined the relevance of college learning to the world of work and the contribution it made to the career development of learners in a globalising world. The research shows that part-time students enrol at FET colleges predominantly for vocational reasons and the majority of the students were enrolled in order to advance their careers and associated with a vocational orientation to learning. However, it emerged that reasons for learning within the vocational orientation to learning are often multi-faceted and complex. The most important findings are 3 new learning orientations for part-time students that were identified: 'education for a qualification', 'education for adults who previously made the wrong choice' and 'education for adults as a model for their children'. Furthermore, the findings indicate that learners were satisfied with the programme they were enrolled in because they believed that the qualification would enable them to achieve their vocational aims which were primarily to find a new job, to be promoted and to increase their income. The findings suggest that the programme that was examined was relevant to the world of work, promoted employability and that it made a significant and important contribution to students' career development in a globalising world. / South Africa

The human resources field has changed and the responsibility for employability has been transferred to the individual himself. In this study, we have been interested in the extent to which individuals with a HR-degree from Örebro University have an employment in the field of competence after graduation and if we could identify what have affected their employment. Previous research in the field of employment gives us various factors that have been reported to affect an individual's opportunity for employment. In our study, we have verified whether these factors remain for the HR-students with a degree from Örebro University or if they disappear. Through a survey, we found that two-thirds of the respondents had employment in the area of expertise. We also detected that part-time job in the area of expertise and gender had a positive impact on employment within the area of expertise. The remaining factors had a negative impact. / Personalvetaryrket har förändrats och ansvaret över anställningsbarheten har förflyttats till individen själv. I denna studie har vi intresserat oss för i vilken grad individer med en personalvetarutbildning från Örebro universitet har en anställning inom kompetensområdet efter examen samt vad som kan påverka dess anställning. Den tidigare forskningen inom ämnet anställning ger oss olika faktorer som har redovisats påverka en individs möjlighet till anställning. I vår studie har vi kontrollerat om dessa faktorers påverkan kvarstår för personalvetarstudenterna med en examen från Örebro universitet. Genom en enkätstudie fann vi att två tredjedelar av respondenterna hade en anställning inom kompetensområdet. Vi fann även att extraarbete inom kompetensområdet och kön har en positiv påverkan på anställningen inom kompetensområdet. Resterande faktorer hade en negativ påverkan.

Purpose – This paper is part of an extensive project1 which focusses on creating and implementing a scalable flipped classroom framework to broaden information and media competencies in university staff in Saxony. A flipped classroom arrangement with a sensible mix of multimedia tools promotes meaningful learning and lowers travel costs by avoiding content consumption in face-to-face time and instead offers content beforehand using various sources. This paper will in particular focus on the approach to gradually apply a flipped classroom arrangement to a B2B-Marketing course specifically designed for part-time students and use the implications to promote this method and further the step-by-step migration to the flipped classroom at universities in Saxony. Design/methodology/approach – Gathering information by reviewing previous experiences in E-Learning over the past decade, we were able to create an overview of how to approach part-time students and identified various concepts to create a more flexible and meaningful learning environment. We decided on a flipped classroom arrangement which offers time sensible teaching and promotes meaningful learning. A flipped classroom framework has been created which can be adjusted freely. Finally, we implemented the framework to a B2B-Marketing course by adapting it to the course content, time frame and attendance number. This procedure is designed to gradually increase usage of multi media tools and self efficacy and thereby steadily migrates the course to the flipped classroom. Originality/value – Focussing on part-time students’ needs and satisfying them with a flipped classroom arrangement is an entirely new approach. This project connects parttime- learning with online learning in a yet unprecedented manner. Practical implications – This paper describes the project’s two main outcomes. Firstly, an independent scalable framework which can be adapted to different learners’ and teachers’ needs. Secondly, the application strategy is described in detail and offers explicit indications and methods to implement the flipped classroom gradually. Also, there will be an evaluation which will be interpreted and summarized in a guideline as well as patterns and lessons learned. In general, this project aims to broaden media and information competencies and encourage and strengthen collaboration in higher education in Saxony.

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Introduction. This thesis intends to examine and problematize a phenomenon that, until now, has not been the subject of research: the use of temporary employment agencies in Swedish public libraries. The aim of the study is to investigate how the motives for using temporary employed library staff can be understood in relation to two potentially conflicting institutional logics: the market-liberal oriented New Public Management (NPM) logic and the professional library logic. Furthermore, the study aims to examine how these two logics are used as a means of obtaining legitimacy. Theory & Method. The theoretical underpinnings of the study are new institutional theory, and the research method is document analysis. The study’s empirical material consists of public documents, which have been processed through a qualitative thematic content analysis. By focusing on one specific organization - The City of Stockholm public libraries (Stockholms stadsbibliotek) - the investigation is carried out as a case-study. Results & Analysis. Six main themes have been identified: resource efficiency, flexibility, open libraries, competence, stability and administration. All themes contain expressions of both institutional logics. Legitimacy is obtained partly through the NPM logic and in relation to cost efficiency, partly in relation to the professional and democratic principles of the library logic. Thus, both logics are applied to justify the use of temporary employment agencies. Conclusion. The studied documents contain a relatively stable dynamic between the NPM logic and the library logic. Contrary to what some new institutional theorists have argued, the study’s results indicate that multiple logics may be able to coexist within an organizational field. The explanation for the coexistence of these logics might be that they share certain aspirations and perceptions, for example the perception of the library users and administrative work.   This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

The main purpose of this study has been to investigate the reasons of the people in a managerial position who start studying even though they are already employed. Whether there are factors in the Swedish labor market that influence their endeavors to start study is also questioned. The study is conducted by using a qualitative interview method with part- time students who work full-time in a managerial position. The informants have suggested as their main reason to study as their desire to acquire educational credentials. After having reached a managerial position in the workplace or to look for new jobs outside of the current job, a university education or degree is usually required. To be able to continue working during their studies the employees have chosen to study part-time and at distance even though their conditions may vary. Some are prepared to reduce their working hours whereas others study during their working hours, but their course literature is paid by their employers. Thereby it can be argued that human capital theory holds but with an emphasis on credentialism.

Thesis (M. Agricultural Management (Agricultural Extension)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study was aimed at analyzing the perception of students towards selfemployment in agribusiness. Primary data was collected at the University of Limpopo using questionnaires from five disciplines in the School of Agriculture and Environmental Science (SAES). The study population was final year undergraduate, stratified random sampling procedure was used to select seventy-one (71) respondents from the cluster of departments within SAES. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage and mean score on a Likert-type of scale and Chisquared test were used to address various objectives of the study. Results of the study indicated that most respondents were aged between 21-27 years old, a majority of them were doing a degree in animal production, most of the students were females, majority come from households with 4-6 family members, many come from rural areas, most of the students had no relatives owning a business, most of the respondents had no access to farming land, and about half of the respondents had no farming experience. Respondents had a positive perception towards self-employment in agribusiness with them agreeing on statements like farmers are notable people, entrepreneurship is effective in reducing unemployment, farming is sustainable and disagreeing with statements like farming is for poor people, profitability in farming is very low, that they prefer other degrading jobs than engaging in agriculture. The results also show that most of the students preferred starting facilitation and agency of agricultural insurance savings, followed by poultry enterprise and provision of extension consultancy services. The study also found that most of the motivator’s motivating respondents to pursue self-employment include that agricultural related enterprises are very lucrative, also that many South Africans have made a lot of fortunes from agriculture and that agriculture in South Africa has a lot of untapped potential. The barriers include that agriculture is a risky business enterprise in South Africa and that it is not easy to create self-employment in agribusiness. It was also found that perceived barriers and motivators were highly associated with the type of degree students were studying. The study recommended that the University of Limpopo curriculum must have a module dealing with agriculture venture creation related to the degree and be more practically based. The University of Limpopo also has to invite entrepreneur's guest lecture for their students and produce more research on how to promote youth participation in agriculture especially establishing agribusiness. Development of easily accessible ready-to-market and agricultural commodity distribution centers will inspire more young people to move into farming. First preference needs to be given to agriculture graduates when offering sponsorship, grants and agribusiness loans.

This essay examines the impact of employees' working hours on genderequality. There is a problem linked to part-time and full-time work alongwith gender equality, which leads to that significantly more women workspart-time than men do. The reason to this is partially because the welfareindustry is female-dominated and infused by part-time employment, andbecause of the uneven distribution of roles between the sexes. A new rule ofpresumption has been formulated in the Employment Protection Act(1982:80) which stipulates that all employment contracts apply for full-timework, unless agreed otherwise. The purpose of this essay is to investigate theprovision of full-time as the norm and whether an extension of workinghours will promote equality in the labor market. A shortening of workinghours is presented as another possible solution to the gender equalityproblem and after that, both possibilities get analyzed with their pros andcons and their relevant legislation. To investigate whether full-time work as a norm will improve genderequality, research results from previous full-time projects are compared. Insummary, the results of this essay show that full-time work as a norm islikely to be a successful equality tool, but previous research has shown thatsupplementary measures will then be required. Among other things, it will berequired that the government works to remove unfavorable working hoursand that the welfare professions become more sought after among men.Another important measure is to work more actively to remove the unevengender distribution around unpaid domestic and care work. This is importantbecause it is something that leads to many women not getting their lifepuzzle together and therefore choosing to work part-time instead of full-timein order to have more time to spare