[pt] A sociedade brasileira assiste com perplexidade e indignação o descuido do Poder Público com o direito mais precioso que é o da saúde. A vida humana, razão de ser do Estado, enfrenta desrespeitos diários com as filas nos hospitais, a falta de medicamentos, de leitos, de médicos e enfermeiros, enquanto o direito descansa, em seus cômodos preceitos teóricos clássicos que não atendem aos reclamos de uma sociedade que precisa de soluções urgentes. Levando em consideração este cenário de sofrimento, é cada vez mais vital a análise do Direito com base em pressupostos filosóficos e críticos. Decerto, não se pode mais compreender o conhecimento jurídico pautado em critérios unidimensionais, que vislumbrem apenas as contribuições teóricas e/ou práticas desta área de saber. A abertura das Constituições aos princípios, a realidade da ponderação, a pretensão de correção, a argumentação jurídica, alinhados à constitucionalização do Direito e ao reforço da jurisdição constitucional, apresentam um ordenamento jurídico mais arrojado e preparado para concretizar a vontade da Constituição e da sociedade brasileira. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho pretende trazer inovações para a efetivação do direito à saúde por meio dos postulados defendidos pelo pensamento constitucional contemporâneo que entendemos ser mais progressista e, para tanto, adotamos como referência teórica o neoconstitucionalismo proposto por Alfonso Figueroa, bem como as demais contribuições valiosas dos principais teóricos críticos atuais. / [en] The Brazilian society observes with perplexity and indignation the recklessness of the government with society s most precious right – public health. Human life – the government s main concern – is disrespected on a daily basis by the long cues in public hospitals, lack of medication, beds, doctors and nurses. Meanwhile, the right to public health lies still on one of its founding principles and does not meet the urgent needs of the people. Taking into consideration this suffering scenario, it is increasingly vital to analyze the Law with basis on the philosophical and critical premises. Surely, one cannot understand legal knowledge as set in a single dimensional criterion that only takes into consideration the theoretical and/or practical contributions of this area of knowledge. The inclusion of principles, pondering, intention of correction, legal argumentation in the Constitution aligned to the constitutionalization of the Law and of the strengthening of the constitutional jurisdiction, present a bolder legal system duly prepared to materialize the will of the Constitution and that of Brazilian society. All in all, the main goal of this study is to bring innovative ideas to the concretion of the right to health through the postulates which are defined as contemporary constitutional thinking. These thoughts are known to be more progressive and for this reason we end using Alfonso s Figueroa s neoconstitutionalism proposal as a theoretical reference, as well as further valuable contributions of main and most recent theoretical critics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Mario Buck Marzagao Barbuto.pdf: 1151069 bytes, checksum: 23df3cbb98b4fff78dd901882a324a87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / The main theme of this dissertation is the concept of person in Thomas Aquinas and the possibility of rescue metaphysics as the legal basis and limit of state action. We describe the context of Christian thought of Thomas Aquinas, specifically with regard to the concept of person in theological debate. Analyze the Thomistic philosophical anthropology, in particular the question of the image of God, clarifying the reason, the foundation and extension of human dignity, in St. Thomas thought, and its consequences in his theory of law. It´s analysed also the metaphysical and ontological consequences of actions (virtuous and vicious). It also analyzes the process of critique of metaphysics as the foundation of moral order and suggests his redemption as a way of keeping the content of the principle of human dignity, compatible with the system and constitutional values. It is suggested that it was precisely this abandonment of reference to an objective external reality, as imposed limit on the right that led toward the coherent development of the theory of Enemy´s Criminal Law. / O tema principal da presente dissertação é o conceito de pessoa em Santo Tomás de Aquino e a possibilidade de se resgatar a metafísica como fundamento do ordenamento jurídico e limite da atuação do Estado. Descreve-se o contexto cristão do pensamento de Tomás de Aquino, especificamente no que se refere ao desenvolvimento do conceito de pessoa no debate teológico. Analisa-se a antropologia filosófica tomista, em especial a questão da imagem de Deus, esclarecendo-se a razão, fundamento e extensão da dignidade humana, na concepção de Santo Tomás, além dos reflexos dessa doutrina, na teoria do direito e da política de Santo Tomás e as consequências metafísicas e ontológicas das ações (virtuosas e viciosas) dos homens. Analisa também o processo de crítica da metafísica como o fundamento da ordem moral e sugere o seu resgate, como forma de manutenção do conteúdo do princípio da dignidade humana, compatível com o sistema e valores constitucionais. Sugere-se que foi justamente esse abandono da referência a uma realidade externa objetiva, como limite imposto ao direito que levou, a final, ao desenvolvimento coerente da teoria do Direito Penal do Inimigo.

Inspiré par une démarche de droit politique, le présent travail se propose d’envisager la fiction en droit à travers le prisme inédit de la légitimité, afin d’étudier sous un angle théorique son utilité dans la constitution de la réalité juridique, c’est-à-dire dans les fondations du droit en vigueur. Caractérisée en référence à la réalité politique, la fiction constituante est une technique justificative dont la fonction relève soit de la connaissance, soit du gouvernement. En tant qu’instrument de connaissance, la fiction constituante se trouve au coeur de l’épistémologie du positivisme juridique, et sert à reléguer la légitimité en son sens le plus profondément politique à une simple affaire de "Sein", c’est-à-dire « extra-juridique » ; tel est notamment l’objet de la "Grundnorm" de Kelsen. Le propos de la première partie de ce travail est de montrer que cet isolement de la chose juridique empêche d’approfondir la connaissance de ses fondations ; ce faisant, il s’agira de poser les bases de ce que pourrait être une épistémologie de droit politique. En tant qu’instrument de gouvernement, la fiction constituante se trouve au coeur de l’État, et sert à légitimer l’exercice du pouvoir politique par le biais de la représentation. En s’appuyant sur des auteurs classiques tels que Hobbes, Locke et Rousseau, le propos de la seconde partie de ce travail est de montrer que ce sont les caractéristiques de ce système d’organisation politique, quelle que soit au demeurant la forme de gouvernement retenue, qui rendent nécessaire le recours au registre fictionnel "lato sensu" ; celui-ci étant en effet susceptible de s’inscrire dans trois catégories discursives distinctes : la fiction "stricto sensu", le mensonge ou le mythe. / Following an approach inspired by "droit politique", this work aims at considering legal fiction through the unexplored prism of legitimacy in order to study from a theoretical perspective its utility in creating legal reality, i.e. in founding the law in force. Defined through its relation to political reality, constituent fiction is a technique of justification and its function is either a matter of knowledge or of government. As an instrument of knowledge, constituent fiction is at the core of the epistemology of legal positivism. It is used to relegate legitimacy, in its most political sense, to a simple matter of "Sein, i.e". to an “extra legal” matter, as it is notably the case of Kelsen’s "Grundnorm". The first part of this work aims at showing that this isolation of law prevents a deeper understanding of its foundations. In doing so, we will try to lay the grounds for what could be an epistemology of "droit politique". As an instrument of government, constituent fiction is at the core of the State. It is used to legitimize the exercise of political power by the means of representation. Relying on the classical works of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, the second part of this study aims at identifying the characteristics of this system of political organization that makes recourse to fiction a necessity; whatever the form of government chosen. This recourse to fiction, considered here in its broadest sense, can relate to three distinct discursive models: fiction in its strictest sense, falsehood, or myth.

The purpose of this thesis was to analyze four of the most commonly applied theories in jurisprudence by means of using the philosophical framework of in-tegral theory. Natural law, legal positivism, legal realism and critical legal theory were analyzed to find out how they relate to each other and to see what their strengths and weaknesses are in an integral perspective. The integral theory was created by the American philosopher Ken Wilber (1949-). Two of the main com-ponents of the theory are the four quadrants and the levels of development. The quadrants describe dimensions and perspectives of reality, and consists of the inner individual (subjective) quadrant, the outer individual (objective) quadrant, the inner collective (intersubjective) quadrant and the outer collective (interob-jective) quadrant. Individual values develop through different levels in a specific order, as is described in the second component of the integral theory. Different adult individuals can therefore be on different levels of development. This devel-opment is not only seen in individuals, but is also seen in historical and collective development. The levels that both individuals and societies develop through in-cludes (but are not limited to): the absolutistic (traditional) level, the rational (modern) level and the relativistic (postmodern) level.When using the integral theory to analyze the four theories in jurisprudence it became apparent that they can be mapped onto the integral framework. Natural law, which focuses on morality, can be placed in the intersubjective quadrant, and is mostly associated with the traditional level of development. Legal positiv-ism stems mostly from the interobjective quadrant where law is first and fore-most a system of rules that are enforced by different societal institutions. Legal positivism is typically associated with the modern level of development. Legal realism is also typically associated with the modern level of development and focuses a lot on the objective quadrant: on empiricism and on what judges actu-ally do. Critical legal theory is strongly associated with the postmodern level of development. It emphasizes different kinds of oppression in the intersubjective and in the interobjective quadrant. This thesis presents further examples of how the integral theory can be applied in legal theory and practice.

Les arguments du mouvement Critical Legal Studies sur l’indétermination du droit ne sont doublés d’aucune théorie sur la légitimité des interprétations qu’offrent les juges et donc d’aucun critère juridique pour critiquer une décision. La théorie pluraliste critique du droit, qui prend acte de la pluralité du droit officiel pour redéfinir le phénomène juridique plutôt que de nier qu’il puisse exister, pourrait toutefois fournir un tel critère. En effet, elle présente plusieurs correspondances avec les travaux de Dworkin, qui défend que les citoyens sont en droit d’obtenir les fruits d’une attitude interprétative en germe dans le concept même de droit. Ces deux théories maintiennent que le droit sert à reconnaître la valeur de l’histoire d’un groupe dans sa conception de lui-même tout en soutenant qu’il doit trouver une pertinence contemporaine pour être effectif et légitime. Les pluralistes priorisent toutefois la résonance actuelle des règles de droit et croient que toute communauté est divisée entre diverses définitions du bien. Selon eux, le droit est avant tout un procédé pour penser la conduite humaine et lui conférer un sens, qui dépend des capacités créatrices des citoyens. Chaque règle est alors la cause d’une pluralité d’ordres juridiques concurrents. Suivant ce portrait, seule l’acceptation d’une interprétation par un groupe, sa capacité à lui reconnaître un sens, pourrait rendre cette interprétation légitime. Ce critère nous mène vers un modèle de justice négociée où deux personnes s’adressent à un juge pour développer une lecture en commun du droit, pour identifier une interprétation légitime dans leurs univers juridiques respectifs. / No theory of the legitimacy of judges accompanies the Critical Legal Studies’ arguments on the indeterminacy of law, which entails there are no criteria to identify a legitimate interpretation. Critical legal pluralism, which redefines law to take account of its inherent plurality rather than denying its very possibility on these grounds, could however provide such criteria. Indeed, it presents many resemblances with Dworkin’s theory of law which argues that citizens are entitled to reap the benefits of the interpretative nature of law. Both theories defend that law allows to bridge a group’s past, which is essential to its self-understanding, with the present, and both insist that law must be made to appear relevant in the present. Pluralists however prioritize the current significance of law and stress that communities are split by a variety of definitions of the good. According to them, law is mainly a process to think about human conduct and grant it meaning, and it depends as such on citizens’ creative capacities. Accordingly, only an interpretation that is accepted by a group and seen as meaningful can be considered legitimate. This criterion forces us to consider a form of negotiated justice, where two persons consult a judge to develop a common reading of a rule which would be legitimate in each person’s legal universe.

No description available.

I evaluate Will Kymlicka’s theory of multiculturalism in Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, and how it accounts for Indigenous nations in Canada. I ask whether any failures of multiculturalism can be attributed to either the normative or descriptive claims of his theory. I find points of failure in both claims, depending on the theme in question. Chapter 1 introduces the project and outlines subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 presents an account of Kymlicka’s multiculturalism (including why I chose Kymlicka’s framework as my focus) and the guiding questions of the thesis. Chapter 3 presents major legislation, policy, and jurisprudence in Canada concerning Indigenous nations and multiculturalism in practice. Chapter 4 examines four major claims or themes found in Chapter 2 against the material in Chapter 3: citizenship in Indigenous nations; the characterization of treaties; exercising group-differentiated rights, and; the Canadian state’s exercise of authority over Indigenous nations.

[pt] Esta tese tem como objetivo recuperar o processo de formação do pensamento moderno a partir de um ponto de vista mais abrangente sobre esse fenômeno histórico. Lançando mão de análises provenientes da filosofia política que recuperam sentidos legítimos para a emergência conceitual da modernidade, e da produção historiográfica recente sobre o iluminismo radical, propõe-se uma investigação de tal fenômeno de modo mais complexo a fim de identificar as principais disputas teóricas em jogo, bem como os divergentes programas sociais e políticos afirmados no período, notadamente aqueles que guardam relação com as noções sobre igualdade, liberdade e direitos. Com isso, pretende-se oferecer um exame aprofundado dessa época, sob sua dimensão conflitiva e em sua temporalidade múltipla, com a finalidade de explorar e afirmar teoricamente conceitos e práticas radicais legadas pelas modernidade para atualizar o sentido dos direitos hoje. / [en] The aim of this dissertation is to reconsider certain aspects of the development of modern thought by bringing a more wide-ranging perspective to that historical phenomenon. Drawing on a set of analyses from political philosophy that recognize the legitimacy of the conceptual emergence of modernity, as well as from recent historiographic work on the radical enlightenment, it seeks to examine the development of modern thought in a more complex fashion in order to identify the principal theoretical disputes and divergent social and political programs claimed during the period in question, most notably those related to notions of equality, liberty and rights. The objective of the dissertation is thus to offer a deeper consideration of the period, of its conflictive dimension and its multiple temporalities, with the ultimate purpose of theoretically exploring and asserting a set of radical definitions and practices inherited from modernity that remain relevant for conceiving of rights.

A critical investigation of the public/private distinction as it has been conceived in Anglo-American political thinking in the second half of the 20th century. A broadly held consensus has developed amongst many theorists that public/private does not refer to any single determinate distinction or relationship but rather to an often ambiguous range of related but analytically distinct conceptual oppositions. The argument of this thesis is that if we approach public/private in the search for analytic or conceptual clarity then this consensus is correct. Against this I propose that a number of the most dominant invocations of the distinction can be understood to express public/private as an irreducibly political dialectic that mediates the relationship between the subjective and objective side of social and political life. By locating these conceptually diverse invocations within a broader and more determinate framework of the historical development and contestation of the boundaries which establish the conditions for subjectivity, as the assertion of political agency, on the one hand, and which demarcate, police and defend these particular boundaries, as part of the objectively given character of social life and institutional organisation, on the other hand, then a more determinate character to public/private can be recognized. I then seek to explore the capacity of this model to capture and explain the peculiar post-war problematisation of public/private amongst a number of new left thinkers in Britain and America.

Since the late 1980s, efforts made by the international community to deal with the complex and global problem of money laundering have stimulated the creation and definition of the so-called 'international crime of money laundering', which is included in various United Nations and Council of Europe international treaties, as well as European Union Directives. The Central purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the main goal of effectiveness in the adaptation of the international crime of money laundering at the domestic level, might undermine other values that international law is seeking to protect, namely the guarantee of due process and the adequate protection of human rights principles. Then, if the adoption of any element of the crime shows to be inconsistent with civil rights and guarantees, to propose how deficiencies could be remedied.