O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal compreender como o consumo de psicofármacos se legitimou como uma tecnologia de si no interior do dispositivo de medicalização. Concluímos que esta é uma tecnologia que incide sobre os corpos por estar acoplada aos modos de subjetivação contemporâneos. A análise aqui apresentada trata do contexto social de Boa Vista das Missões, um pequeno município do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo com seis meses de duração e entrevistamos uma amostra representativa de 400 pessoas. A análise dos relatos e das informações construídas buscou dar visibilidade aos enunciados presentes nas formações discursivas que definem e explicam o consumo de psicofármacos por 53% dos 400 pesquisados. Utilizamos a perspectiva genealógica de Michel Foucault para refletir sobre este campo de pesquisa e problematizar a produção de modos de vida marcados por formas de controle individualizantes e totalizantes ao mesmo tempo. Neste sentido, partimos do histórico da inserção dos psicofármacos em nossa cultura para entender as dimensões que ocupam neste contexto. A análise pode identificar as redes enunciativas no interior do dispositivo de medicalização que fundamentam uma apresentação do biopoder que se sustenta no tripé “dependência, assistencialismo, individualismo” / The main goal of this research was to comprehend how the consuming of psychoactive prescribed drugs was legitimated as a technology of the self inside the medicalization device (dispositf). We concluded that this technology has its incidence on the body because it is attached to contemporary modes of subjectification. The analysis presented here refers to Boa Vista das Missões, a small town in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul state. We conducted a six months field research and interviewed a sample of 400 inhabitants. The accomplished speech and data analysis intended to give visibly to the discursive formations’ statements that explain and sustain the consuming of prescribed psychoactive drugs by 53% of 400 researched We used Michel Foucault’s genealogical perspective to guide our understanding of the research field and to problematize the production of lifestyles characterized by individualized and totalized forms of control. As a stating point we described the history of the introduction of psychoactive drugs in our culture in order to understand the dimension of the consuming in this specific context. The analysis identified statements arragements in the interior of the medicalization device (dispositif) that found a form of biopower sustained in the tripe “dependence – assistancialism – individualism”.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs.

The physiological and behavioral responses can vary with the form of housing of the fish and the presence of anxiolytic drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to acute stress in isolated and grouped fish and the effect of fluoxetine, diazepam and environmental enrichment on behavioral and endocrine parameters. Six experiments were performed: 1. Acute stress test in isolated and groups zebrafish; 2. Transfer of isolated or group zebrafish to a new environment; 3. Effect of introducing grouped stressed fish in a resident zebrafish shoal; 4. Effect of introducing one stressed fish in a resident zebrafish shoal; 5. Effect of acute exposure to fluoxetine and diazepam on behavioral responses after acute stress protocol; 6. Response to acute stress in isolated and grouped fish and the modulation by fluoxetine, diazepam and environmental enrichment. Based on the results we concluded that the group is able to potentiate stress response, however, that response is reduced by exposure to fluoxetine and diazepam in water and environmental enrichment; acute exposure to fluoxetine and diazepam modulates behavior in zebrafish after acute stress. / As respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais podem variar de acordo com a forma de alojamento dos peixes e pela presença de fármacos ansiolíticos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta ao estresse agudo em peixes isolados e agrupados e o efeito da fluoxetina, diazepam e enriquecimento ambiental sobre parâmetros comportamentais e endócrino. Foram realizados 6 experimentos: 1. Teste de estresse agudo em peixes-zebra isolados e em grupos; 2. Transferência de peixes-zebra isolados ou em grupo para um ambiente novo; 3. Efeito da introdução de peixes agrupados estressados em um cardume de peixe-zebra residente; 4. Efeito da introdução de um peixe estressado em um cardume de peixe-zebra residente; 5. Efeito da exposição aguda à fluoxetina e diazepam sobre as respostas comportamentais após o protocolo de estresse agudo; 6. Resposta ao estresse agudo em peixes isolados, agrupados e a modulação por fluoxetina, diazepam e enriquecimento ambiental. Com base nos resultados concluímos que grupo é capaz de potencializar a resposta ao estresse, porém, essa resposta é reduzida pela exposição à fluoxetina e diazepam na água e pelo enriquecimento ambiental; a exposição aguda à fluoxetina e diazepam modula comportamentos em peixes-zebra após estresse agudo.

The dissertation summarizes the drug-related death phenomenon in the UK emphasizing England and Wales and compares the figures with international development, particularly in the EU. Legal regulation, in particular the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971 and its amendments strive for classifying drugs and label illicit drugs or their exceptional use. Moreover, legislation gives us a bundle of measures to investigate drugs misuse and especially drug-related deaths, allocating the duties of the police, coroner and judiciary. Opiates, especially heroin, cocaine and stimulants are still the major drugs involved in the UK, which largely – with the exception of cocaine – reflects the situation on the continent. The distribution of age of death shows a tendency from the range of 20 to 30 years towards men in their forties during the last decades. Overall, the UK, Scandinavia and the Baltic states have leading numbers drug-related deaths. New Psychoactive Substances are a new challenge in Europe but the UK may be especially affected by this unfortunate wave. All authorities world-wide have to deal with this 'hydra' of new psychoactive substances (NPS) due to infinite chemical variations and unlimited supply. Nevertheless, heroin and cocaine still belong to the most noxious drugs with regard to the fatal outcome. The problem of drug-related deaths starts with the neurobiology of addiction including cerebral reward cycles which disinhibit prefrontal control, leading to craving and drug intake, even if severe somatic damage occurred. This fatal course does not depend on a particular drug but may be concerned as the final part the fatal reward pathway. In general, noradrenalin, serotonin and dopamine are involved, although some drugs may act on specific receptors such as opiates or cannabinoids. Unfortunately, the pharmacology of the NPSs is often not well known, and this lack of information will increase the risk of drug-related deaths or delinquency in future. Autonomy, paternalism and liberty form a field of tension in democracy, so that preventive measures must respect individual rights. Restrictive strategies alone show a limited success. It will be the concerted action of law, judiciary, police, science, educators, social work and medicine among others to strengthen future generations. We struggle hard against drugs and the sequelae but we should never give up.:Abstract 7 1 Introduction 8 2 Definitions and Epidemiology 9 3 Legal Aspects 13 4 Psychology and neurobiology of drug abuse 16 5 Toxicology and drug-effect relation 18 6 Pharmacokinetics and routes of administration 19 7 Some notes concerning drug detection 22 8 Drugs and mechanisms of action 24 9 New Psychoactive Drugs 33 10 Legal compounds for illegal use 37 11 Dying from drugs – a clinical view 39 12 Prevention strategies 40 References 42 Appendix 56 Figures and Tables Abbreviations

Un des points cruciaux en pharmacoépidémiologie concerne le suivi longitudinal de l’exposition médicamenteuse dans les bases de données médico-administratives. Le parcours médicamenteux dans la « vraie » vie étant rarement linéaire, les trajectoires d’exposition médicamenteuses sont particulièrement complexes (notamment pour les médicaments psychoactifs) et difficilement mesurable par les méthodologies habituelles. Dans un premier temps nous avons ainsi étudié les trajectoires d’exposition à la méthadone notamment entre ses 2 formes galéniques à partir du SNIIRAM en région PACA-Corse. Cependant, la complexité des trajectoires d’exposition à la méthadone rendait leur description difficile. Pour modéliser précisément ces processus complexes un modèle multi-états a été construit. Dans ces travaux, nous avons pu identifier dans les bases de données des périodes ou l’exposition médicamenteuse ne peut être observée et pouvant engendrer un biais de classification des patients entre exposés et non exposés. Dans un second temps, nous avons donc étudié l’impact de ces périodes induites par les séjours hospitaliers a été évalué sur l’estimation du niveau d’exposition aux antipsychotiques de patients atteints de démence. En faisant l’hypothèse des « extrêmes » nous avons mis en évidence la variabilité importante induite par ces périodes. Enfin nous les avons modélisées et étudié leur impact sur la relation entre exposition aux benzodiazépines et mortalité toutes causes à 1 an à partir de l’EGB. L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a permis de développer des méthodologies permettant une analyse plus précise de la dynamique d’exposition médicamenteuse. / In pharmacoepidemiology, one of the main concerns is analysis of drug exposure time in claim databases. In real-life settings, trajectories of patients ‘exposure are complex especially with psychoactive drugs and difficult to measure with traditional methodologies. In a first stage, we have highlighted the methadone exposure paths including between its two dosages formulations. This work underlined the multiplicity of exposure trajectories to methadone and the difficulty of making an accurate description. Consequently, we developed a multi-state model on a large claims database (SNIIR-AM) in order to investigate variations of methadone exposure with time. In this work, we identified the presence of periods or drug exposure cannot be observed in these databases. These periods lead to an unobservable or immeasurable exposure time bias in which patients are misclassified as unexposed. In a second stage, we assessed their impact on the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic use in community-dwelling patients with dementia considering hospitalization periods during which drugs administered are not available within almost all health insurance databases. Under extreme bias hypothesis the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic users almost doubled. Finally, we sought to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to apply several methods for addressing this bias and assess their impact on risk estimates. This approach was applied to the study of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality and was performed on the EGB database. In this thesis work we have developed methodologies for a more accurate analysis of the dynamics of drug exposure.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-29 / Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso, na vida, de drogas psicoativas entre estudantes adolescentes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico de corte transversal realizado por amostragem de conglomerados e estratificada por tipo de ensino. Aplicou-se, em sala de aula, um questionário anônimo de auto-preenchimento. A amostra foi constituída de 2718 estudantes adolescentes, sendo 993 trabalhadores e 1725 não trabalhadores matriculados, em 1998, na rede estadual de ensino de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Considerou-se, para efeito da pesquisa, o uso de alguma droga psicoativa pelo menos uma vez na vida. Utilizaram-se as análises bivariada e multivariada, incluindo regressão logística e árvore de decisão através do algoritmo CHAID (Chi-squared automatic interaction Detection). Resultados: Verificaram-se prevalências de 22,7% para o uso de drogas na vida, exceto o álcool e tabaco, na amostra, sendo maior entre os estudantes trabalhadores (28,5%) comparativamente aos não-trabalhadores (19,3%), como também para o uso do álcool (81,0% e 65,8%), tabaco (43,7% e 26,8%), solventes (14,6% e 11,7%), maconha (8,6% e 4,4%), anfetaminas (6,9% e 3,6%), ansiolíticos (6,4% e 3,3%) e cocaína (3,2% e 1,4%). Faltas às aulas constituiu fator de chances para o uso de drogas entre ambos os grupos de adolescentes. Entre os trabalhadores apareceu a relação insatisfatória entre os pais (RO = 1,53, IC 95%:1,10-2,12) e, entre os não trabalhadores, a qualidade da relação com o pai (RO = 1,56, IC 95%:1,14-2,14). Conclusão: As diferenças e semelhanças observadas entre os adolescentes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores devem ser consideradas na implementação de ações educativas, visando a mudanças de comportamento relacionadas ao uso de drogas. / Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with lifetime use of psychoactive drugs among working and non-working adolescent students. Methods: we carried out an analytical cross-sectional study using a clustered sample stratified by type of education. We administered an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire in classroom. Our sample included 2,718 adolescents (993 workers and 1,725 non-workers) enrolled in 1998 in the state school network of Cuiabá, Center-Western Brazil. We considered as lifetime use the consumption of any psychoactive drug at least once in life. We used bivariate and multivariate analysis, including logistic regression and a decision tree based on the CHAID algorithm (Chi-squared automatic interaction Detection). Results: We found 22.7% prevalence of lifetime drug use, excluding alcohol and tobacco. This prevalence was greater among workers (28.5%) than among non-workers (19.3%). Prevalence for individual drugs was 81.0% and 65,8% for alcohol, 43.7% and 26,8% for tobacco, 14.6% and 11,7% for solvents, 8.6% and 4,4% for marijuana, 6.9% and 3,6% for amphetamines, 6.4% and 3,3% for anxiolitics, and 3.2% and 1.4% for cocaine. Absenteeism was a risk factor for drug use among both groups. Other risk factors included poor relationship between parents among workers (OR = 1.53; 95%;CI:1.10-2.12) and poor relationship with father among non-workers (OR = 1.56; 95%;CI:1.14-2.14). Conclusion: Differences and similarities between working and non-working students must be considered when implementing educational strategies aimed at modifying drug use related behavior. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

FERREIRA, Tereza Maria da Silva. Crack: práticas educativas e culturais na trajetória de um dependente. 214. 97f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-04-28T13:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-TMSFERREIRA.pdf: 3986540 bytes, checksum: 76e796bbaae08dd6feeeea7be9ea3aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-04-28T14:25:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-TMSFERREIRA.pdf: 3986540 bytes, checksum: 76e796bbaae08dd6feeeea7be9ea3aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-04-28T14:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-TMSFERREIRA.pdf: 3986540 bytes, checksum: 76e796bbaae08dd6feeeea7be9ea3aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called “bocas de fumo”. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addict’s speech. In the path’s analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the “different subjects” and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs. / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as práticas educativas e culturais dos usuários de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetórias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memória e história de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teórico abordagens teóricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como Saúde, Sociologia e Educação. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vários lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residência da família e até mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas “bocas de fumo”. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodológica é a história de vida e a coleta dos dados é procedida com base na história oral biográfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diário de campo. Desta forma, a análise dos dados está pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na análise da trajetória do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquê de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforços empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideração os “diferentes sujeitos” e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substâncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tópicos de estudo. Concluindo a análise, foi percebido que embora não afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prática decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, não podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiência com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prática. É essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importância do papel da família nas relações de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas.

The result of this diploma thesis is based on the collected data, to evaluate the success of the detection of narcotic and psychotropic substances by a policeman, with subsequent measuring and professional expression. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the theoretical part, this is mainly an evaluation of existing information dealing with drug issues related to road accidents. In the analytical part, the thesis deals with real methods and equipment with OPL detection. The practical part contains data obtained from qualitative research, through interviews, which are compared and evaluated with a quantitative survey of the questionnaire survey, which can help to improve expert judgment and improve transport safety.

The purpose of the study was to explore the complex ways in which chemsex and internalised homophobia may be linked. The study sought to: Elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia; determine the challenges experienced by gay men and how psychoactive drugs influence their sexual relationships with other men; and also explore a possible relationship between chemsex and internalised homophobia. The study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges that are faced by gay people and the reasons why some gay men participate in chemsex. A total of eleven participants were identified from an LGBTIQ+ friendly drug rehabilitation centre and a gay bath house in Cape Town. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study by conducting semi structured interviews with each participant. The theoretical framework used to elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia among the LGBTIQ+ community was underpinned by the minority stress model. This model was used to explain the concepts of homophobia and internalised homophobia. The methodological framework used was qualitative research, which focuses on the stories of individuals and is concerned with the social construction of the individual’s life, and specifically Thematic Analysis which assisted in identifying patterns or themes in people’s accounts. The findings were that even though there is a relationship between internalise homophobia and chemsex, there are many other factors and influences that play a role, such as the individuals' backgrounds, their experiences in coming out as gay, and other life circumstances. In conclusion, the study suggests that there is much more that can be done to break down the stigma and prejudice facing the LGBTIQ+ community, which is a first step towards addressing the chemsex phenomenon and related psychological consequences. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

<p>Allmänläkare i primärvården är den första vårdgivare som människor i behov av psykisk hjälp möter. Det saknas forskning om behandling av psykiskt sjuka inom primärvården i enskilda länder. I syfte att hitta nya frågeställningar och få djupare förståelse av hur primärvården fungerar med avseende på psykiskt sjuka intervjuades elva allmänläkare i en kroatisk stad. Insamlade data från intervjuerna strukturerades och bearbetades genom en induktiv tematisk analys. Resultaten visar att allmänläkare upplever en hög arbetsbelastning. Deras tid för samtal med psykiskt sjuka är väldigt begränsad. Behandling med psykofarmaka blir ofta det enda vårdalternativet. Psykosociala problem och psykotrauma förekom ofta som konsekvens av krig. Sjukpensionering av krigsveteraner med PTSD-diagnos blev en omdiskuterad fråga. Undersökningen visar att det kan bli ansträngande för allmänläkare att behandla psykisk ohälsa. De behandlar dessutom majoriteten av psykiskt sjuka men deras vård kompletteras inte med några psykosociala tjänster. Behovet av psykiskt stöd blir inte bemött hos många patienter.</p>