The present study holds as a goal presenting the process of translation and validation to the Brazilian context the reduced version of the Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) Scale of Discriminatory Experiences towards African-descent (SDEA), which measures the stressors motivated by racism related to the experience of the African-descent people. The stress is a phenomenon resulting from continuous evaluations of stimulus perceived through the pressures of the environment, psychological pressures and biological misfits which come from the activation of adaptive resources in front of the stressing situation. It is noticed that the racism and discrimination give a favorable context to the creation and maintenance of the stressing events, in other words, the discriminatory experiences bring cumulative negative situations which interfere in the adaptation of the individual. The original scale original, Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS), comprehends three factors related to the Cultural Racism (ten items), Institutional Racism (six items) and Individual Racism (six items) with items that talk about the statements related to the experiences of the subjects towards the racism. The initial part of the validation was the translation process, reverse translation and semantic analysis, attested by five judges. Initially it was realized the first pre-test with fifteen graduation students, checking the comprehension and clearance of the items. Students from different graduation courses from public and private universities from the state of Sergipe participated in the study, from both genders and ages varying from 17 to 35 years old. In order to distinguish the European-descent and African-descent students, it was used an indicator of social approximation of social groups taking into consideration the color of the skin, which presented eight points, because the skin color appears as the main criterion to the process of validation of the Scale of Discriminatory Experiences towards African-descent (SDEA). In the end of the collecting process, the study counted on 220 graduation students who categorized themselves in the social group of the African-descents and 300 who categorized themselves as inserted in the social group of the European-descents. Afterwards, exploratory factorial analysis with promax rotation procedures were performed, just like analysis of reliability and commonalities, besides the item-scale correlation, the statistical analysis of the socio-demographic variables and the validity concurrent to the scale of perceived stress (PSS-10). In the results, two factors with Alfa of Cronbach between 0,90 were found and factorial charges varying from 0,448 to 0,771to the total score, these results did not correspond to the original structure due to the transcultural aspect. The SDEA validated version resulted in 22 items, revealing itself as bifactorial and with one total factor, being this one the most adequate theoretical and empirical structure. The factors were denominated as: Factor I- Collective Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Factor II- Individual Experiences of Racial Discrimination which reflect on discriminatory experiences in collective and individual contexts. At last, it was performed the concurrent validity between the SDEA and PSS-10, the results demonstrated positive and meaningful correlation to both Factors, although the Factor I has presented the significance a little above p < 0,05. On the other hand, the total score resulted in positive and meaningful correlation as it was expected. The values of SDEA versus PSS-10 revealed bigger punctuations being proportional to the greatest scores of the scale of perceived stress. In resume, it is suggested that the final version of the SDEA translated to Portuguese and composed by 22 items is adequate to the context of the Brazilian researches. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de tradução e validação, para o contexto brasileiro a versão reduzida da Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) Escala de Experiências Discriminatórias contra Negros (EEDN), que mensura os estressores motivados pelo racismo relacionados às experiências dos negros. O estresse é um fenômeno resultante de contínuas avaliações de estímulos percebidos através de pressões do ambiente, psicológicas e desajustes biológicos que suscitam da ativação de recursos adaptativos diante da situação estressora. Nota-se que o racismo e a discriminação fornecem um contexto favorável para a criação e manutenção dos eventos estressores, ou seja, as experiências discriminatórias acarretam em situações negativas acumulativas que interferem na adaptação do sujeito. A escala original Index Race-Related Stress (IRRS) compreende três fatores relacionados ao Racismo Cultural (dez itens), Racismo Institucional (seis itens) e Racismo Individual (seis itens), com itens que versam sobre as declarações acerca das experiências dos sujeitos sobre o racismo. A etapa inicial de validação foi o processo de tradução, tradução reversa e análise semântica, atestado por 5 juízes. Inicialmente foi realizado o pré-teste com 15 estudantes de graduação, averiguando-se a compreensão e clareza dos itens. Participaram do estudo estudantes oriundos de diversos cursos de graduação de universidades públicas e privadas do Estado de Sergipe, de ambos os sexos e idades variando entre 17 e 35 anos. Para distinguir os estudantes brancos e negros, utilizou-se um indicador de aproximação social de grupos sociais em virtude da cor da pele, possuindo oitos pontos, pois a cor da pele configurou como critério principal para o processo de validação da Escala de Experiências Discriminatória contra Negros (EEDN). Ao final do processo de coleta, o estudo contou com 220 estudantes de graduação que se autocategorizaram no grupo social dos negros e 300 que se autocategorizaram como inseridos no grupo social dos brancos. Em seguida, realizaram-se procedimentos de análise fatorial exploratória com rotação promax, análises de confiabilidade e das comunalidades, além da correlação item-escala, análise estatística das variáveis sociodemograficas e validade concorrente com a escala de estresse percebido (PSS-10). Nos resultados encontrou-se 2 fatores com Alfa de Cronbach entre 0,90 e cargas fatoriais variando de 0,448 a 0,771 para o escore total, esses resultados não corresponderam a estrutura original em decorrência do aspecto transcultural. A versão EEDN validada resultou em 22 itens, revelando-se bifatorial e com um fator total, sendo essa a mais adequada estrutura teórica e empírica. Os fatores foram denominados como: Fator I- Experiências Coletivas de Discriminação Racial e Fator II- Experiências Individuais de Discriminação Racial que refletem acerca das experiências discriminativas no contexto coletivo e individual. Por fim, realizou-se a validade concorrente entre a EEDN e PSS-10, os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa para ambos os Fatores, embora o Fator II tenha apresentado significância pouco acima 0,05. Por sua vez, o escore total resultou em correlação positiva e significativa ocorrendo conforme o esperado. Os valores da EEDN versus PSS-10 revelou maiores pontuações sendo proporcionais aos maiores escores da escala de estresse percebido. Em suma, sugere-se que a versão final da EEDN traduzida para o português e composta por 22 itens é adequada ao contexto das pesquisas brasileiras

Submitted by Mônica Bispo de Paulo (mobipa@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-01-15T01:19:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.monica.bispo.versao.final.pdf: 2689597 bytes, checksum: cb41afc0f7385b81d415396f83c72afb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-01-15T13:59:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.monica.bispo.versao.final.pdf: 2689597 bytes, checksum: cb41afc0f7385b81d415396f83c72afb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-15T14:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.monica.bispo.versao.final.pdf: 2689597 bytes, checksum: cb41afc0f7385b81d415396f83c72afb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / This empirical and qualitative research sought to examine the processes of ethical CONAR in which were discussed the practice of racial discrimination in advertisements. This study aimed to understand how CONAR identified the occurrence of it. For its rulings, the self-regulation court provides a mixed legal system, ie, the judgment of infringement was based on advertising ethics code Brazilian Advertising Self-Regulation - CBARP in the Federal Constitution and other national laws. Thus we present a brief survey of legislative norms that guided federal racial discrimination in the media: Article 20 of Law Cao (Law No. 7.716/1989) and Articles 44 and 45 of the Racial Equality Statute (Law 12.288/2010). Subsequently, we selected the cases judged by CONAR who was asked about the practice of racial discrimination from 1980 to 2011, having been selected 24 ethical processes. We have identified the characteristics of those cases considered by the ads CONAR, under considered by the ads CONAR, under which arguments and under what circumstances this selfregulation agency had filed the procedure or imputed accountability measures. Moreover, the survey noted cases that have addressed the issue of mandatory representation of black racial people in commercials as a foreknowledge of the Racial Equality Statute. As a perspective, we used the categories of Antonio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães and theory of media Muniz Sodré. CONAR found racial discrimination in 5 cases, and 19 were filed where the agency did not recognized any ethical breach. From these decisions there were 4 cases that had any appeal, but only in in one among them thare was a change of decision by CONAR: the change of restraining penalty for filing. Yet the 3 cases that had been maintained resource decisions: 1 filing, 1 penalty alteration and 1 restraining penalty. / Essa pesquisa empírica e qualitativa buscou examinar os processos éticos do CONAR nos quais foram discutidos a prática de discriminação racial em anúncios publicitários. Objetivou-se compreender como o CONAR identificou a ocorrência disso. Para fundamentar suas decisões, esse órgão autorregulamentador prevê um sistema jurídico misto, ou seja, o julgamento da infração ética publicitária foi baseado no Código Brasileiro de Autorregulamentação Publicitária – CBARP, na Constituição Federal e nas demais leis nacionais. Assim trazemos uma breve pesquisa dos processos legislativos das normas federais que nortearam a discriminação racial nos meios de comunicação social: o art. 20 da Lei CAÓ (Lei n° 7.716/1989) e os arts. 44 e 45 do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Lei n° 12.288/2010). Posteriormente, selecionamos os casos julgados pelo CONAR que foram questionados sobre a prática de discriminação racial de 1980 a 2011, tendo sido selecionados 24 processos éticos. Desses casos identificamos as características dos anúncios considerados pelo CONAR, sob quais argumentos e em que circunstâncias o órgão autorregulamentador arquivou um procedimento ou imputou medidas de responsabilização. Por outro lado, a pesquisa observou casos que trataram a questão da obrigatoriedade de representatividade dos negros nos anúncios publicitários, conforme previsão do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial. Como perspectiva, utilizamos as categorias de Antônio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães e a teoria midiática de Muniz Sodré. Em 5 casos o CONAR verificou a discriminação racial e, em 19 o órgão arquivou por não visualizar essa infração ética. Dessas decisões houve 4 casos que tiveram recurso, mas somente em um ocorreu a mudança da decisão pelo CONAR: conversão da pena de sustação para o arquivamento. Já os 3 casos que tiveram recurso foram mantidas as decisões: 1 de arquivamento, 1 a pena de alteração e 1 a pena de sustação.

This study explored whether a relationship exists between smoking behaviors and racial discrimination induced anger among Black adolescents. Participants consisted of 134 Black adolescents from 14 to 18 years of age who frequently visited a recreation center in the Northeast. Forty-four participants were males and 90 were females. All participants were administered a modified version of the CAGE questionnaire, a background information questionnaire, and a measure designed to assess the extent to which they feel angry because they had been discriminated against. Only age was found to be predictive of scores on the CAGE. Only gender was found to be predictive of smoking frequency. The Black Anger Measure (BAM) was significantly correlated with smoking behaviors. Some implications for theory, research and practice are suggested.

The diploma thesis is concerned with the portrayal of the Windrush generation, the first wave of immigrants coming to Britain from its former colonies, in Andrea Levy's Small Island (2004) and Samuel Selvon's The Lonely Londoners (1956). The theoretical part of the thesis outlines the socio-historical and cultural overview of the rising immigration to Britain after the Second World War, which according to the selected secondary sources contributed to the increase of racism and discrimination, namely against people of Caribbean origin. The thesis further presents principal concepts of postcolonial and Anglophone Caribbean literature and examines both authors' personal experience with immigration as well as the idiosyncratic features of their writing. These are essential for understanding the literary works of the selected authors and the subsequent interpretation of their literary depiction of the immigrant experience. The practical part of the thesis relies on the theoretical part and focuses on the comparison of the two novels, their presentation and view of the so-called Windrush generation with specific attention paid to their form and content. Simultaneously, the work examines how the literary depictions of the immigrant experience correspond to the theory presented. Moreover, the thesis...

Desde su aparición en 1999, La Paisana Jacinta ha sido un fenómeno mediático comentado y criticado tanto por la sociedad civil como por las esferas políticas en el Perú. A lo largo de todas sus temporadas se ha enfrentado a diversas denuncias y acusaciones de discriminación hacia los grupos étnicos andinos en el país. En el 2020, finalmente el Poder Judicial resolvió retirar del aire el programa que se emitía en el canal Latina. Tomando en cuenta una muestra de cinco episodios de la primera temporada, el presente estudio planteó un análisis del discurso para conocer cuáles eran los estereotipos que se construían desde el lenguaje verbal y el lenguaje no verbal alrededor de la figura de La Paisana Jacinta. Los resultados muestran una preocupante serie de prejuicios y estereotipos comúnmente asociados al grupo étnico andino dirigidos a la protagonista, convirtiendo la serie en un material mediático que reproduce la vulneración de este grupo humano. / Since its appearance in 1999, La Paisana Jacinta has been a media phenomenon commented on and criticized by both civil society and political spheres in Peru. Throughout all his seasons he has faced various complaints and accusations of discrimination against Andean ethnic groups in the country. In 2020, the Judiciary finally decided to withdraw the program that was broadcast on the Latina channel from the air. Taking into account a sample of five episodes from the first season, this study proposed a discourse analysis to find out the results were the stereotypes that were built from verbal and non-verbal language around the figure of La Paisana Jacinta. The results show a worrying series of prejudices and stereotypes associated with the ethnic group and directed at the protagonist. Finally, it has been possible to detect how, in the case of verbal language, stereotypes are directed around the physical appearance and behavior of La Paisana Jacinta, while in the case of non-verbal language they converge in the dimension of intellectual scarcity. of the main character of the series. / Trabajo de investigación

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In this thesis, I have studied the United Nations concluding observations on Sweden in relation to international human rights obligations. Specifically, in regards to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).  The Committee on the Rights of the Child have, in their Concluding Observations from 2023, expressed a deep concern about continued racism and discrimination of many children in Sweden. Meanwhile, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has recommended Sweden to take immediate measures for the purpose of eliminating all forms of racial discrimination.  In terms of critical analysis, the aim of this thesis has been to study how the Swedish state's international human rights obligations for the purpose of eliminating racial discrimination relates to the implementation of children's rights according to the principle of non-discrimination. According to my study, it is necessary for the Swedish state to promote and respect the human dignity inherent in every child, to be able to guarantee every child within the jurisdiction the rights under the CRC. A central example is the child's right to education in alignment with general human rights principles. Therefore, it is required for the state to prevent the normalization of racism in Sweden, in accordance with the international human rights obligations under the ICERD. This includes, for example, the prohibition of racist organizations in national law, for the purpose of eliminating racist hate speech, and the elimination of racial profiling by national law enforcement. Many children's living conditions and access to the rights under the CRC are affected by racism in several ways, through structural and everyday racism, when they themselves are exposed to racism and when people in their close surroundings experience racism. This has led me to the conclusion that active and immediate measures by the Swedish state, for the purpose of eliminating racial discrimination, are necessary for the possibility of guaranteeing the children who are victims of racism their rights in alignment with the CRC.

Ce mémoire explore le vécu et la construction de l’expérience de jeunes racisés ayant reçu des constats d’infraction dans le cadre de leur occupation de l’espace public montréalais. Il s’agit spécifiquement d’appréhender, à partir de la sociologie de l’expérience de Dubet (1994), le profil et les conditions de vie, la présence dans l’espace public, les raisons et la nature des constats d’infraction, les stratégies mises en œuvre face au profilage racial ainsi que les conséquences du profilage racial sur les jeunes racisés. Se situant dans une perspective qualitative, la méthodologie de recherche a reposé sur le recueil de dix entrevues semi-dirigées, soit neuf jeunes hommes et une jeune fille entre 18 et 30 ans ayant eu des contacts avec la police dans le cadre du contrôle de l’espace public à Montréal. Basée essentiellement sur l’approche mixte de Miles et Huberman (2003), l’analyse du corpus a permis de rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité de l’expérience des jeunes racisés et profilés interrogés et de dégager deux types d’expérience de profilage racial : les contestataires et les résignés. Si les interactions avec les forces de l’ordre engendrent des traitements perçus comme discriminatoires, l’expérience se construit en fonction de la nature des interactions, du niveau de maturité et de la tranche d’âge des jeunes et elle se décline en une logique de soumission et une logique de lutte pour la contestation des constats d’infraction. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent par ailleurs la pertinence de l’accompagnement du jeune au niveau de la prise de conscience de ses droits et de la contestation des tickets reçus. / This memoir explores the real-life experience and the construction of the experience of racialized youths who have received statements of offense for having occupied the Montreal public space. Using the Sociology of experience theorized by Dubet (1994), the profile and the living conditions, the presence in public areas, the reasons and nature of the statements of offense, the strategies implemented for racial profiling along with its consequences on the racialized youths all must be apprehended. Based on a qualitative perspective, the research method was founded on 10 semi-structured interviews where 9 young men and 1 one young lady between the ages of 18 and 30 who have had encounters with the police concerning the control of the public space in Montreal. Essentially based on the mixed approach of Miles and Huberman (2003), the corpus analyze helped to understand heterogeneity of the experience of racially profiled youths questioned. It was possible to distinguish two types of racial profiling experience: the protesters and the resigned. If the interactions with law enforcement create treatments that are perceived to be discriminatory, the experience is constructed according to the nature of the interaction, the maturity level and the age group of the youths and comes in submission or contest strategies. The results of the research demonstrate otherwise the relevance of the youth's accompaniment at the level of realization of their rights and the protestation of the received infractions.

Cette thèse porte sur la lutte contre les discriminations ethno-raciales en France de 1998 à fin 2011. L'analyse s'inscrit dans une approche constructiviste et culturelle des problèmes publics. Elle s'appuie sur des documents, des enquêtes et des observations à différentes échelles d'intervention : européenne, nationale et locale. La prise en charge politique et institutionnelle des discriminations ethno-raciales en France est d'abord étudiée. Impulsée par l'agenda européen, celle-ci se caractérise par la faiblesse du portage politique, une euphémisation de la question raciale et en parallèle une territorialisation de l'action publique. La lutte contre les discriminations, menée sous le sceau de l'expérimentation, essentiellement dans le domaine de l'emploi, se traduit par un outillage conséquent et un évitement du débat politique. Dans un second temps, la thèse analyse la carrière du problème des discriminations dans une commune. Elle met en évidence les fortes dénégations des discriminations et montre que l'action publique locale est avant tout une lutte pour la reconnaissance du problème. L'analyse porte ensuite sur les stratégies mises en place par les acteurs locaux pour asseoir la légitimité des discriminations : une politique du témoignage pour aider les minoritaires à construire leurs expériences discriminatoires et tenter d'en faire des partenaires de l'action publique et une stratégie légaliste qui pénètre le discours politique. Mais le droit de la non-discrimination, fortement concurrencé, ne parvient pas à fonder un « ordre symbolique » s'imposant à tous. Les stratégies pour construire une « culture de la non-discrimination » s'avèrent fragiles / This thesis focuses on the fight against ethno-racial discrimination in France between 1998 and 2011. The analysis uses a constructivist and cultural approach to public problems. It is based on documents, enquiries and observations from various sources of European, national and local level. We first study the political and institutional approaches to the problem of ethno-racial discrimination in France. Driven by the European agenda these approaches are characterized by a lack of political support, a playing-down and understatement of racial issues, along with a territorialisation of public action. The fight against discrimination, led on a basis of experimentation essentially in the field of employment, results in an abundance of tools and an avoidance of public debate. The thesis goes on to monitor the “career” of the discrimination problem as experienced in one municipality. It highlights the strong disownment of the problem and demonstrates that local public action is above all a struggle for the recognition of the problem of ethno-racial discrimination. The analysis then focuses on the strategies put in place to legitimize the existence of such acts of discrimination: a witnessing policy to help minorities formulate their discriminatory experiences, and a legalistic strategy aimed at piercing political discourse and encouraging the sharing of responsibilities. But the right to non-discrimination, faced with strong competition, is unable to found a « symbolic order » recognized by all. In the end, the weaknesses of strategies aimed at building a « culture of non-discrimination » are brought to light.