Introduction: Rhinitis and asthma have high rates of prevalence and morbidity and are responsible for reduced quality of life of patients, compromising their daily activities. The coexistence of both diseases in the same individual is well documented, aside from rhinitis acting as a risk factor for the future emergence of asthma. Studies show worsening of lung function in children with asthma after physical exercise on a treadmill, but those using submaximal tests for the assessment of children are rare, especially with mild asthma. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a tool of great applicability in pediatrics, that reflects the performance in daily life activities and assesses the level of physical ability of children with effort limitation. Objectives: To evaluate respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) and lung function (flows and volumes) of children with rhinitis and/or asthma before and after the 6MWT, and compare them with the performance of healthy children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study with children 6-12 years old, in outpatient follow-up. Results: 115 children were included, being 27 healthy (H), 31 with rhinitis (R) and 57 with asthma (A), which was classified as mild (31 with controlled asthma and 26 with partial control). Of the total population, 66 children (57.4%) reported regular physical activity. From group A, 94.73% had associated rhinitis. There were no significant differences in anthropometric measurements, demographics data and level of physical activity between the groups. The total distance covered in 6MWT and measured vital signs before and after the test were similar among the three groups. However, children with asthma had worst performance, covering a distance lower than expected for their age, weight and height (p = 0.0007), regardless of disease control. MIP, FEV1, FEF 25-75 and FEV1/FVC were lower in group A related to the R and H groups before and after the 6MWT. Compared to the pre-test values, MIP increased, in addition to FEV1/FVC and FEF 25-75 which fell significantly after the 6MWT, only in groups A and R. Conclusion: Asthmatic children showed lower values of respiratory muscle strength and lung function when compared to children with rhinitis and healthy. Children with rhinitis, with no clinical history of asthma, behaved similarly to the asthmatic, as regards the respiratory muscle strength and evolution of pulmonary function after 6MWT, increasing the concept of united airways. Submaximal exercises can compromise respiratory muscle strength and lung function of children with rhinitis and/or asthma. / Introdução: Rinite e asma possuem elevadas taxas de prevalência e morbidade e são responsáveis pela redução da qualidade de vida de pacientes, comprometendo suas atividades diárias. A coexistência das duas doenças no mesmo indivíduo está bem documentada, além da rinite atuar como fator de risco para o surgimento futuro da asma. Estudos mostram a piora da função pulmonar de crianças com asma após a realização de atividade física em esteira, porém são raros os que utilizam testes submáximos para a avaliação de crianças, principalmente com asma leve. O Teste de Caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6m) é uma ferramenta de grande aplicabilidade em pediatria, que reflete o desempenho nas atividades de vida diária e avalia o nível de capacidade física da criança com limitação ao esforço. Objetivos: avaliar a força muscular respiratória (Pimax e Pemax) e a função pulmonar (fluxos e volumes) de crianças com rinite e/ou asma antes e após o TC6m, e compará-las com o desempenho de crianças saudáveis. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico, realizado com crianças de 6 a 12 anos, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Resultados: Foram incluídas 115 crianças, sendo 27 saudáveis (S), 31 com rinite (R) e 57 com asma (A), esta classificada como leve (31 com a doença controlada e 26 com o controle parcial). Do total da amostra, 66 crianças (57,4%) relataram atividade física regular. Do grupo A, 94,73% possuíam rinite associada. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto a medidas antropométricas, dados demográficos e nível de atividade física entre os grupos. A distância total percorrida no TC6m e os sinais vitais mensurados antes e após o teste foram semelhantes entre os três grupos. Porém, as crianças com asma apresentaram pior desempenho, percorrendo uma distância inferior à prevista para a sua idade, peso e altura (p = 0,0007), independente do controle da doença. Pimax, VEF1, FEF25-75 e VEF1/CVF se mostraram inferiores no grupo A em relação aos grupos R e S antes e após o TC6m. Comparado aos valores pré-teste, a Pimax aumentou, além do VEF1/CVF e do FEF25-75 que diminuíram significativamente após o TC6m, somente nos grupos A e R. Conclusão: Crianças asmáticas apresentaram valores inferiores de força muscular respiratória e de função pulmonar quando comparadas às crianças portadoras de rinite e saudáveis. Crianças com rinite, sem história clínica de asma, se comportaram de maneira semelhante às asmáticas, quanto à força muscular respiratória e evolução da função pulmonar após o TC6m, reforçando o conceito de vias aéreas unidas. Exercícios submáximos podem comprometer a força muscular respiratória e a função pulmonar de crianças com rinite e/ou asma.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of norepinephric dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor dysfunction, respiratory dysfunction, poor quality of life and depression. The performance of physical exercises minimizes and delays the evolution of motor signs and symptoms in subjects with Parkinson's disease, providing an increase in motor function and possible improvement of physical, respiratory, quality of life and depression. Among physical exercises, functional training and exergame are new modalities in the physical training of individuals with neurological diseases, demonstrating significant results in the improvement of motor function. Objectives: To verify the influence of physical exercises and motor function on respiratory capacity, as well as evaluate the effects of physical training with exergame and functional training on respiratory capacity, motor function, perception of quality of life and the perceived state of depression in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Results: The study is organized in four manuscripts. (1) The results of this systematic review demonstrate that exercise improves respiratory capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease; (2) It has been shown that loss of motor function negatively influences the perception of quality of life and respiratory capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease; (3) It was observed that the exergame group and the functional training group increased the strength of the respiratory muscles and the distance covered in the 6-minute walk test after the intervention. It was also observed that the control group decreased mean forced expiratory flow after the intervention; (4) Physical training with exergame and functional training were found to increase motor function, perception of quality of life and decrease the perceived state of depression in subjects with Parkinson's disease. The perception of quality of life decreased in the control group after 1 month of not performing physical exercises. Conclusions: Physical exercises promote improvement in respiratory capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It was also observed that motor function influences respiratory capacity and perception of quality of life in this population. And, exergame physical training and functional training promoted improvement in respiratory muscle strength, distance from the 6-minute walk test, motor function, perceived quality of life status, and depression in subjects with Parkinson's disease. / Introdução: A doença de Parkinson é uma desordem degenerativa progressiva dos neurônios dopaminérgicos nigroestriatais, resulta em disfunções motoras, respiratórias, baixa qualidade de vida e depressão. A realização de exercícios físicos minimiza e retarda a evolução dos sinais e sintomas motores em sujeitos com doença de Parkinson, proporcionando aumento da função motora e possível melhoria da capacidade física, respiratória, qualidade de vida e depressão. Dentre os exercícios físicos, o treinamento funcional e o exergame são modalidades novas no treinamento físico de indivíduos com doenças neurológicas, demonstrando resultados significativos na melhora da função motora. Objetivo geral: Verificar a influência dos exercícios físicos e da função motora na capacidade respiratória, assim como avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico com exergame e do treinamento funcional na capacidade respiratória, função motora, percepção de qualidade de vida e no estado percebido de depressão em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Resultados: O estudo está organizado em quatro manuscritos. (1) Os resultados desta revisão sistemática demonstram que os exercícios físicos melhoram a capacidade respiratória em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson; (2) Evidenciou-se que a perda da função motora influencia negativamente à percepção da qualidade de vida e a capacidade respiratória em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson; (3) Foi observado que o grupo exergame e o grupo treinamento funcional aumentaram a força dos músculos respiratórios e a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos após a intervenção. Constatou-se também que o grupo controle diminuiu o fluxo expiratório forçado médio após a intervenção; (4) Verificou-se que o treinamento físico com exergame e o treinamento funcional aumentaram a função motora, percepção da qualidade de vida e diminuíram o estado percebido de depressão em sujeitos com doença de Parkinson. Já a percepção de qualidade de vida diminuiu no grupo controle após 1 mês da não realização de exercícios físicos. Conclusões: Os exercícios físicos promovem melhora na capacidade respiratória em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Também foi observado que a função motora influencia na capacidade respiratória e na percepção de qualidade de vida nesta população. E que, o treinamento físico com exergame e o treinamento funcional promoveram melhora na força dos músculos respiratórios, distância do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, função motora, estado percebido de qualidade de vida e de depressão em sujeitos com doença de Parkinson. / São Cristóvão, SE

Devido ao constante aumento na prevalência de obesidade e doenças relacionadas é sugerido que indivíduos obesos sejam submetidos a programas educativos para redução da massa corporal. Objetivos: avaliar os efeitos de um programa de Educação em Saúde (Educação nutricional e Educação física) voltado a um grupo de mulheres obesas. Métodos: 50 mulheres obesas foram submetidas a um programa de quatro meses envolvendo educação nutricional (1 vez/semana) e exercício físico (aeróbio e contra-resistência - 3 vezes/semana). Foram avaliadas variáveis antropométricas, metabólicas e alimentares: peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura e do quadril, composição corporal por raios X de dupla energia (DEXA), teste ergoespirométrico e gasto energético de repouso (VO2000-Imbrasport&#174;), hemograma, leucograma, perfil lipídico, glicemia, leptina, IGF-1 (Fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-1, TSH (Hormônio estimulante da tireóide), albumina e pré albumina, 3 diários alimentares e de atividade física. Para análise dos resultados, as participantes foram distribuídas em G1 (IMC inicial < IMC final) e G2 (IMC inicial &#8805; IMC final). Resultados: No G1 houve redução de: massa corporal, IMC, CC, CQ, RCQ, gordura corporal (kg), massa corporal magra (kg) e glicemia. No G2 não foram encontradas alterações significativas nestas variáveis. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no GER e ambos os grupos apresentaram aumento do VO2 pico, redução da leptina plasmática e da albumina sérica. Conclusões: O programa de perda de peso realizado neste estudo foi eficiente para resultar em redução da massa corporal em 50% das participantes, apresentando também melhoras em fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Independentemente da redução da massa corporal e na massa corporal magra, programas de exercício físico sem o controle individualizado da ingestão alimentar, principalmente de proteínas, pode resultar em prejuízos para o estado nutricional de mulheres obesas. / Because of the high prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbities all over the world, it is suggested to submmit obese people to edicational weight reduction programs. Objectives: to evaluate the effects of an educational program (nutrition and physical education) in obese women. Methods: 50 obese women were submitted to a four months program of nutritional education (once a week) and exercise training (aerobic and resistance -3 times/week). They were evaluated variables related to anthropometry, metabolic and eating behavior: weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, body composition by dual X-ray energy (DEXA), aerobic power and resting energy expenditure (VO2000-lmbrasport&#174;); hemogram, leucogram, lipid profile, glucose level, leptin, IGF-1 (Insulin like growth factor-1), TSH (Tireoid stimulating hormone), albumin and pré-albumin, 3 days of food and physical activity records. The participants were distributed into the follow groups for the analysis: G1 (initial BMI < final BMI) and G2 (initial BMI &#8805; final BMI). Results: In G1 they were reduced: body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/hip relation, fat mass (kg), lean body mass (kg) and glucose. No statistical differences were found in these parameters in G2. No statistical differences were found in resting energy expenditure in both groups and there was an increase in VO2peak, decrease in leptin and albumin concentration in both groups. Conclusions: The weight reduction program realized in this study was efficient to result weight loss in 50% of the participants, with improvements in cardiovascular risk factors. Independent of reductions on body mass and lean body mass, exercise training programs without individualized control of protein intake, especially of proteins, can jeopardize nutritional status of obese women.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a ingestão de dieta deficiente em magnésio altera o metabolismo oxidativo de ratos submetidos à atividade física moderada. Ratos Wistar machos (peso inicial 280g) foram divididos em controle (SED, n=9), controle exercitado (EX, n=9), marginalmente deficiente em Mg sedentário (MARG, n=9) e deficiente em Mg exercitado (EXMARG, n=9). A dieta controle apresentava 500 mg Mg/kg de ração e a dieta deficiente em Mg tinha 200 mg Mg/kg de ração. Os animais foram submetidos a 6 semanas de natação, 1 hora/dia, 5 vezes/semana. No soro foi determinada a atividade de creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Foi determinada a atividade de superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) na musculatura esquelética. No músculo gastrocnêmio, fígado, rins e cérebro foi determinada a peroxidação lipídica (TBARS). A concentração de magnésio foi determinada no eritrócito, soro e músculos gastrocnêmio e sóleo, fígado, rins e cérebro. A atividade de enzimas antioxidantes foi menor no grupo EXMARG (p< 0,05), especialmente na fração citossólica. Provavelmente, estes animais ficaram mais suscetíveis a danos oxidativos, mais propensos a realizar com dificuldade o exercício físico proposto, levando o seu esforço próximo à anaerobiose. Entretanto, o grupo EXMARG não apresentou concentrações significativas de TBARS no músculo. O cérebro apresentou maior risco para a ação pró-oxidativa na deficiência de magnésio. O nível de ingestão de magnésio não apresentou o efeito significativo esperado para os parâmetros, exceto no soro (p<0,05). A deficiência marginal de magnésio associada ao treinamento físico regular levou à maior ação pró-oxidativa sobre o organismo, especialmente sobre a musculatura esquelética. / This study aimed to verify if the ingestion of a diet poor in magnesium alters the oxidative metabolism in rats submitted to moderate physical activity. Male Wistar rats (initial body mass of 280 g) were divided into 4 groups: control (CON, n=9), exercised control (CONEX, n=9), deficient in Mg (MARG, n=9), and exercised and deficient in Mg (EXMARG, n=9). The control diet presented 500 mg of Mg/ Kg diet and the deficient diet contained 200 mg of Mg/ Kg diet. The animals were submitted to 6 weeks of swimming exercise, 1 hour/day, 5 time/week. Serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was obtained. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were determined in skeletal muscles. Lipid peroxidation level (TBARS) was assayed in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, liver and brain. Magnesium concentration was assayed in erythrocyte, serum, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, liver, kydney and brain. Antioxidant enzyme activity was smaller on EXMARG group (p<0,05), especially in the citossol. possibly, these animals were more susceptible to oxidative damage, being difficult to execute the exercise, leading their effort near anaerobic level. However, the EXMARG group did not presented significant muscle TBARS concentration. The brain presented increased risk to magnesium deficiency pro-oxidative action. In summary, marginal magnesium deficiency in association with regular physical training led to a greater pro-oxidative action in the organism, specially over skeletal muscle.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2018-02-07T17:06:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Francilene.pdf: 356698 bytes, checksum: 1dbb03ec82dfb5f6f0997237b2784d9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T17:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Francilene.pdf: 356698 bytes, checksum: 1dbb03ec82dfb5f6f0997237b2784d9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Introduction: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is a serious public health problem, especially for the elderly, and can lead to concentric hypertrophy an important risk factor for heart failure, which is considered a predictor of increased cardiovascular morbimortality. Studies have shown that High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) may also be indicated for hypertensive patients. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no studies have evaluated HIIT in cardiac remodeling of animals with systemic arterial hypertension. Objective: to evaluate in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) submitted to HIIT, pressure control, exercise tolerance and cardiac remodeling. Methods: 20 SHR rats were divided into two groups: sedentary (SHR-SED, n= 9) and HIIT training (SHR-HIIT, n= 11); and Wistar Kyoto rats composed the control group (WKY, n= 6), 12 months of age. The animals were familiarized with HIIT for a week with 10 minutes on the treadmill adapted for rodents. An incremental stress test was performed to exhaustion to adjust exercise intensity. The HIIT was performed five times a week for eight weeks. Before and after HIIT, blood pressure (BP) was measured by plethysmography and a maximal exercise capacity test was performed. Cardiac remodeling was assessed through echocardiography and after euthanasia, the isolated papillary muscle was evaluated. For comparison between groups, we used ANOVA followed by the Tukey test or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p <0.05). Results: HIIT decreased the variation (Δ%) of SBP (SHR-SED=Δ% 12.5 vs. SHR-HIIT=Δ% -4.34; p = 0.005), increased the distance traveled, being 82.7% higher in the SHR-HIIT group (SHR-SED=183.0±88.08m; vs. SHR-HIIT=1126.0±187.1m; p<0.001) and reduced the resting tension of the papillary muscle (WKY=0.77 ± 0.216; SHR-SED=1.26 ± 0.20; SHR-HIIT=0.67 ± 0.23; p=0.0001). Conclusion: In SHR rats, HIIT decreased BP variation, improved functional capacity and ameliorated pathological cardiac remodeling. / Introdução: a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), um grave problema de saúde pública, pode levar à hipertrofia concêntrica – um importante fator de risco para insuficiência cardíaca, que é considerada um preditor de maior morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Estudos evidenciam que o Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade (HIIT) pode ser indicado para hipertensos. Entretanto, para conhecimento, não há estudos que avaliaram o HIIT na remodelação cardíaca de animais com hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Objetivo: avaliar em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) submetidos ao HIIT, o controle pressórico, a tolerância aos exercícios e o remodelamento cardíaco. Métodos: foram utilizados 20 ratos SHR divididos em dois grupos: sedentários (SHR-SED, n=9) e com treinamento HIIT (SHR-HIIT, n=11); e ratos Wistar Kyoto no grupo controle (WKY, n=6), com 12 meses. Os animais foram familiarizados antes do início do teste durante uma semana com 10 minutos, na velocidade de 6 metros por minutos na esteira adaptada para roedores. Realizou-se um teste de esforço incremental, iniciando-se com 10 minutos de aquecimento na velocidade de 6 metros por minutos, sem inclinação até que os ratos chegassem a exaustão, para graduar a intensidade do exercício. O HIIT foi executado cinco vezes por semana, durante oito semanas. Antes e após o HIIT, a pressão arterial (PA) foi aferida por pletismosgrafia e foi realizado um teste de capacidade máxima ao exercício. O remodelamento cardíaco foi avaliado pelo ecocardiograma e, após eutanásia, avaliou-se o músculo papilar isolado. Para comparação entre os grupos foi utilizado ANOVA seguido de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn’s (p<0.05). Resultados: o HIIT diminuiu a PAS (SHR-SED=Δ%12.05 vs. SHR-HIIT=Δ%-4.34; p=0.005), aumentou a distância percorrida, sendo 82,7% maior no grupo SHR-HIIT (SHR-SED=183.0±88.08m vs. SHR-HIIT=1126.0±187.1m; p<0.0001) e reduziu a tensão de repouso do músculo papilar (WKY=0.77 ± 0.216; SHR-SED=1.26 ± 0.20; SHR-HITT=0.67 ± 0.23; p=0.0001). Conclusão: o HIIT em ratos SHR diminuiu a variação da PA, melhorou a capacidade funcional e amenizou o remodelamento cardíaco patológico.

Die Neue Rückenschule ist ein standardisiertes Rückenschulkonzept der Konföderation der deutschen Rückenschulen, dessen Hauptanliegen in der Förderung der Rückengesundheit und der Verhinderung der Chronifizierung von Rückenschmerzen besteht. Die Zielsetzungen und Inhalte der Neuen Rückenschule richten sich in erster Linie nach den aktuellen Europäischen Leitlinien zur Prävention von Rückenschmerzen und den für die Prävention formulierten Kernzielen für Gesundheitssport. Diese Festlegungen basieren auf dem biopsychosozialen Modell, dem Salutogenesemodell und der Internationalen Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF). Mit ihrem multimodalen Programm zielt die Neue Rückenschule darauf ab, dass Menschen ein eigenverantwortliches, gesundheitsorientiertes und Risikofaktoren vermeidendes Handeln aufbauen, ihr individuelles Gesundheitspotential fördern und damit das eigene Wohlbefinden und ihre Lebensqualität verbessern. Das Konzept integriert sowohl bewegungsbezogene praktische als auch informations- und verhaltensbezogene theoretische Anteile. Dennoch steht bis dato eine Wirksamkeitsprüfung der Neuen Rückenschule, insbesondere zur Vermittlungsstrategie der Neuen Rückenschule aus. So liegt das Erkenntnisinteresse der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift in der Beantwortung der Frage, inwieweit die Intervention Neue Rückenschule im präventiven Kontext günstige Effekte bezüglich der Parameter gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität, Rückenschmerzen, körperliche Aktivität, (rücken-)gesundheitsbezogenes Wissen, Selbstwirksamkeit und Kontrollüberzeugung hervorruft. Eine Analyse, ob der nachhaltige Mehrwert der Neuen Rückenschule darin besteht, theoretische Wissensvermittlung und praktische Übungsanteile miteinander zu vernetzen, stellt ein weiteres zentrales Ziel der Arbeit dar. So lässt der momentane Stand der Evaluation noch offen, ob nicht bereits die kognitiv-theoretischen Module die Effekte der Neuen Rückenschule zu einem sehr hohen Anteil erklären. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurde eine Längsschnittstudie mit Versuchs-Kontrollgruppen-Design durchgeführt, die eine dreimonatige Intervention mit zwei unterschiedlichen Vermittlungsstrategien vorsah. Die empirischen Analysen konzentrierten sich auf die Beschreibung von unmittelbaren Effekten der Intervention sowie Nachhaltigkeits-Effekten sechs Monate nach Interventionsende. Zusammenfassend wird ersichtlich, dass insbesondere für eine Verhaltensänderung im Sinne der Implementierung von körperlicher Aktivität und einer langfristigen Bindung an diese, spezifisches Wissen allein offenbar nicht ausreicht, sondern Handlungserfahrungen und Körperwahrnehmungen in Verbindung mit erlebter Selbstkompetenz den Erfolg einer Intervention maßgeblich bedingen.

La présente thèse porte sur les effets à long terme des traumatismes craniocérébraux légers (TCCL), incluant les commotions cérébrales, ainsi que sur certains facteurs influençant l’évolution post-blessure chez deux populations considérées vulnérables, soit les athlètes féminines ainsi que les adultes vieillissants. Dans une première étude, les capacités olfactives d’athlètes féminines commotionnées, mais asymptomatiques, ont été évaluées en moyenne deux ans après la dernière commotion. L’intérêt de cette étude réside principalement dans l’investigation du rôle potentiel du polymorphisme BDNF Val66Met (BDNFMet), associé à une sécrétion réduite de la protéine BDNF impliquée dans la neuroplasticité, pour expliquer les variations du fonctionnement olfactif post-commotion. Dans une deuxième étude, les effets cognitifs d’avoir subi un seul TCCL ont été caractérisés chez des individus âgés de 50 à 70 ans ayant subi leur blessure environ cinq ans plus tôt. Cette caractérisation est particulièrement pertinente alors que la majorité des études s’intéressant aux effets à long terme de cette blessure ont étudié des individus ayant subi de multiples TCCL. De plus, cette étude visait à évaluer si un programme d’entraînement physique aérobie de douze semaines permettrait d’améliorer les fonctions cognitives altérées chez les TCCL comparativement aux contrôles. Les résultats de la présente thèse permettent d’abord de mieux caractériser certains effets à long terme du TCCL. Plus précisément, la première étude suggère un patron de fonctionnement olfactif distinct selon le génotype BDNF chez les athlètes féminines commotionnées. Ainsi, les porteuses du BDNFMet ont significativement mieux performé que les BDNFval aux différentes tâches olfactives. Puisque cette relation génétique n’était pas présente chez les participantes contrôles, ces résultats suggèrent que le fonctionnement olfactif, suite à une commotion cérébrale, est, du moins en partie, médié par le polymorphisme BDNFMet. La deuxième étude suggère, pour sa part, des effets cognitifs à long terme d’avoir subi un seul TCCL chez des individus sédentaires, mais en santé, âgés de 50 à 70 ans. Ainsi, les participants TCCL ont moins bien performé que les participants contrôles, appariés pour l’âge et le sexe, aux tâches neuropsychologiques mesurant des aspects de la vitesse de traitement de l’information, du fonctionnement exécutif (planification, fluence verbale) et de la mémoire visuelle. Cette étude n’a toutefois pas relevé de différence sur le plan de l’attention, de l’inhibition, de la mémoire verbale et des habiletés visuoconstructives. Ces résultats cognitifs sont un ajout intéressant à la littérature, car ils surviennent chez des individus qui ne présentaient aucun des facteurs de risque (maladie chronique, problème de santé mentale) typiquement associés aux effets à long terme des TCCL. En ce qui a trait au deuxième volet de l’étude, l’exercice physique aérobie a permis d’améliorer les capacités cardiorespiratoires (VO2max) des patients TCCL davantage que les étirements (condition contrôle). Toutefois, dans ce petit échantillon de seize participants, l’exercice aérobie n’a pas permis d’améliorer les fonctions cognitives altérées des patients TCCL. Différentes explications possibles sont abordées afin de guider les futures études. / The following thesis investigates the long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including concussions, and factors influencing post-injury evolution in two vulnerable populations: female athletes and aging individuals. In a first study, olfactory capacities of asymptomatic concussed female athletes were evaluated an average of two years after their last concussion. The appeal of this study lies mainly in its investigation of the potential role of the BDNF Val66Met (BDNFMet) polymorphism, which is associated with reduced secretion of the BDNF neuroplasticity protein, on post-concussion olfactory variations. In a second study, cognitive effects of sustaining a single mTBI were assessed in individuals between 50 and 70 years old who sustained their injury on average five years earlier. This characterization is particularly relevant given that most studies focusing on long-term effects of this injury have studied individuals having sustained multiple mTBI. Furthermore, this study also aimed to evaluate if a twelve-week aerobic exercise program would allow improvements of altered cognitive functions in mTBI patients. Results from the following thesis first allow to better describe some long-term effects of mTBI. More precisely, the first study suggests different patterns of olfactory functioning according to BDNF genotype in female concussed athletes. Thus, BDNFmet carriers performed significantly better than BDNFval carriers at the different olfactory tasks. Given that this genetic relationship was not present in control participants, these results suggest that olfactory functioning following a concussion is, at least in part, mediated by the BDNFmet polymorphism. As for the second study, it suggests long-term cognitive effects of having sustained a single mTBI in sedentary, but healthy, individuals between the ages of 50 and 70. Indeed, mTBI participants showed lower performance when compared to age and sex-matched control participants on neuropsychological tasks measuring aspects of processing speed, executive functioning (planning, verbal fluency) and visual memory. This study did not find any difference regarding attention, inhibition, verbal memory and visuoconstructive abilities. These cognitive results are an interesting contribution to the literature as they occur in individuals presenting no risk factor (chronic disease, mental health disorders) typically associated with long-term effects of mTBI. Regarding the second phase of this study, aerobic exercise improved cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) more than stretching (control condition) in mTBI patients. However, in this small sample of sixteen participants, aerobic exercise did not allow to improve altered cognitive functions in mTBI participants. Different possible explanations are addressed to guide future studies.

En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un plan de negocio basado en la creación de un aplicativo que ofrece una alternativa para incentivar en trabajar un estilo de vida saludable en peruanos que quieran este cambio. Mediante este aplicativo, los usuarios podrán acceder a una variedad de recetas, rutinas de entrenamiento, asistencia con nutricionistas y psicólogos, asimismo, contempla el seguimiento a través de estadísticas de los objetivos planteados. Como parte del análisis, se identificó una tendencia en aumento, la alimentación saludable a partir de la toma de conciencia sobre lo que consumen, no obstante, las actividades que desarrollan en su día a día complican la preparación de una dieta equilibrada y nutritiva. Por ende, Nutritime se posiciona como una propuesta de bienestar integral, con un servicio completo que acompañe en el logro de los objetivos que se proponen. Asimismo, se validó el modelo de negocio, para conocer la viabilidad del Business Model Canvas, por ende, se ejecutó entrevistas que ayudaron a analizar y evaluar la posibilidad de realizar mejoras. Para validar la idea de negocio, se requirió un análisis a nivel financiero, por lo que para su implementación se requiere una inversión de S/.58,999.75 compuesta por gastos preoperativos, gastos administrativos y capital de trabajo; en donde el 84.75% es financiado por las accionistas y se optó por el capital ángel como una forma atractiva para financiar el monto restante y que no requiere de altas tasas como lo son los préstamos por entidades bancarias. / This project is a business plan for the creation of an application that offers an alternative to encourage and contribute to working a healthy lifestyle in Peruvians who want to make this change. Through this app users will be able to access a variety of easy recipes, training routines, assistance with health professionals: psychologist and nutritionist, belonging to the community and monitoring with statistics of the proposed objective. As part of the analysis, it was possible to identify an increasing trend of healthy eating, because people have become more aware of foods that they eat and want to find a balance. However, the activities that they do in their day to day complicate the preparation of a balanced diet with necessary nutrients. Therefore, Nutritime’s offer is an integral wellness proposal physically and mentally, providing a complete service that accompanies the user to achieve the goals that have been proposed. Thus, the business model was validated, to validate the viability of the Business Model Canvas, therebefore, interviews were carried out that helped to analyze and evaluate the possibility of making improvements. To validate the business idea, a financial analysis was required, so its implementation requires an investment of S/.58,99.75 composed of pre-operating expenses, administrative expenses and working capital was chosen. 84.75% is financed by shareholders and angel capital was chosen as an attractive way to finance the remaining amount and that does not require high rates such as loans from banks. / Trabajo de investigación

In comparison to normally developing children, many children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) do not possess the same opportunities to be physically active due to the impairments exhibited by their disorder. A systematic review using the Downs and Black checklist and the PEDro scale was conducted to assess the methodological quality of the literature on promoting physical activity in children with ASD. The following inclusion criteria had to be met: (1) subjects must include children with a clinical ASD diagnosis (2) the children have to be under the age of thirteen years old (3) the interventions must target physical activity; lastly, (4) they must be a relevant peer-reviewed English language study. The search was conducted using four electronic databases: MEDLINE, ERIC, PsycInfo, and CINHL with no restriction on the publication year. The following keywords were utilized: "Autism", "ASD/ Autism Spectrum Disorder", "Asperger", "Pervasive Developmental Disorder" Those terms were paired with "physical activity", "physical exercise", "exercise", "fitness", "aerobic", "swim", "aquatic", "jog", "walk", "recreational activity" Which were also paired with the terms "school age", "child", "toddler", "preadolescent". This multi-step search procedure occurred during February 2013. The methodological quality of six studies was evaluated in February 2013. Overall, the conclusive scores determined by the Downs and and Black checklist and the PEDro scale varied greatly. The scores reported by the Downs and Black checklist ranged from 19 to 21 on a 27-point scale. PEDro scale yielded scores ranging between two and six on a 10-point scale. A vote count revealed that the exercise interventions increased the physical fitness, aquatic skills, social behaviors, and sensory integration children with ASD. In summary, the variation within the scores and the quality of the studies leads to a demand for future research.; In order to adequately determine what exercise interventions effectively increase physical activity in children with ASD, future researchers should conduct randomized controlled trials in order to produce the highest quality of evidence.

Aggression in South African schools is a matter of great concern. A review of the existing literature indicated that physical exercises contribute to people’s well-being. This study thus investigated to what extent physical exercises could be used to address the aggression of students in a secondary school. An empirical investigation was done by means of a mixed methods case study design. A purposive sample of 25 students was chosen from students in grades 9 to 11. The students completed an adapted Buss-Perry questionnaire on aggression to determine their levels of aggression. Thereafter they embarked on a 10 week physical exercise programme (30 sessions of 40 minutes each), before completing the same questionnaire. The results indicated that the programme alleviated their feelings of aggression, especially in the boys. Qualitative interviews with 10 of the participants who benefitted most from the exercises indicated how they experienced the programme. Recommendations were made for similar programmes and for future research. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)