Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Objective: To estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors to health and its association with sociodemographic characteristics among adolescents in Aracaju and the metropolitan area, Sergipe, Brazil to the investigation and present evidence regarding the existence of intervention programs in physical activity for adolescents through of a systematic review. Methods: For the survey research, the sample consisted of 2207 adolescents (13 to 18 years) enrolled in public schools of the municipalities that make up the observed region. The survey information was held electing the following behaviors: "low levels of physical activity" and "watching time TV/day", through the PAQ-C, "drinking", "consumption of more than five doses of alcohol on a single occasion", "involvement in fights", "cigarette smoking", "bear arms" and "marijuana use", identified by YRBS instrument and "economic class" accessed for ABEP. For the systematic review, surveys were conducted in PubMed, SportDiscus, Lilacs and SciELO from keywords to population identification, intervention and outcome, with the DeCS and MeSH terms in English, Portuguese and Spanish. They included observational studies with minimal intervention six months, minimum sample size of 100 teenagers, written in any language and have reached the score STROBE ≥ 70%. Results: The highest prevalence was found for "low levels of physical activity" (88.1%), followed by "watch more than two hours of TV a day" (66.2%) and "alcoholic beverages" (38.0%). There are different patterns of risk behaviors sexes. female is associated with "low levels of physical activity" and "more than two hours watching TV." Male gender was associated with "weapons of transport", "involvement in fights" and "marijuana use". The largest age group of 16 years was associated with the "cigarette smoking", "drinking", "consuming more than five drinks of alcohol during" and "marijuana use." The highest socioeconomic status was associated with "weapons of transport", "involvement in fights", "drinking" and "more than five doses of alcohol on the occasion". In the systematic review, only seven studies met all inclusion criteria. Five studies presented different approaches to measure the physical activity intervention using the school environment only for sample recruitment, with strategies favorable to physical activity levels, and effective in promoting an active lifestyle outside of school. Conclusion: In the survey study, the most prevalent variables were: low levels of physical activity, more than two hours watching TV and drinking. The behaviors were less prevalent marijuana use, transport of weapons, cigarette smoking and involvement in fights. Associations were observed in the studied population with three risk groups that should be highlighted: male, from 17 years and with high socioeconomic status. A Systematic Review found that, among the analyzed studies, most presented experimental study design, with follow-up up to one year, with interventions that linked physical activity to diet/nutrition, with different implementation strategy and implemented in extracurricular environments, able to promote change in health risk behavior in adolescents. / Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência dos comportamentos de risco à saúde e sua associação com as características sociodemográficas em adolescentes de Aracaju e região metropolitana, Sergipe, Brasil para o inquérito e apresentar a evidência relacionada a existência de programas de intervenção em atividade física para adolescentes por meio do estudo de revisão sistemática. Casuística e Métodos: Para a pesquisa por inquérito, a amostra foi composta por 2207 adolescentes (13 a 18 anos) matriculados no ensino público dos municípios que compõem a região observada. O levantamento de informações foi realizado elegendo-se os seguintes comportamentos: “baixos níveis de atividade física” e “tempo de assistência à TV/dia”, por meio do PAQ-C, “consumo de bebidas alcoólicas”, “consumo de mais de cinco doses de bebidas alcoólicas em uma única ocasião”, “envolvimento em brigas”, “consumo de cigarros”, “porte de arma” e “consumo de maconha”, identificados pelo instrumento YRBS e “classe econômica” acessada via ABEP. Para a revisão sistemática, foram realizadas pesquisas no PubMed, SportDiscus, LiLacs e SciELO a partir de palavras-chave para identificação da população, intervenção e desfecho, com os termos DeCS e MeSH em inglês, português e espanhol. Incluíram-se estudos observacionais com intervenção mínima de seis meses, tamanho amostral mínimo de 100 adolescentes, escritos em qualquer idioma e que atingiram pontuação no STROBE ≥ 70%. Resultados: A maior prevalência foi verificada para os “baixos níveis de atividade física” (88,1%), seguido por “assistir mais que duas horas de TV por dia” (66,2%) e “consumo de bebidas alcoólicas” (38,0%). Existem padrões de comportamentos de risco diferentes para os sexos. Sexo feminino está associado aos “baixos níveis de atividade física” e “mais que duas horas assistindo TV”. Sexo masculino foi associado ao “transporte de armas”, “envolvimento em brigas” e “uso de maconha”. O grupo etário maior de 16 anos esteve associado ao “consumo de cigarros”, “consumo de bebidas alcoólicas”, “consumo de mais de cinco doses de bebidas alcoólicas por ocasião” e “uso de maconha”. O nível socioeconômico mais alto esteve associado ao “transporte de armas”, “envolvimento em brigas”, “consumo de bebidas alcoólicas” e “mais de cinco doses de bebidas alcoólicas por ocasião”. Na revisão sistemática, apenas sete estudos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. Cinco estudos apresentaram abordagens diferentes na mensuração da intervenção da atividade física, utilizando o ambiente escolar apenas para recrutamento da amostra, com estratégias favoráveis aos níveis de atividade física, e eficazes na promoção de um estilo de vida ativo fora do ambiente escolar. Conclusão: No estudo por inquérito, as variáveis mais prevalentes foram: baixos níveis de atividade física, mais que duas horas assistindo TV e o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Os comportamentos menos prevalentes foram consumo de maconha, transporte de armas, consumo de cigarros e envolvimento em brigas. Foram observadas associações na população estudada com três grupos de risco que merecem destaque: sexo masculino, a partir de 17 anos e com alto nível socioeconômico. A Revisão Sistemática concluiu que, dentre os estudos analisados, a maioria apresentou desenho de estudo experimental, com tempo de seguimento até um ano, com intervenções que associavam atividade física à dieta/alimentação, com estratégia de aplicação diferentes e realizados em ambientes extracurriculares, capazes de promover mudança de comportamento de risco à saúde em adolescentes.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de rôle des valeurs, des attitudes et des stratégies de coping dans le comportement lié à la santé et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression des adolescents russes et français atteints d'asthme. L'analyse de médiation a étudié les associations entre les valeurs (la valeur de santé, la valeur de la vie excitante) et le comportement (le comportement préventif et le comportement à risque) à travers les facteurs médiateurs : les attitudes affectives (explicites et implicites), cognitives (explicites) chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme et en bonne santé (N = 200). L'analyse de médiation a aussi étudié les associations entre les valeurs et les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression à travers les stratégies de coping. L'étude qualitative, basée sur une méthodologie de recherche anthropologique, a exploré la phénoménologie de l'asthme et de la santé chez les adolescents russes et français (N = 20). Les valeurs sont associées avec le comportement lié à la santé à travers les attitudes affectives et cognitives. En valorisant la santé ou la vie excitante, les adolescents utilisent des stratégies de coping spécifique à l'asthme qui influent sur les symptômes de l'anxiété et de la dépression. En incluant les valeurs dans les programmes éducatifs il est possible de favoriser le comportement préventif et améliorer la qualité de vie chez les adolescents atteints d'asthme. / This thesis aims to help better understand the role of values, attitudes and coping strategies in health behaviors alongside with anxiety/depression symptoms among Russian and French adolescents with asthma. Mediation analysis was employed to study the associations between values (health value, value of exciting life) and health behaviors (preventive and risk behaviors) through affective (explicit and implicit) and cognitive (explicit) attitudes among adolescents suffering from asthma and healthy adolescents (N = 200). Mediation analysis has also been used to reveal the associations between values and anxiety/depression symptoms through coping strategies. Qualitative study based on anthropological research methodology were applied to study the phenomenology of asthma and health among Russian and French adolescents (N = 20). The study confirmed that values are associated with health behaviors through affective and cognitive attitudes. In valuing health or exciting life, adolescents use coping strategies specific to asthma which influence the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Inclusion of the above values in educational programs makes it possible to promote healthy behaviors and ameliorate the quality of life among adolescents with asthma.

An inverse relationship exists between self-reported religiousness and substance use. However, we question whether religious culture impacts the veracity of self-reported substance use. The primary aim of this study of low-income pregnant women in South Central Appalachia was to determine the accuracy of self-reported substance use in pregnant women as well as to determine whether there were differences in use rates and/or differences in the degree to which women would accurately report substance use depending on their religiousness. Self-reported use and toxicology screening results taken from a larger prospective, longitudinal, smoking cessation study were compared for five substances (cannabinoids [marijuana or other cannabinoids], benz/barb/sed [including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or any sedative], opioids [including heroin, methadone or other medication-assisted treatment medications, or other opiates], crack/cocaine [crack or cocaine], and meth/amph [including methamphetamine or any other amphetamine]). Women who attend church frequently reported lower rates of substance use than infrequent or nonattenders, as did women who rated themselves as high in intrinsic religiosity (IR), although the difference between high and low groups is less extreme for IR as opposed to attendance. Women who attended church frequently were far less likely to report use or to have use confirmed than any of the other groups including those high in IR. Rates of positive toxicology screens did not differ statistically across religiousness groupings, but the pattern of proportionally fewer positive toxicology results was seen in frequent attenders but not in women self-reporting as high IR. Women’s tendency to underreport substance use was unrelated to religiousness variables, indicating underreporting is not necessarily driving this difference in reported substance use.

Introduction: The Insufficient Physical Activity Level (IPAL) resulting from Leisure Time, School Physical Education classes and Displacement mode is a harmful factor for adolescents' health and may be associated with economic, social, demographic and behavioral indicators. Objective: To analyze the prevalence and association of the Insufficient Level of Physical Activity in the domains of Leisure, School and Displacement in relation to demographic, socioeconomic factors and risk behaviors in students in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, 2011-2016. Methods: The study was carried out in two epidemiological surveys with a cross-sectional design, carried out in 2011 and 2016, with a representative sample of students from the Sergipe State Teaching Network, composed of 8143 adolescents (2011 = 3992, 2016 = 4151), aged between 14 and 19 years. The instrument used was the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). The development originated two studies, each with three dependent variables related to IPAL domains, the first being associated with sociodemographic characteristics, and the second with health risk behaviors. The data were analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics, the application of the Chi-square test for inferential analysis and the Gross and Adjusted Logistic Binary Logistic Regression for association among the variables. Results: There was a high prevalence of IPALs among adolescents. In study 1, IPAL in Lazer was associated with female students and the 3rd year of high school in both surveys, and with day shift and white skin color only in the year 2016. With IPAL Escolar, were associated with female, night shift and urban residents in both years of research; with white skin color in 2011 and those with the highest socioeconomic level in 2016. The IPAL of Displacement was significant for the night shift, residents of the rural area, with mothers of higher educational level and who had a family income above 2 minimum wages in the year 2011; in 2016 the same odds were maintained except for the family income. In study 2, IPAL in Lazer was associated with exposure to sedentary behavior in both surveys, not smoking tobacco in 2011, and with non-users of drugs and consuming low portions of fruit in the year 2016. The IPAL School was associated with low fruit consumption and IPAL in Displacement with non-use of tobacco. Conclusion: It was evidenced a high prevalence of IPAL among the surveys and the Physical Activity domains are associated differently with sociodemographic and behavioral aspects, depending on the characteristics, the IPAL of Displacement being the only domain influenced by economic aspects. / Introdução: O Nível Insuficiente de Atividade Física (NIAF) resultante do tempo de Lazer, das aulas de Educação Física Escolar e do modo de Deslocamento constitui fator prejudicial à saúde dos adolescentes e pode estar associado a indicadores econômicos, sociais, demográficos e comportamentais. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e a associação do Nível Insuficiente de Atividade Física nos domínios do Lazer, da Escola e do Deslocamento em relação à fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de comportamentos de risco em escolares do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, 2011 e 2016. Método: O estudo trata-se de dois levantamentos epidemiológicos com delineamento transversal, realizados em 2011 e 2016, com amostra representativa de escolares da Rede Estadual de Ensino de Sergipe, composta por 8143 adolescentes (2011=3992; 2016=4151), com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. O instrumento utilizado foi o Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). O desenvolvimento originou dois manuscritos, cada qual com três variáveis dependentes relativas aos domínios de NIAF, sendo o primeiro associado com características socioeconômicas, e o segundo com comportamentos de risco à saúde. Os dados foram analisados na forma de estatística descritiva, aplicação do teste do Qui-quadrado para análise inferencial e a Regressão Logística Binária Bruta e Ajustada para associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: Houve elevada prevalência dos NIAFs entre os adolescentes. No estudo 1, o NIAF no Lazer foi associado com os estudantes do sexo feminino e do 3º Ano do Ensino Médio nos dois inquéritos, e com o turno diurno e a cor da pele branca apenas no ano de 2016. Com o NIAF Escolar verificou-se associação com o sexo feminino, do turno noturno e residentes da zona urbana em ambos os anos de pesquisa; com a cor de pele branca em 2011 e os de maior nível socioeconômico em 2016. O NIAF de Deslocamento foi significativo para o turno noturno, residentes da zona rural, com mães de nível superior de escolaridade e que possuíam renda familiar acima de 2 salários mínimos no ano de 2011; em 2016 manteve-se as mesmas chances com exceção da renda da família. No estudo 2, o NIAF no Lazer apresentou associação com a exposição ao comportamento sedentário nos dois inquéritos, com o fato de não fumar tabaco em 2011, e com os não usuários de drogas e que consumiam baixas porções de frutas no ano de 2016. O NIAF Escolar foi associado com o baixo consumo de frutas e o NIAF no Deslocamento com o não uso do tabaco. Conclusão: Foi evidenciado elevadas prevalências de NIAF entre os inquéritos e os domínios de Atividade Física se associam diferentemente com aspectos sociodemográficos e comportamentais, a depender das características, sendo o NIAF de Deslocamento o único domínio influenciado por aspectos econômicos. / São Cristóvão, SE

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Adolescence involves an increase in risky decisions, such as reckless driving and illicit substance use, but prosocial characteristics and peer affiliation have yet to be investigated as protective factors. The present study assessed altruistic tendencies, prosocial peer affiliation (PPA), and empathic concern as predictors and moderators of risk-taking, including both self-reported health risks and riskiness in a behavioral task. Young adults from ages 20 to 25 (M = 22.55, SD = 1.38) completed a battery of behavioral tasks (including the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and the Dictator Game) and questionnaires on Amazon MTurk, measuring risk-taking (drunk driving, texting while driving, binge drinking, illicit substance use, and tobacco use), altruistic tendencies, PPA, empathic concern, reward sensitivity, and self-regulation. Results indicated that drunk driving and texting while driving were negatively associated with all three prosocial characteristics, and binge drinking was related to PPA and empathic concern. Moderating effects included interactions between altruistic tendencies and reward sensitivity on drunk driving, altruistic tendencies and self-regulation on drunk driving, PPA and reward sensitivity on binge drinking, and empathic concern and self-regulation on binge drinking. Mediating effects, however, were not found. Overall, prosocial characteristics seemed to buffer against reward sensitivity and strengthen self-regulation in several models. The discussion centers on how prosocial individuals might be less prone to risk-taking, and how affiliating with positive peers can offset the effects of heightened reward sensitivity during this crucial developmental period.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the least studied HIV-related risk factors in Haiti although research in the United States and Europe has clearly established the link between childhood trauma and HIV risk behaviors. Understanding the role and impact of CSA on HIV-positive Haitian women is likely to strengthen future HIV prevention and treatment efforts aimed at this vulnerable group. The current study was a cross-sectional examination of baseline data collected during a randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention in Haiti. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviors, alcohol use, and social support in a group of Haitian women, ages 17-55 (n=229), who are HIV-positive alcohol users living in Haiti. The outcomes investigated were the respondents’ level of exposure to CSA and their current HIV-related risk factors. The Theory of Gender and Power provided the theoretical framework for variable selection and associative exploration. Statistical tests included descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlations. Results showed that women who were exposed to some level of sexual abuse during childhood had less favorable attitudes towards condom use than women who reported no exposure to sexual abuse during childhood [F(2, 217) = 5.10, p = .007]. There were no differences between exposure groups for the remaining sexual risk behaviors: multiple partners, knowledge of HIV, and sexual self-efficacy. Women who were exposed to CSA also reported higher levels of alcohol use than reported by the women in the non-exposure group. Finally, there were no differences between exposure groups for social support. Group differences in attitudes towards condom use and levels of alcohol use among HIV-positive Haitian women demonstrate that HIV-positive individuals have different past and present experiences that affect their current beliefs and behaviors. Examining women at the beginning of their diagnosis for childhood trauma and providing targeted interventions for coping with that trauma presents a valuable research opportunity. The findings of the current study suggest that more research is required to understand the association between CSA and HIV-related risk factors in this subset of the HIV-positive population.

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