The present study covers the causes of victory and defeat in the light of chapter eight of the Holy Qur'an. It has been prompted by the current situation facing Muslims in many parts of the world, which is characterized by despair, reversals and loss, This study is thus reflexive in nature. In order to obtain a satisfactory response to this predicament, the relevant text in addition to several of its commentaries were scrutinized. The latter search remained unsatisfactory since their focus of inquiry was merely exegetical and failed to reveal any didactic element, which is crucial for obtaining guidance. This work has successfully managed to deduce this aspect from the text which amplifies the importance of extensive sacrifice for gaining glory. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic studies)

Islamic Jurisprudence comprises of the laws that govern a Muslims daily life. The Prophet Muhammad explained and practically demonstrated these laws. The jurists studied the Quran and the Prophet's life and they adopted a refined methodology which they used to extract legal rulings and verdicts. This methodology is known as the Principles of Jurisprudence. The jurists expanded on this methodology with some differences among them on the usage and the application of some aspects as acceptable forms of evidence. Eventually, the Muslim world was left with four schools of jurisprudence that are present to this day. There are differences between these schools on some issues but these differences never caused conflict, instead it provided us with a wealth of knowledge. We need to study these schools and its principles together with the objectives and intent of the Shariah and utilize this to find solutions to all new issues that arise. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. A. (Islamic Studies)

This thesis gives an overview of Jesus in the basic sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah. In a brief biography of Prophet Muhammad, it deals with the influence of Christians in his life. It follows the creation of the Qur'an and mentions some aspects of its doctrine. The thesis selects the Qur'anic verses about Christians and especially those which are related directly or indirectly to Jesus. It analyzes the meaning of the names, which the Qur'an assigns to Jesus. The selected Hadiths, in which some of the names of Jesus appear, are systematized into thematic areas. The thesis observe the role that this Islamic tradition assigns to him. It compares the differences between the view on Jesus in Islam and Christianity. It notes that there are different meanings in both religions under the same sounding names and titles of Jesus. The thesis brings reason why the image of Jesus in Islam is different. It shows whether the person of Jesus can be the object and starting point for interreligious dialogue. In conclusion, it offers the possibilities of inspiration for restoring Christian faith by Muslim Jesus.

This study examines how the word ʾillā is treated in the Swedish Qur’ān translation from 1917 by Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen. The analysis is based on Swedish and Arabic grammar and translation theory, and considers the fact that this Qur’ān translation is considered to be quite faithful to the source text. The study finds that the textual equivalent of ʾillā varies greatly in the target text, and further that it is not limited to exclusive conjunctions nor exceptives; rather, it often consists of a restrictive adverb in an affirmative clause, when ʾillā in the source text is in a negative clause. This points to a unique problematic of translation where ʾillā is concerned, which warrants further examination in future studies.

Muslim women’s rights, and gender equality in the Muslim world, are commonly discussed subjects within the academic world. Feminism, as a term, is often connected to this topic of discussion. This thesis aims to analyze two different perspectives concerning how these rights should be achieved: Islamic feminism, using internal resources, and Muslim feminism, using external resources. Islamic feminism, as a strategy, proposes that by interpreting the Quran, the ultimate revelation of God, Islam could provide the central and egalitarian meaning of the Quran. There is disagreement within the academic community whether Islamic feminism would enable these rights. Muslim feminism, as a counterpoint to Islamic feminism, proposes that the state must become secularized. Rendering Islam and the state as separate entities.    This thesis will utilize the theoretical perspective on Islam and feminism from five feministic academics. They all have different backgrounds, standpoints, and approaches towards the development of Muslim women’s rights, as well as what strategies they suggest to improve them. These strategies encounter different kinds of difficulties. The Islamic feminism, which uses the Quran, runs the risk of being too heavily associated with already established interpretations of the Quran. It may be seen as intertwined with existing fundamentalist views. On the opposite side of the spectrum, Muslim feminism may create a divide between Islam and women’s rights. This thesis aims to present the potential of different theoretical perspectives on Islam and feminism as well as the limitations on suggested strategies for improvement of Muslim women’s rights.

Under sommaren 2023 präglades Sverige av koranbränningar och ett försämrat säkerhetsläge. Studien undersöker svenska partiledares kriskommunikation på plattformen Instagram under denna period och studiens syfte är således att undersöka hur svenska partiledare använde plattformen Instagram som kommunikationskanal för kriskommunikation under sommaren 2023. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, med semiotiska och retoriska inslag, har vi analyserat sju svenska partiledares Instagram-inlägg under denna tidsperiod. Analysen gjordes med hjälp av ett kodschema och endast de inlägg som var relaterade till ämnet analyserades. Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktivistisk teori, gestaltningsteori, samt teorier om medialisering och medielogik. Med hjälp av retoriska begrepp som ethos, pathos och logos samt de semiotiska begreppen denotation, konnotation och myt kunde analysen utvecklas ytterligare. Studiens resultat visar att partiledarna främst använder Instagram för att förmedla information om krisen, upprätthålla en politisk och sakkunnig image, samt påvisa de åtgärder man gör gällande krisen. Partiledarna visar sällan upp en personlig sida utan är sakliga och opersonliga i sin kommunikation. I resultatet går det även att finna en pågående maktkamp, regeringen och oppositionen emellan. De två allianserna är i en påtaglig konflikt gällande vilka som gör mest för landet i krisen. Sammanfattningsvis går det att visa på att Instagram används av politiker för att förmedla fakta till befolkningen och detta sker genom en envägskommunikation. Även om tidigare forskning visar att det är fördelaktigt för en politiker att vara personlig och nära sin publik i en kriskommunikation, är detta inte något vi kan se hos de svenska partiledarna. / During the summer of 2023, Sweden was marked by Quran burnings and a deteriorating security situation. This study examines the crisis communication of Swedish party leaders on Instagram during this period, with the aim of investigating how Swedish party leaders used Instagram as a channel for crisis communication in the summer of 2023. Through a qualitative content analysis, with an incorporation of semiotic and rhetorical elements, we analyzed the Instagram posts of seven Swedish party leaders during this period. The analysis was conducted using a code scheme, and only posts related to the topic were analyzed. The study is based on a social constructivist theory, narrative theory, as well as theories of mediatization and media logic. Using rhetorical concepts such as ethos, pathos, and logos, as well as semiotic concepts like denotation, connation, and myth, the analysis was further developed.  The results of the study showed that Swedish party leaders primarily used Instagram to convey information about the crisis, maintain a political and knowledgeable image, and demonstrate the measures taken regarding the crisis. Party leaders rarely showed a personal side but rather maintained a factual and impersonal communication style. The results also reveal an ongoing power struggle between the government and the opposition. The two alliances are in a noticeable conflict regarding who is doing the right things for the country during the crisis. In summary, it can be shown that Instagram is used by politicans to convey facts to the population, and this occurs through one-way communication. Altough previous research indicates that it is advantageous for a politican to be personal and close to their audience in crisis communication, this is not observed among Swedish party leaders.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur filterbubblor och ekokammare skapar politisk polarisering. För att uppnå detta syfte appliceras en diskursanalys på debatten om koranbränning. Trådar på Flashback forum och kommentarsfält på Twitter undersöks för att urskilja eventuella retoriska strategier, diskursiva yttringar och sociokulturella aspekter som kan bidra till polarisering. För att uppnå detta appliceras Fairclough’s tredimensionella modell för att utföra en kritisk diskursanalys av innehållet på de definierade filterbubblorna / ekokammarna. / The aim of this study is to analyze how filterbubbles and echochambers affects political polarization. A discourse analysis will be applied on the debate that has broken out due to recent burnings of Qurans. More specifically, this method will be applied on Twitter and Flashback to study rhetorical strategies, discursive utterances and sociocultural views that is affecting polarization. Fairclough’s three-dimensional model will be applied to perform a critical discourse analysis on the defined filterbubbles / echochambers.

The purpose of this essay was to investigate how Quran burning is portrayed in Aftonbladet's reporting. The study is intended to examine three Quran burnings with each other in order to compare Aftonbladet's reporting. In addition to the portrayal of Quran burning, the study has investigated how the practitioners of Quran burning are portrayed in Aftonbladet. Using a thematic content analysis, the study's text material has been analyzed to produce a result. How an event is portrayed in the media in turn affects how the news is perceived by its audience. ​Therefore, we believe that it is socially relevant to investigate how Quran burning is portrayed, because in Sweden everyone has the right to express themselves freely. Based on the study's thematic analysis, we can see a connection in Aftobladet's reporting on Quran burning. Generally, violent protests and reactions are presented as a consequence of the Quran burnings. In Aftonbladets culture-, editorial- and commentary texts, the Quran burnings are portrayed as a hate crime, more than the right to express oneself freely. As Quran burning appears as a hate crime, the audience's attitude towards Quran burning tends to become more negative In the reporting about Rasmus Paludan and Salwan Momika, who both burned the Quran, Aftonbladet has made different choices in its presentation. Paludan is portrayed as a provocateur who uses freedom of speech in Sweden to provoke. His political affiliation is prominent in Aftonbladet's reporting and his gatherings are portrayed as provocative. Salwan Momika's nationality is not prominent and his Quran burning is not portrayed as provocative.

伊斯蘭世界的婦女問題在當代學術研究中佔有相當重要地位，其中一個因素乃西方的研究者不滿伊斯蘭世界對待女性的方式。自十三世紀以降，伊斯蘭世界在西方人的眼中一直是一個象徵神秘的境域，也是西方國家亟欲瞭解的地區。西方人對伊斯蘭世界探討之目的多半是希望對其進行思想與宗教文化上的侵略。穆斯林婦女蒙著面紗的景像總是不斷出現在旅行者的日記、記錄之中，而西方研究者對這些地區進行的調查亦呈現如此一般的印像，並將之視為伊斯蘭壓迫女性的例證。然而，事實是否確實如此？從其他角度觀之，伊斯蘭所欲呈現的面貌與其真實性似乎與過去西方學者所理解的面向有出入。西方思想脈絡下女性主義思想之興起與發展，或許為人類數千年來的兩性關係提供反省、思考之新方式，但是人類亦為此一思想潮流付出不少代價。性別研究的概念固然根源於西方文化的價值觀，也就是「人權」（human rights）的觀點，但是「人權」的觀點卻是人類對父權社會（Patriarchy）體制思想的一種反省。「平等」（equality）與「平權」（公平的權利，equity）並不完全相等同，女性主義者（feminists）追求的是一個「平等」的社會制度，強調的是站在相同起點的兩性觀，而伊斯蘭強調的是一種「平權」的兩性觀，主張男性與女性在此世有其各司之職務，兩性地位並不會因為此一職務性質上做作高低的區分，而導致不對等的情況出現。因此，我們可以說，這兩者之間明顯存在著本質上的差異。 父權體制之源起與宗教信仰、思想、實踐息息相關，人類社會並非一開始即已是完全以男性為主導的社會生活形態，考古學的證據亦告訴我們，母系社會體制之存在是無庸置疑，阿拉伯世界在伊斯蘭建立之前，半島上即有些許部族實行的是以母系（Matriarchy）氏族結構為主的社會制度。就像其他的人類社會一般，在這些母系社會中，女性的確享有較多的權利以及較少的義務。不過，此一論述的標準乃是以其與父權制度的社會情況相比較而得出的結果。當個人在檢視伊斯蘭發展史之研究著作，以及對伊斯蘭經典的研讀中發現，雖然伊斯蘭世界深受許多不同的社會結構思想之背景所影響，但是從歷史的角度觀之，伊斯蘭世界的性別議題及其發展，確實有別於西方女性主義思想之論述，兩者亦不可相提並論，或是任意地以其中一方的觀點來概括另一方的思想文化。西方女性主義者的「平等觀」與伊斯蘭世界的「平權觀」二者之間的差異性，以及古蘭經呈現的觀點似乎與現實世界中穆斯林的認知、實踐有明顯的落差等現象，均是促使個人欲對此作更深入研究的動機。本論文雖旨在闡釋穆斯林的婦女觀，但是亦希望對上述二者之間的異質性作一初步論述。 本論文第一章主要說明研究的動機與目的、研究方法、本研究之限制以及未來可能的研究方向；第二章則從伊斯蘭社會發展的背景著手，說明伊斯蘭建立之前的阿拉伯半島地區之社會結構與生活方式、信仰型態以及兩性的社會地位、互動關係等，透過婚姻制度、財產繼承、男性與女性的活動方式等面向，闡明此一時期的社會特徵，接著探討伊斯蘭建立之後，對阿拉伯半島地區的居民所作的改變，包括伊斯蘭如何看待兩性社會地位，賦予女性相關的婚姻保障、財產繼承權利、以及廢止活埋女嬰等舊慣習俗之改革，以說明伊斯蘭對待女性的方式。第三章則以古蘭經為分析的主要對象，一方面對古蘭經中關於女性的經文詳加分析，另一方面則整理了傳統宗教學者對這些經文的解讀與詮釋，除了以此作為思想上的對比之外，更希望從這些不同學派的觀點中，瞭解古蘭經詮釋之背景以及對穆斯林生活上的影響。 第四章是以聖訓為主，首先對聖訓中關於女性之條文作一整理，並整合不同學派的分析觀點，尋求一個更為普遍合理的說明。第五章則在說明伊斯蘭現代主義思想興起的背景，在經歷中世紀的洗禮之後，伊斯蘭思想產生的重大變革，以及伊斯蘭復興所帶動的改革浪潮，不僅促使傳統的宗教學者重新思考自身的論述立場，保守主義、現代主義、伊斯蘭主義思想的興起，更是為伊斯蘭世界掀起一股更大的反省力量，保守主義者堅守伊斯蘭基本教義之信念，摒除了伊斯蘭接受現代化思想的可能性；現代主義者強調現代化之於伊斯蘭世界的重要性，甚至不惜犧牲自身的傳統文化，以配合現代化的發展進程，而伊斯蘭主義者雖然也強調伊斯蘭世界現代化的重要性，但是他們更注重伊斯蘭世界在此一現代化的過程中，應該要「伊斯蘭化」（Islamization）或是「再伊斯蘭化」（re-Islamization）。伊斯蘭主義者的理念對穆斯林而言是不難理解的，亦即，在現代化的過程中，不應當失去伊斯蘭的傳統價值與道德倫理觀，只是在實際運作的層面上，卻出現更多有待釐清的問題。在此一發展過程中，女性便成了伊斯蘭主義者訴求保存伊斯蘭傳統文化的重要角色。至此，女性議題已經不再是單純的宗教或是文化上的討論，更加入了濃厚的政治性色彩，亦使得婦女研究更為複雜。本論文亦試圖透過對比現代主義思想與古典伊斯蘭思想的內涵，指出一存在於伊斯蘭世界中難以解決的問題，亦即有關兩性地位的爭論。古蘭經與聖訓對相同議題的詮釋並非總是一致，其間已經存在許多相互矛盾之處。此外，宗教學者對經典的詮釋又有許多不同的意見與觀點，均是促成此一問題的原因，也是本論文欲處理的重點。 / The Studies of Woman in Islam is a very important part of the Islamic researches since the 15th century, whatever of the Occident or the Orient world. The major theme of the former concerned about the emancipation of women from every dimension of human life, such as workplace, rights to elections, and rights to education, etc. However, of the later, it is different from the former one; scholars of Islam primarily discussed not only the emancipation from some kind of limitation or discrimination but also the status and value both of male and female in the Islamic Ummah. Islam, emerged and established in the 7th century by the Prophet Muhammad, has already developed an institutional and systematic understanding of the humane world. During the one thousand and five hundred years, Islam has also merged many kinds of thoughts from different cultures into its own world. Therefore, while we start to discuss the problems of women in Islamic world, we have to take a look at the whole history of Islam first, then, we could hold a proper and just attitude to the woman in Islam. My thesis is concerning about the images and descriptions of Muslim Women, which were represented in the Quran, the most sacred book in Islam, and the Hadith, the sayings and behaviors of the Prophet Muhammad, recorded and edited by the Companions of the Prophet and some other religious experts after the death of Muhammad. Most important of all, I attempt to figure out what is the most initial and primordial concept of woman in Islam, and, the way how it is explained, and the process of transition and transformation of these concepts. In addition, I also examine several sorts of schools of thoughts concerning the Muslim women and Islam, including the Islamic traditionists, and modernists. Meanwhile, I juxtapose these two different sides of thought of woman and Islam, and try to give a much clearer picture of this scene between what we called conflict and convergence, whatever of peacefully or militantly. Through this mutual influence between the Quran, Hadith, Islamic traditionists and Islamic modernists, we could understand better the relationships of woman and Islam, or Islam and religion, or religion and woman, etc. Finally, I also try to point out the possibly real problems of woman issues encountered nowadays within the Islamic world.

The religious school of thought that is involved in the control of Saudi Arabia is called Wahhabism and is a form of Islam that is usually accused by outsiders of being misogynist. This paper will deal with the founder of this alignment of Islam, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and his view of women in marriage. Another movement which in turn goes to work to lift the women's rights is Islamic feminists. Two branches of Islam who belief that Islam is the only right path to take for issues surrounding gender and life. In this essay, I will compare their respective interpretations of three points which concern the role of women in marriage; men's right to polygamy, men's higher status than the woman and the men's right to beat his wife. The purpose of this paper is to ask two different interpretations of the same issues, with the same verses in the Quran against each other to see how they resemble or differ from each other to try to contribute for a greater understanding of the interpretative pluralism in Islam. The paper concludes that these two movements are looking at the three points with different eyes and in different ways as they are originated from two different contexts and have different purposes when their interpreting the verses from the Quran.